57:
32:
557:
572:, the earthquake was felt much stronger than most earthquakes from Greece when felt on the islands, making this very unusual and of interest to many seismologists. The quake disrupted the night and woke everyone on the island. The shaking lasted between 22 and 60 seconds, causing many residents to lose their balance and threw down many items in houses. Large cracks developed in the homes of some places such as
64:
39:
631:
in canals caused water to splash all over while clocks stopped working as a result of the ground motions. At least ten people died in the city. Following the aftermath, many survivors slept outside their homes for fear of a collapse during the night for several days.
655:. In other parts of the delta, many residents found it difficult to stand, which terrified many. Ground motions were strong enough to shift furniture and cause water in tanks to slosh around. Sailors off the coasts reported feeling the strong earthquake as well.
599:
Damage to structures corresponded to intensity VII, higher than expected for the 1,000 km distance from the earthquake in Greece. A typical earthquake should only be felt with intensities IV–V. The occurrence of very strong shaking is likely attributed to
627:
capital reached VII–VIII. Three distinct shocks were felt with durations between one and two minutes. Twenty homes collapsed and another 200 were affected, while some 20 mosques were also crippled.
580:. Many churches had cracks in the walls and domes and had hanging crucifixes falling off. In some cases, the damage was more serious, some churches experiencing a total collapse. The dome of
1303:
2434:
525:, several villages were destroyed and the coast experienced uplift. Ground failures were widely observed amidst the destruction. Sixty people died on the island. The island of
2192:
461:. The epicenter is most likely located off the northern coast of Crete, based on evaluating where the strongest isoseismic contours were. For a moment magnitude 7.7 (M
1680:
1428:
1017:
639:, only some old construction fell but there were no major implications to the city. Two people were killed and some injuries were sustained to people. Around the
56:
834:
Papadopoulos, Gerassimos; Vassilopoulos, A. (2001). "Historical and
Archaeological Evidence of Earthquakes and Tsunamis Felt in the Kythira Strait, Greece.".
2044:
1964:
1376:
1349:
1919:
863:
314:
had an estimated magnitude of 7.7 to 8.3 at a depth of approximately 61 to 100 km. The earthquake was felt over a very wide area extending from
1949:
1304:"The Origins of an Old Myth: Sir Arthur Evans, Claude Schaeffer and the Seismic Destruction of Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean Civilizations"
31:
2464:
2185:
1969:
843:
1863:
1989:
1773:
1201:
2454:
2419:
1673:
1421:
2484:
2178:
2383:
2159:
2429:
2409:
2201:
1718:
1394:
1359:
1049:
257:
245:
2139:
2099:
2074:
1944:
1939:
1577:
1066:
1013:
1959:
1954:
2424:
2373:
958:"A newly discovered historical earthquake or merely a chronological mistake? Report of Mary Eliza Rogers from October 10, 1856"
611:. An eyewitness present at the tower one month before the earthquake said large cracks opened in the ground around the tower.
489:, where additional deaths and damage was reported. An exact time of occurrence is still debated between 02:38 am or 02:45 am.
2474:
2459:
2449:
2444:
1783:
1763:
1666:
1414:
1148:"Investigation of cliff instability at Għajn Ħadid Tower (Selmun Promontory, Malta) by integrated passive seismic techniques"
864:"Tsunami hazard in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the west Hellenic Arc and Trench system"
521:
were also severely damaged. A total of 538 inhabitants of Crete were killed while 637 persons were injured. On the island of
438:
as one side of the fault is suddenly thrust upwards, displacing trillions of liters of seawater during a massive earthquake.
1929:
366:—a coastal watchtower built around the year 1638—was severely damaged in the earthquake, when its upper floor collapsed. In
2489:
2479:
2469:
2378:
2312:
2266:
1738:
1723:
1689:
1437:
1039:
729:
724:
581:
933:"Explaining the large anomalous damage patterns of large (M7+) intermediate-depth earthquakes in the southern Aegean Sea"
2439:
1858:
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148:
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2104:
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1642:
1602:
1516:
2024:
1979:
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1843:
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2119:
2109:
1909:
1883:
1873:
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1607:
1597:
1567:
1461:
1451:
454:
81:
2404:
2327:
2271:
2144:
2094:
2034:
2019:
1984:
1868:
1823:
1521:
601:
1095:
2129:
2064:
1994:
1934:
1899:
1853:
1793:
1582:
1542:
1466:
1456:
1007:
808:
506:
498:
465: ) event, the estimated fault dimensions is 64 km × 64 km at a depth of 90 km beneath the
123:
2154:
2084:
2079:
2414:
2358:
2317:
2256:
2059:
2049:
2014:
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1818:
1798:
1758:
1748:
1647:
1637:
1612:
1562:
1557:
1491:
1117:
Pauline Galea (December 2007). "Seismic history of the
Maltese islands and considerations on seismic risk".
608:
561:
363:
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Kkallas, Charalampos; C. Papazachos; A. Skarlatoudis; Chrysanthi, Ventouzi; D. Boore; B. Margaris. (2018).
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2004:
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2009:
1999:
1924:
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739:
447:
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104:
708:
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2039:
1904:
1828:
1713:
1471:
1315:
1242:
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772:
427:
422:
at a rate of 5 to 10 mm/yr. The interface of the subduction zone occasionally ruptures in large
1131:
1547:
419:
932:
513:
was almost destroyed, with only 18 or 40 of the 3,600 houses left standing. The seaside cities of
2494:
1331:
1258:
1175:
985:
790:
761:"1881 and 1949 earthquakes at the Chios-Cesme Strait (Aegean Sea) and their relation to tsunamis"
680:
473: would involve a 120 km × 120 km fault rupture at a deeper depth of 130 km.
228:
623:, the shaking was still perceivable and strong enough to cause damage. Shaking intensity in the
556:
338:, the effects of the earthquake were cataclysmic, over 500 bodies were recovered in the city of
1147:
1390:
1355:
1276:
1230:
1045:
957:
839:
191:
1382:
1323:
1250:
1167:
1021:
977:
911:
780:
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589:
411:
310:, occurred on the morning of October 12 at 02:45 am local time. This extremely catastrophic
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435:
760:
1319:
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1163:
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343:
675:, Italy where some minor damage occurred. The shock also caused damage to places like
2398:
1335:
1262:
1179:
989:
771:(5). Copernicus Publications s on behalf of the European Geosciences Union: 717–725.
715:, Israel but she dated the event incorrectly between the night of 10 and 11 October.
585:
458:
403:
794:
691:
reported a small "tsunami" wave. Effects from the earthquake was felt in the entire
692:
486:
327:
577:
482:
355:
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1254:
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391:
311:
1386:
785:
163:
150:
2170:
534:
526:
510:
339:
1096:"Seismic history of the Maltese islands and considerations on seismic risk"
1041:
Earthquakes and Minoan Crete: breaking the myth through interdisciplinarity
342:. Shockwaves from the earthquake were felt intensely, covering all of the
1006:
National
Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),
668:
652:
573:
541:
379:
213:
1658:
1406:
1327:
688:
644:
628:
593:
481:
The earthquake caused widespread damage not just in Greece, but in the
1025:
672:
522:
518:
395:
371:
351:
347:
331:
323:
315:
218:
208:
198:
1378:
The
Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review
1351:
The
Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review
916:
899:
1038:
Simon
Jusseret; Manuel Sintubin (9 June 2017). Written at Leuven.
16:
Earthquake affecting the
Ottoman Empire (present-day Crete, Greece)
712:
684:
676:
648:
624:
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514:
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367:
359:
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16th
European Conference on: Earthquake Engineering Thessaloniki
457:
of 60 to 90 km, occurring on a fault within the subducting
2174:
1662:
1410:
540:
On mainland Greece, the earthquake was felt in the cities of
862:
G. A. Papadopoulos; E. Daskalaki; A. Fokaefs; N. Giraleas.
596:
rebuilt because the earthquake had damaged it so severely.
374:
in canals, and killed several people. Off the
Egyptian and
537:, 8,000 homes were wiped-out, and there were 20 deaths.
1381:. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–70.
1044:. Belgium: Leuven University Press. pp. 178–180.
647:
killed an additional number of people in the towns of
1375:
N. N. Ambraseys; C. P. Melville; R. D. Adams (1994).
370:, Egypt, the earthquake destroyed buildings, created
1067:"We cannot be complacent about earthquakes - expert"
2351:
2305:
2244:
2208:
1892:
1696:
1530:
1444:
1231:"Update earthquake risk assessment in Cairo, Egypt"
759:Y. Altinok; B. Alpar; N. Özer; C. Gazioglu (2005).
286:
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711:described her experience of the strong tremors in
63:
38:
1146:Iannucci, R.; Martino, S.; Paciello, A. (2020).
836:Tsunami Research at the End of a Critical Decade
358:where damage and human losses were reported. In
1229:Badawy, A.; Korrat, I.; El-Hadidy, M. (2017).
857:
855:
2186:
1674:
1422:
584:collapsed from the inside, which caused some
8:
2435:19th-century disasters in the Ottoman Empire
19:
1302:Simon Jusseret and Manuel Sintubin (2013).
2193:
2179:
2171:
1681:
1667:
1659:
1429:
1415:
1407:
900:"Large seismic faults in the Hellenic arc"
607:It was this earthquake that collapsed the
509:in the central part of Crete. The city of
18:
1130:
915:
784:
765:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
124:
555:
446:The Heraklion earthquake of 1856 was an
751:
1001:
999:
815:. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
809:"Seismicity Catalog (550 B.C. - 2010)"
588:1,000 in damages. Another church, the
1224:
1222:
1089:
1087:
7:
1354:. Cambridge University Press. 1994.
951:
949:
1202:"Għajn Ħadid Tower and Aħrax Tower"
683:. Eyewitnesses along the coasts of
378:coasts, sailors reported feeling a
434:. Tsunamis are produced along the
14:
871:Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
643:, collapses of homes and falling
1014:National Geophysical Data Center
390:Along the southern coast of the
62:
55:
37:
30:
1009:Significant Earthquake Database
582:Saint Paul's Cathedral in Mdina
238:
2465:Earthquakes in the Middle East
1308:Seismological Research Letters
1281:Maltese History & Heritage
529:also reported some damage. In
1:
730:List of earthquakes in Turkey
725:List of earthquakes in Greece
448:intermediate-depth earthquake
2160:2023 Gaziantep–Kahramanmaraş
1965:1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik
838:. Kluwer. pp. 119–183.
735:List of earthquakes in Egypt
2511:
2455:Natural disasters in Malta
2420:1856 in the Ottoman Empire
1920:1935 Erdek–Marmara Islands
1172:10.1007/s10950-019-09898-z
1125:(6). University of Malta.
705:Domestic Life in Palestine
2485:Earthquakes in the Levant
2202:Earthquakes in the Levant
1255:10.1007/s10950-016-9621-5
982:10.1007/s10950-017-9686-9
663:Shaking was also felt in
602:long period ground motion
420:convergent plate boundary
406:made of oceanic crust is
300:1856 Heraklion earthquake
71:Show map of Mediterranean
24:
20:1856 Heraklion earthquake
2430:1856 disasters in Africa
2410:1856 disasters in Europe
1387:10.1017/CBO9780511524912
1206:MilitaryArchitecture.com
786:10.5194/nhess-5-717-2005
507:Mercalli intensity scale
1094:Galea, Pauline (2007).
898:Papazachos, B. (1996).
497:The earthquake reached
2425:1856 disasters in Asia
2231:528 Antioch earthquake
2226:526 Antioch earthquake
2216:115 Antioch earthquake
2045:1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye
1277:"Earthquakes in Malta"
1065:Grech, Herman (2009).
565:
424:megathrust earthquakes
2475:Earthquakes in Israel
2460:Earthquakes in Turkey
2450:Earthquakes in Europe
2445:Earthquakes in Greece
2236:551 Beirut earthquake
1950:1943 Adapazarı–Hendek
1690:Earthquakes in Turkey
1438:Earthquakes in Greece
1152:Journal of Seismology
962:Journal of Seismology
813:Seismological Station
740:Seismic risk in Malta
564:after the earthquake.
559:
103:02:38 am or 02:45 am
2490:Earthquakes in Crete
2480:Earthquakes in Syria
2470:Earthquakes in Egypt
2374:1969 Sharm El Sheikh
1578:1981 Gulf of Corinth
1119:Annals of Geophysics
1100:Annals of Geophysics
904:Annals of Geophysics
302:, also known as the
2440:October 1856 events
1784:1668 North Anatolia
1764:1509 Constantinople
1320:2013SeiRL..84...94J
1247:2017JSeis..21..571B
1164:2020JSeis..24..897I
974:2017JSeis..21.1285Z
777:2005NHESS...5..717A
695:region and Cyprus.
386:Tectonic background
160: /
21:
2379:1995 Gulf of Aqaba
2267:1033 Jordan Valley
1864:1899 Aydın–Denizli
1739:557 Constantinople
1724:447 Constantinople
1462:426 BC Malian Gulf
1328:10.1785/0220120098
956:Zohar, M. (2017).
566:
469:while an 8.1–8.3 M
392:Dodecanese Islands
95:11–12 October 1856
46:Show map of Greece
2392:
2391:
2384:2023 Turkey–Syria
2168:
2167:
2075:1998 Adana–Ceyhan
1990:1953 Yenice–Gönen
1945:1942 Niksar–Erbaa
1774:1598 Amasya–Çorum
1656:
1655:
1573:1978 Thessaloniki
1283:. 25 January 2013
845:978-90-481-5909-3
709:Mary Eliza Rogers
609:Għajn Ħadid Tower
562:Għajn Ħadid Tower
426:such as those in
364:Għajn Ħadid Tower
308:Rhodes earthquake
296:
295:
192:Mediterranean Sea
2502:
2405:1856 earthquakes
2262:859 Syrian coast
2195:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2100:2004 Doğubayazıt
1970:1946 Varto–Hınıs
1960:1944 Bolu–Gerede
1955:1943 Tosya–Ladik
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1603:2008 Peloponnese
1517:1886 Peloponnese
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968:(5): 1285–1290.
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873:. Archived from
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412:Aegean Sea Plate
398:, Crete and the
304:Crete earthquake
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2364:1955 Alexandria
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2301:
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2199:
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2150:2020 Aegean Sea
2125:2017 Aegean Sea
2120:2014 Aegean Sea
1888:
1719:262 SW Anatolia
1692:
1687:
1657:
1652:
1633:2020 Aegean Sea
1628:2018 Ionian Sea
1623:2017 Aegean Sea
1608:2014 Aegean Sea
1598:2008 Dodecanese
1568:1968 Aegean Sea
1526:
1452:479 BC Potidaea
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1940:1941 Van–Erciş
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1419:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1367:
1360:
1341:
1294:
1268:
1241:(4): 571–589.
1218:
1200:Simon Mifsud.
1192:
1158:(4): 897–916.
1138:
1109:
1083:
1071:Times of Malta
1057:
1050:
1030:
995:
945:
923:
890:
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553:
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494:
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478:
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443:
440:
416:Eurasian Plate
400:Ionian Islands
387:
384:
346:; present-day
344:Ottoman Empire
294:
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188:Areas affected
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2130:2019 Istanbul
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2098:
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2091:
2088:
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2083:
2081:
2078:
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2073:
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2068:
2066:
2065:1992 Erzincan
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:1969 Alaşehir
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:1951 Kurşunlu
1978:
1976:
1975:1949 Karlıova
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:1939 Erzincan
1933:
1931:
1930:1938 Kırşehir
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:1924 Pasinler
1898:
1897:
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1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
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1854:1894 Istanbul
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1794:1766 Istanbul
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1648:2021 Crete II
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1583:1986 Kalamata
1581:
1579:
1576:
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1569:
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1556:
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1543:1932 Ierissos
1541:
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1536:
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1522:1894 Atalanti
1520:
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1467:226 BC Rhodes
1465:
1463:
1460:
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1457:464 BC Sparta
1455:
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1396:9780511524912
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1361:9780521020251
1357:
1353:
1352:
1345:
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1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:(1): 94–100.
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
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1051:9789462701052
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946:
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894:
891:
880:on 2016-03-04
876:
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614:
612:
610:
605:
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597:
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591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
563:
560:Ruins of the
558:
551:
549:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
502:
492:
490:
488:
484:
476:
474:
468:
460:
459:African Plate
456:
453:
449:
441:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:(part of the
413:
409:
405:
404:African Plate
401:
397:
393:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
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365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
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329:
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317:
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289:
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202:
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197:
196:
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190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
164:35.5°N 26.0°E
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
58:
33:
23:
2359:1927 Jericho
2352:Contemporary
2337:
2333:1837 Galilee
2318:1796 Latakia
2257:847 Damascus
2110:2011 Kütahya
2060:1986 Malatya
2050:1983 Erzurum
2015:1967 Mudurnu
1995:1957 Fethiye
1910:1929 Suşehri
1893:Contemporary
1884:1919 Ayvalık
1874:1912 Mürefte
1849:1893 Malatya
1829:1872 Antioch
1819:1859 Erzurum
1813:
1799:1766 Marmara
1759:1269 Cilicia
1749:847 Damascus
1643:2021 Crete I
1638:2021 Larissa
1613:2015 Lefkada
1563:1956 Amorgos
1558:1954 Sofades
1531:Contemporary
1501:
1492:1743 Salento
1377:
1370:
1350:
1344:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1280:
1271:
1238:
1234:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1155:
1151:
1141:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1060:
1040:
1033:
1012:(Data Set),
1008:
965:
961:
939:
926:
907:
903:
893:
882:. Retrieved
875:the original
870:
835:
829:
817:. Retrieved
812:
803:
768:
764:
754:
704:
703:In the book
702:
693:Adriatic Sea
662:
634:
618:
606:
598:
567:
539:
500:
496:
487:North Africa
480:
445:
410:beneath the
389:
328:North Africa
307:
303:
299:
297:
292:600+ injured
260:
248:
2323:1822 Aleppo
2306:Ottoman era
2277:1138 Aleppo
2252:749 Galilee
2245:Middle ages
2221:363 Galilee
2209:Classic era
2145:2020 Bingöl
2135:2020 Elazığ
2105:2010 Elazığ
2095:2003 Bingöl
2035:1971 Bingöl
2020:1968 Bartın
2005:1964 Manyas
1915:1930 Salmas
1879:1914 Burdur
1824:1866 Bingöl
1789:1688 Smyrna
1779:1653 Smyrna
1769:1513 Marash
1754:1114 Marash
1744:840 Erzurum
1734:528 Antioch
1729:526 Antioch
1709:115 Antioch
1704:AD 17 Lydia
1618:2017 Lesbos
1593:2006 Greece
1588:1999 Athens
1553:1953 Ionian
1482:1481 Rhodes
578:Gozo Region
483:Middle East
356:Middle East
279:Aftershocks
167: /
2399:Categories
2297:1344 Syria
2292:1202 Syria
2287:1170 Syria
2155:2022 Düzce
2090:2002 Afyon
2085:1999 Düzce
2080:1999 İzmit
2070:1995 Dinar
2030:1970 Gediz
2010:1966 Varto
2000:1957 Abant
1925:1935 Digor
1844:1883 Çeşme
1839:1881 Chios
1834:1875 Dinar
1809:1855 Bursa
1804:1840 Ahora
1697:Historical
1538:1904 Samos
1512:1881 Chios
1507:1861 Eliki
1502:1856 Crete
1497:1810 Crete
1487:1630 Crete
1477:1303 Crete
1445:Historical
884:2021-01-04
746:References
641:Nile Delta
637:Alexandria
592:, had its
546:Kyparissia
467:Aegean Sea
452:hypocenter
442:Earthquake
418:) along a
408:subducting
334:island of
312:earthquake
287:Casualties
183:Intraplate
169:35.5; 26.0
84: time
2495:Heraklion
2369:1956 Chim
2343:1872 Amik
2282:1157 Hama
2055:1983 Biga
2040:1975 Lice
1905:1926 Kars
1714:141 Lycia
1472:365 Crete
1336:110029713
1287:4 January
1263:133402193
1235:J Seismol
1180:209672820
1127:CiteSeerX
1076:6 January
990:135012529
819:4 January
707:, author
681:Palestine
659:Elsewhere
535:Karpathos
511:Heraklion
340:Heraklion
330:. On the
290:600+ dead
259:MMI XII (
241:intensity
229:Palestine
143:Epicenter
138:61–100 km
119:Magnitude
114:2 minutes
2140:2020 Van
2115:2011 Van
1548:1933 Kos
1211:16 April
1185:16 April
795:14989944
719:See also
669:Pozzallo
665:Syracuse
653:Damanhur
645:minarets
625:Egyptian
574:Valletta
542:Ioannina
380:seaquake
354:and the
274:Unlikely
247:MMI XI (
214:Anatolia
122:7.7–8.3
111:Duration
1316:Bibcode
1243:Bibcode
1160:Bibcode
970:Bibcode
773:Bibcode
689:Lebanon
629:Seiches
594:steeple
568:In the
505:on the
501:Extreme
477:Effects
450:with a
376:Italian
372:seiches
322:to the
271:Tsunami
261:Extreme
249:Extreme
155:26°00′E
152:35°30′N
1393:
1358:
1334:
1261:
1178:
1129:
1048:
988:
842:
793:
699:Legacy
673:Sicily
523:Rhodes
519:Chania
493:Greece
402:, the
396:Rhodes
362:, the
352:Cyprus
348:Turkey
324:Levant
316:Sicily
219:Cyprus
209:Sicily
199:Greece
1332:S2CID
1259:S2CID
1176:S2CID
986:S2CID
936:(PDF)
910:(5).
878:(PDF)
867:(PDF)
791:S2CID
713:Haifa
685:Haifa
677:Syria
649:Tanta
621:Cairo
615:Egypt
552:Malta
531:Kasos
527:Thera
515:Sitia
455:depth
368:Cairo
360:Malta
336:Crete
332:Greek
320:Italy
224:Egypt
204:Malta
135:Depth
1391:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1289:2021
1213:2021
1187:2021
1106:(6).
1078:2021
1046:ISBN
1018:NOAA
840:ISBN
821:2021
687:and
679:and
667:and
651:and
576:and
544:and
533:and
517:and
499:XI (
485:and
432:1303
430:and
326:and
298:The
282:Yes
239:Max.
180:Type
1383:doi
1324:doi
1251:doi
1168:doi
1022:doi
978:doi
912:doi
781:doi
635:In
619:In
428:365
306:or
105:EET
82:UTC
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1389:.
1330:.
1322:.
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960:.
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902:.
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255:–
251:)
127:w
125:M
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