94:
702:
466:
108:
545:, his brother, who was even more of a moderate. When General Golescu apologized to European governments for the intolerance cultivated in earlier years, the Faction began voting with the opposition, and the majority was again undermined; this weakening continued as centrist "Reds" began demanding that Brătianu and his radicals be shuffled out of Golescu's cabinet. Nevertheless, moderation greatly improved Romania's standing in Europe, and, although still an Ottoman vassal, she came to be treated as a nation-state by Prussia, Russia, and
101:
2684:
1535:, or risk an alliance between Austria-Hungary and France. A French envoy to Romania, Paul Lamy, was also adamant that Carol and his government were equally involved in the conspiracy to arm the BRCK, and that Carol was using his connections in Prussia for this very purpose. In November, Carol and his Prime Minister attempted to quell diplomatic protests by visiting Sabri Pasha at his residence in
25:
204:
197:
190:
446:, splits and disputes continued to present obstacles: in the Assembly, the Factionalists proposed a radically antisemitic bill that was only defeated with support from moderate "Reds"; at the time, the Prime Minister was under foreign pressure to limit antisemitic excesses. Having supported the expulsion of Jews from the countryside, and still embracing generic
1511:, and discuss his potential return on the throne in Bucharest. Brătianu was still disliked abroad, for both his antisemitic past and his new endeavors, including overtures to Prussia which angered France; at home, Carol was becoming unsure of his minister's competence. On September 21 (October 3), an antisemitic mob, tacitly supported by
853:
elected favor the current government." Nicor noted with satisfaction that the new Senate was "if not scarlet red, then at least reddish or pink." Historian Silvia Marton also writes that "radical liberals" had a "wide majority". The near-complete list of senators, carried in the daily press of mid and late July, appeared as follows:
657:, Brătianu argued that convening elections had been imperative, since the Assembly had been "dealt a blow in its prerogatives". Assembly and government, he argued, had the authority to dissolve Senate, preventing the state from "descending into paralysis, if not indeed dissolution." The message was also carried by poet
581:. However, in April–May, news of antisemitic repression gave Factionalists in the Senate an opportunity to demand that government present its diplomatic correspondence for senatorial review. This request erupted into a conflict between Assembly and Senate, with the former controlled by the "Reds" and Brătianu.
1476:. With Gheorghe Miller as rapporteur, it also proceeded to debate and vote on railway concessions, validating the Assembly verdict: 39 senators voted in favor, 5 against, with only one abstention (Plagino). This vote was again mired by controversy, as four "members of the old majority"—Ionescu, Plagino,
1471:
Returning from vacation with its solidified "Red" majority, Parliament resumed work with extraordinary sessions on
September 2 (September 14), 1868. This reopening took place at the same time as the spread of rumors about 330 Bulgarian revolutionaries crossing over into Ottoman territory—dismissed by
816:
of July 22 counted 4 of 33 Second
College senators as belonging to the old "White" and Factionalist opposition, decisively "a condemnation of how the old Senators had handled themselves." Of the 29 pro-government victors, 28 had "Red" credentials. In neighboring Austria-Hungary, the Romanian-language
811:
The overall tally of votes for each competing camp is hard to assess, due to the intermittent custom of presenting senators as independent of party politics. Disputes raged at the time about
Golescu's decision to designate his "government candidates", in defiance of established practice. This allowed
677:
schedule decreased the likelihood of "Whites" being elected. Comparatively wealthier voters "have this comfort of traveling abroad to relieve themselves of the boredom in these here parts", while committed middle-class clients "fell into somnolence." Reportedly, the trend had been noticed in advanced
1582:
bodies. Such overtures notwithstanding, and despite winning decisively in the March elections, "cohabitation was impossible" between "Reds" and "Whites"; Ghica became the radicals' "hobbyhorse". The Prime
Minister was permanently contested from the left, and deplored the parliamentary situation as a
1577:
as a "constructive coalition", the new cabinet announced that it would punish antisemitic outbursts, but also that it would uproot "Jewish colonies" in
Romania. This stance was backed over the following months by a new string of expulsions and the official censure of Jewish self-help organizations,
1459:
pressed
Bucharest to answer specific questions about how the invasion could take place. An anonymous report, carried by various French newspapers, noted that there was a "certain affectation" in how General Golescu responded to Sabri's demands, and claimed that Romanian authorities had created the
852:
indicated that the majority was yet to be determined, while commenting that political parties in
Romania were overall "useless", even counterproductive for tackling the economic and social hurdles faced by a young country. However, a day later, Havas reported that "three quarters of the candidates
258:
Conservative voters (the "Whites") were reportedly taken by surprise, and the election, like many others of the period, was marred by malpractices favoring government. The resulting Senate was overall "reddish" or "pink", combining a majority of "Reds" and their occasional allies. Despite general
823:
noted during the late stages of the tally that, in the Second
College, "of 33 senators only 10 are old ones" (as in: incumbents or senior senators); in the First College, "it would appear that incumbents from the previous senate are in the minority." The few solid wins for the "Whites" included
626:
The dispute then turned to different readings of the
Constitution: following a literal interpretation and breaking with established procedure, Senate asked to be involved in the passing of financial regulation. Conservative senators also attacked General Golescu for tolerating new antisemitic
1562:. According to some accounts, there was a brief stalemate between the two camps, but only because Brătianu expected to be returned into office. In November, Ghica reassured the Ottoman government of its "loyalty and conciliatory intent", moving in to punish "Red" dissenters such as General
604:. According to Nicor, the Assembly had a vested interest: "the deputies, as men of the people, with few means at their disposal, something to take them from the provinces to the capital and vice versa, whereas Senate, made up of bigwigs, fat cats with incomes of no less than 800
668:
Reportedly, the original interval for the election was July 3–5 (New Style: July 15–17), but these were postponed by 4 days. Officially, this was because several town halls had failed to register voters on such short notice. According to Nicor, cancellation was requested by the
93:
847:
announced that: "The Senate elections, in the first college, have favored the government. Despite the reelection of opposition doyens, the Senate majority was taken by government." The political majority for both
Colleges was somewhat established deductively: on July 26,
549:. After having been highly critical of Romania's stance on Jewish migration, France was also coming to show signs of leniency: in March 1868 Delaporte contended that Jews had a monopoly on all trade in Moldavia, and therefore that economic antisemitism was justified.
503:
to canvass among the local liberals and thus create a moderate alliance, Brătianu was met by a riotous mob of Factionalist voters. The continued discrimination against Jews also became a rally point for some conservatives (or "Whites"), including
648:
Carol took notice that government had the deputies' confidence, and proceeded to dissolve the upper chamber. Upon leaving the session, outgoing legislators were followed and booed by a group of "Reds" recruited from the lower classes of
735:, a conservative First-College candidate, accused the "Reds" of undignified attacks. Voting also coincided with a new alert over revolutionary activities in Romania. As "all eyes were set on the election", it was discovered that a
572:
around Romania. The Assembly eventually followed the minister's explanation, voting to reject Carp's accusations as false; the liberal press followed suit, claiming that Carp was using the "Bulgarian bands" issue and the
565:
540:
Following the international backlash after particularly violent antisemitic activities in Bacău, the Prime Minister resigned, officially because of illness. Leadership of the cabinet was assigned to General
1542:
This show of loyalty failed to convince the European powers, with Prussia joining in to ask for Golescu's ouster. Later that month, as Senate was again returning to work, and having been notified of the
787:
between them. The issue was settled during a token repeat vote, confirming Ionescu's victory only because Scriban's voters had left the hall in-between rounds. Similarly, the Senate seat assigned to the
1442:
in the evening of July 13 (July 25), a date again postponed for the morning of July 14 (26). They ended up electing the entrepreneur Matache Atanasiu, while a similar election for the Second College of
450:, Brătianu backed down to some extent, noting that the Factionalists were being excessive, "inhumane and un-Romanian". However, he also continued tolerate the expulsions of Jews by his subordinate
306:. Despite helping to consolidate executive power, the election, which had remarkably low voter presence, could not tackle these obstacles. Government was also weakened by diplomatic intrigues—the
442:. These were widely believed to have been manipulated by government through intimidation and fraud, and as such a pattern for the following elections. Although the "Reds" had overall control of
767:
Absentee voters were a major problem: most precincts failed to produce 100 electors, and some also struggled to meet the 25 minimum required by law. Some seats were taken after complicated
641:
members present for that session, 32 voted in favor, 8 against, and 14 abstained. Assembly deputies reacted and, on July 1 (July 13), vetoed the motion, returning advantage to the "Reds".
701:
411:, where they negotiated an end to the privileged status of Russian citizens on Romanian soil—and, in effect, the recognition of Romania as self-governed. Delaporte, the French consul in
391:
This "Red" consolidation was viewed with displeasure in the French Empire, where Brătianu was remembered chiefly for his youthful involvement with a political conspirator and regicide,
1488:, including by bringing up issues related to the July campaign; Ionescu also insisted that the Assembly was driving the country bankrupt, and urged his colleagues to take lessons in
568:, asked Romanians to report on the issue. The matter was taken up in Parliament by Carp, in clashes with Brătianu, where the junior deputy issued warnings about the consolidation of
512:, who had a number of public disputes with the Interior Minister. Despite their differences on the issue of emancipation, it became apparent that the "Whites", mostly aristocratic "
1460:
incident, then the BRCK's repression, precisely to convince Europe that they did not approve of Pan-Slavism. Investigation into the issue continued during August, by which time
423:
had an ultimate plan to topple the monarchy altogether. In reality, the monarch was pursuing his own foreign policy, which implied ending Romania's subservience toward the
3573:
3558:
1551:
1472:
the authorities as "pure invention". Four days later, Senate had verified the tallies and mandates in most precincts, validating senators; Ștefan Golescu was voted
1468:, "was accused by one of the local families of having played a very active part in organizing and arming Bulgarian bands"; Costache dismissed the claim as libel.
3568:
524:, Ioan Negură, and Ianache Lecca) attacked government at the same time as Carp, citing concerns about limitations on press freedom. The left-leaning humorist
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
2672:
1455:. The results were still being tabulated as the cabinet was facing Ottoman scrutiny over its complicity in the Pietroșani affair. After defeating the BRCK,
465:
3614:
2650:
673:, allowing the "fathers of the city" to sanitize the streets and thus hope to impress the voters. Nicor also argues that Golescu and Brătianu's pick of a
665:, who wrote to his voters that: "Everything done for the country and nothing can be achieved without union and harmony between parties and government".
3563:
2514:
Liviu Brătescu, "Căderea guvernului liberal-radical (1867–1868). Un episod al problemei evreiești din România", in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.),
751:. As revealed by later investigations, the BRCK had a secret covenant, the "Sacred Coalition", signed with members of the "Red" party elite—including
612:
in bandit clothes, wanted to censure the rabble's taste for traveling and pulled off that blunder that was heard around the country." The liberals at
553:
480:
295:
3538:
631:
tried to push through a new law banning Jews from commercial life. On May 31 (June 12), an alliance of Factionalist and "White" senators drafted a
3578:
3553:
3548:
3528:
3518:
3487:
381:
380:, but created an international scandal by endorsing the eviction of Jewish "vagabonds" from the countryside. This affair was engineered by the
3533:
3453:
2608:
2523:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
372:, "Red" liberal factions, holding a slim plurality in the Assembly, had fused into a "Concordia Agreement". Also backed by the antisemitic
236:
138:
1492:. Ordinary activity only resumed for both chambers on November 15 (November 27), five days after work officially started on Strousberg's
3064:
3058:
3053:
3048:
516:", were reaching out to the middle-class Factionalists, united in their rejection of "Red" liberalism. Factionalist deputies (including
492:
1590:
s rejection of their other policies, explored conspiratorial ventures—leading, in 1870, to the short and bloodless rebellion known as "
1519:. The affair ended with government deposing the local head of police and compensating the victims. Meanwhile, Golescu's celebration of
759:. Such incidents sparked indignation in the conservative press, which saw its claim about Pan-Slavist subversion apparently confirmed.
1473:
3434:
1493:
3609:
3543:
3477:
3379:
3400:
2665:
687:
513:
3429:
3523:
618:
also described Senate as obstructionist and driven by "personal interest", "putting the nation at risk of having no railways."
388:. Although in and out of office during that period, he was, by various accounts, a behind-the-scenes leader of the executive.
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2803:
2723:
2718:
2708:
439:
365:
244:
232:
39:
3502:
3497:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3462:
2793:
2788:
3444:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
2567:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3198:
3193:
2713:
1499:
Despite such consolidation, internationally and locally the government was still weak. During the parliamentary vacation,
221:
107:
836:
399:, with French officials suspecting that Carol and Brătianu were seeking to create a secret alliance with Prussia and the
396:
360:. Nevertheless, political life remained troubled, with government instability and passionate disputes about the proposed
670:
373:
344:
252:
146:
3492:
483:
as a rummaging through toys, and showing him being subservient to a stereotypical Jewish man, his sponsor (or creditor)
404:
3439:
2658:
975:
377:
2813:
2808:
2798:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
1567:
327:
3334:
3278:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
2763:
2748:
2600:
1558:
took over government, and inaugurated a longer interval of conservative rule, with backing from Concordia defector
1259:
728:
3619:
1524:
1218:
1015:
727:, and a deputation of Bucharest entrepreneurs asking Carol to uphold press freedoms. Campaigning became harsh in
225:
1523:
proved encouraging for the Romanian communities in Austria-Hungary, which threatened the empire's survival. The
585:
248:
3604:
3583:
748:
303:
1563:
1550:
s opposition, General Golescu resigned, then replaced his brother as the Senate leader; Brătianu was elected
1591:
1360:
789:
632:
597:
694:
published a forecast that said "just about every electoral college" would vote against Golescu. Similarly,
2528:
Adrian-Bogdan Ceobanu, "Evoluția relațiilor româno–ruse la începutul domniei lui Carol I (1866–1871)", in
1559:
1500:
420:
392:
982:
690:" not to take their leave. Other conservative and Factionalist voices were more confident: the newspaper
552:
During the same months, however, a scandal erupted over revelations that Golescu may have been backing a
517:
2700:
1456:
1421:
1138:
736:
658:
593:
447:
443:
348:
1372:
801:
589:
291:
2273:
1732:
Brătescu, pp. 15–22; Gane, pp. 115–116; Loeb, pp. 158–167; Marton, pp. 24–26, 104, 155; Taftă (2003),
1619:
819:
752:
100:
3015:
2688:
1520:
1461:
521:
311:
756:
3345:
2618:
1579:
1504:
1452:
1151:
797:
796:, remained vacant, with most teaching staff absent for the vote. Some, including incumbent senator
628:
584:
Much debate between the two houses involved concession awarded by government for the creation of a
361:
283:
276:
2109:
1876:
1855:
1649:
1438:'s Second College (including Bucharest). Registered voters were asked to meet for by-elections in
653:. Elections for a new Senate were immediately called in by Golescu. In his circular letter to the
525:
2316:
2169:
1477:
1465:
1162:
793:
561:
357:
319:
264:
235:, and, although party affiliations remain unclear, ensured a victory for Golescu and the various
2634:"Acțiunea bulgară din 1868 în optica comandantului misiunii militare franceze la București", in
1289:
1072:
915:
719:
487:
By then, the Concordia alliance was under strain, with the Factionalists, who were centered in
2604:
2586:
2550:
2519:
2114:
1881:
1860:
1654:
1528:
1489:
1415:
1267:
732:
654:
601:
471:
435:
428:
217:
64:
2331:
2245:
2230:
1444:
1410:
1384:
1332:
1144:
1037:
928:
768:
488:
408:
271:, managed reelection. Campaigning was prolonged by some by-elections for the Assembly, with
170:
2535:
1512:
1448:
1340:
1279:
1177:
1096:
1090:
1043:
967:
780:
776:
744:
574:
546:
542:
529:
315:
260:
228:
128:
118:
1434:
Immediately after the Senate election, Ștefan Golescu resigned from his Assembly seat in
1377:
1188:
941:
883:
870:
805:
706:
385:
2581:
532:
was trying to pass for a "boyar" or "young lord", "avoiding democracy like the plague."
1555:
1536:
1481:
1306:
1225:
1157:
1085:
1024:
896:
840:
772:
740:
557:
451:
424:
400:
323:
307:
299:
178:
123:
3598:
2559:
1574:
1439:
1397:
1347:
1319:
1169:
1133:
679:
662:
509:
505:
476:
322:. Some four months after his victory, Golescu resigned to be replaced by the "White"
240:
2576:
1435:
1274:
1242:
1108:
954:
825:
272:
2641:"Atitudinea Franței în chestiunea evreiască din România între anii 1868—1878", in
1447:
went to Dumitru Filip. Deputy elections also took place for the Third Colleges of
627:
incidents which threatened to upset diplomatic gains; meanwhile, in the Assembly,
588:, with Senate questioning the details of such grants. The incipient scandal, or "
1055:
999:
569:
698:
predicted that the government "would be unable to exert any moral influence ."
2301:
2279:
2206:
2187:
2151:
2136:
2091:
1996:
1710:
1690:
1672:
1485:
1205:
784:
637:
614:
578:
496:
717:
The campaign was not entirely uneventful, with a scandal over accusations of
3075:
2543:
1120:
832:. He defeated Nicolae Nicolescu 39 votes to 8 (other counts have 38 to 10).
829:
650:
609:
268:
1516:
455:
282:
The period witnessed new developments in the long crisis over the issue of
255:, which had previously backed Golescu, before moving closer to the center.
251:. It also came after major disagreements between "Red" politicians and the
2554:
415:, alleged in January 1868 that Brătianu exercised a hypnotic power on the
2054:
Matei Cazacu, "Sfârșitul Vechiului Regim în România: 21 august 1945", in
674:
459:
353:
287:
2597:"Republica de la Ploiești" și începuturile parlamentarismului în România
2590:
1843:
Brătescu, p. 24; Gane, pp. 122–124; Marton, p. 155; Nicolescu, pp. 33–35
2692:
2683:
500:
412:
835:
On July 23, shortly before reporting on the Bulgarians' defeat by the
403:. This was partly validated when Carol sent Ioan C. Cantacuzino and
812:
some tallies to be published after, and even during, the election.
2516:
Partide politice și minorități naționale din România în secolul XX
844:
747:, had prepared a military raid over the Danube from their base in
605:
528:
satirized this alliance by claiming that the Factionalist senator
2582:
La Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en Roumanie
1583:"war among brethren". Marginalized "Reds", now frustrated by the
608:, people of inspired pockets, most of them owners of coaches and
2204:, Issue 110/1868, p. 433; "Afacerea bulgariloru in Romania", in
596:
pleaded for subcontracting to the Prussian venture capitalists,
310:, Romania's suzerain power, resented its radicalism, as did the
2654:
2624:
Cătălina Opaschi, "Ion C. Brătianu și societățile secrete", in
2067:"Romani'a. Circulare câtra toti dnii prefectii d'in tiera", in
2540:
P. P. Carp și locul său în istoria politică a țării. Volumul 1
2403:
560:. The allegations were received with concern in France, were
259:
defeat, various leading figures of the opposition, including
454:, with antisemitic incidents concentrated in places such as
2438:
Nicolescu, pp. 44–45. See also Gane, p. 124; Marton, p. 200
1894:
Brătescu, pp. 24–25; Gane, pp. 123–124; Loeb, pp. 170–171
2645:, Vol. XIV, Issues 34, May–August 2003, pp. 93–108.
592:", began on May 16 (New Style: May 28), when rapporteur
286:, with its regular outbursts of antisemitic violence at
2518:, Vol. III, pp. 12–28. Sibiu: TechnoMedia, 2008.
2401:"Congresul Partidului Maghiar la Târgu-Murăș [
290:
and elsewhere. It also brought the early stages of the
2058:, Vol. XX, Issues 5–6, September–December 2009, p. 526
828:'s First College, which went to the arch-conservative
792:, widely believed to be a secure win for the liberal
247:, in particular one over the issue of constructing a
3511:
3389:
3344:
3074:
3014:
2699:
2615:
Parlamentul Romîn: 1866–1901. Biografii și portrete
1503:was instructed by France's government to meet with
855:
57:
2501:Marton, pp. 24–28, 32–34, 122–124, 166–173, 198sqq
2210:, July 14, 1868, pp. 1–2; Taftă (2001), pp. 99–101
1631:
1629:
2200:"Romani'a. Afacerea bulgariloru in Romani'a", in
709:, asking for endorsement ahead of the election.
491:, pressuring government to inaugurate a working
2532:, Vol. III, Issue 2, June 2008, pp. 26–29.
2299:"Alegere de senatorĭ. Alegere de deputatŭ", in
1762:Ceobanu, pp. 26–28; Iorga, pp. 51–52, 57–58, 63
2397:
2395:
2283:, July 11 and 12, 1868. Additional details in
1753:Opaschi, p. 164. See also Iorga, pp. 50–51, 57
395:. Early 1868 came with a noticeable strain in
2666:
2163:
2161:
556:(BRCK) to foment anti-Ottoman revolts in the
434:A reshuffled Concordia government, headed by
326:, who overturned the liberal majority in the
8:
1921:Brătescu, p. 25. See also Ceobanu, pp. 27–28
1704:
1702:
1700:
16:
2295:
2293:
1978:Nicolescu, pp. 38–42. See also Gane, p. 124
1851:
1849:
783:and won 35 votes to 34, with an additional
2673:
2659:
2651:
243:followed standoffs between Senate and the
15:
2181:
2179:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1939:Nicolescu, p. 31. See also Taftă (2001),
1872:
1870:
1744:Marton, pp. 24, 191; Opaschi, pp. 164–166
1666:
1664:
554:Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee
481:Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee
469:April 1868 cartoons in the "Red" gazette
279:still voting on July 13–15 (July 25–27).
224:: July 19–23), 1868. They were called by
2407:] în chestia școlilor maghiare", in
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
1708:"Deputatii aleși la 14 și 15 Iuliu", in
1684:
1682:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
700:
464:
351:" into a centralized monarchy, ruled by
2271:, Issue 76/1868; intermediary lists in
2105:
2103:
2101:
1603:
800:, reportedly abstained on purpose. The
1645:
1643:
1641:
1531:, openly asked Prussia to censure the
294:, and diplomatic incidents related to
2585:. Paris: Joseph Baer et Cie., 1877.
2568:Institutul de Arte Grafice Carol Göbl
2036:Brătescu, p. 26; Nicolescu, pp. 36–38
7:
2638:, Vol. XIII, 2001, pp. 97–105.
2628:, Vol. XIV, 2002, pp. 159–170.
2566:. Bucharest: Cassa Școalelor &
419:, but also that the "Reds" and the
220:were held in Romania on July 7–11 (
73:
3615:Parliamentary elections in Romania
2564:Politica externă a Regelui Carol I
2429:Iorga, p. 51; Taftă (2001), p. 102
2411:, Vol. I, Issue 1, June 1923, p. 4
1688:"Primarulŭ comunei Bucurescĭ", in
1300:(wins over Grigore Jianu 16 to 14)
808:after another postponed election.
231:to strengthen his majority in the
14:
1789:Gane, p. 114; Marton, pp. 192–198
2682:
2000:, September 15–17, 1868, pp. 1–2
1617:"Principatele române unite", in
296:Bulgarian revolutionary activity
203:
202:
196:
195:
189:
188:
106:
99:
92:
23:
2228:"Suite des dépêches Havas", in
1994:"Bucurescĭ 16/28 Răpciune", in
1515:, ransacked Jewish property in
2314:"On mande de Bucarest...", in
2185:"Bucurescĭ 15/27 Cuptorŭ", in
2167:"On écrit de Bucarest...", in
2089:"Bucurescĭ 13/25 Cuptorŭ", in
990:(wins over Manolescu 35 to 27)
440:general elections in late 1867
1:
2287:of July 10, 13, 14, and 15–16
2149:"Bucurescĭ 6/18 Cuptorŭ", in
2134:"Bucurescĭ 9/21 Cuptorŭ", in
1494:Bucharest—Galați railway line
1324:Eliodor (or Heliodor) Lapati
1077:Col. Ștefan Cristofor Stoika
907:(replacing Costache Bălcescu,
60:
17:1868 Romanian Senate election
1125:(wins over Nicolae Nicolescu
536:General Golescu's ascendancy
374:Free and Independent Faction
298:on Romanian soil, including
253:Free and Independent Faction
147:Free and Independent Faction
1670:"Intrunire eleptorale", in
1568:new elections in March 1869
1219:Constantin Năsturel-Herescu
705:Rogue senator groveling to
661:, the liberal candidate in
3636:
2335:, September 16, 1868, p. 1
1389:Constantin D. Oteteleșanu
535:
2689:Elections and referendums
2420:Taftă (2001), pp. 101–102
2329:"Télégraphie privée", in
2243:"Télégraphie privée", in
2112:, "Revista politică", in
1879:, "Revista politică", in
1652:, "Revista politică", in
1525:Prime Minister of Hungary
1484:—apparently conspired to
1405:Col. Ion Stavri Brătianu
397:Franco–Romanian relations
70:
63:60 eligible seats in the
33:
21:
3610:1868 elections in Europe
2191:, July 15–16, 1868, p. 1
1930:Taftă (2003), pp. 99–100
1714:, July 15–16, 1868, p. 1
976:Alexandru "Alecu" Moruzi
923:Radu Constantin Golescu
635:; of the 54 elected and
586:Romanian railways system
479:'s investigation of the
378:Constantin A. Crețulescu
376:, it came to power with
368:. With support from the
249:Romanian railways system
237:liberal-radical factions
2701:Parliamentary elections
2320:, August 14, 1868, p. 1
2155:, July 7, 1868, pp. 1–2
2118:, Issue 8/1868, pp. 1–2
2071:, Issue 98/1868, p. 385
1864:, Issue 5/1868, pp. 1–2
1858:, "Camera de josŭ", in
1658:, Issue 7/1868, pp. 1–2
1623:, Issue 56/1868, p. 222
1564:Alexandru D. Macedonski
1361:University of Bucharest
1199:(election investigated)
878:Nicu Rosetti-Bălănescu
790:University of Bucharest
739:cell, revolving around
678:by conservative writer
633:motion of no confidence
431:of "Christian states".
328:elections of March 1869
3016:Presidential elections
1264:Alexandru D. Pîcleanu
1067:Col. Teodor Călinescu
1016:Constantin N. Brăiloiu
959:Constantin Caramanliu
775:, Factionalist leader
714:
484:
405:Melchisedec Ștefănescu
393:Giuseppe Marco Fieschi
347:had consolidated the "
2613:George D. Nicolescu,
2305:, July 13, 1868, p. 1
2277:, Issue 56/1868, and
2249:, July 27, 1868, p. 1
2234:, July 25, 1868, p. 3
2173:, July 30, 1868, p. 2
2140:, July 10, 1868, p. 1
2095:, July 14, 1868, p. 1
1694:, July 14, 1868, p. 1
1676:, July 13, 1868, p. 1
1402:Col. Gavril Pangrati
1297:Col. Ștefan Vlădoianu
1294:Constantin Vlădoianu
1139:Dimitrie Bolintineanu
704:
659:Dimitrie Bolintineanu
594:Constantin Hurmuzachi
499:. Visiting Bacău and
468:
448:economic antisemitism
358:Carol of Hohenzollern
349:United Principalities
2483:Marton, pp. 200, 201
2409:Glasul Minorităților
2344:Nicolescu, pp. 42–43
2009:Nicolescu, pp. 35–36
1960:Nicolescu, pp. 31–32
1885:, Issue 5/1868, p. 1
1825:Nicolescu, pp. 32–33
1771:Opaschi, pp. 164–167
1723:Brătescu, pp. 14, 19
1592:Republic of Ploiești
1521:Romanian nationalism
1507:, the exiled former
1127:39 to 8 or 38 to 10)
1029:Ioan Docanu (Docan)
909:the original winner)
729:Râmnicu Sărat County
713:cartoon of July 1868
684:Trompetta Carpaților
671:Commune of Bucharest
421:Romanian Freemasonry
245:Assembly of Deputies
2380:Brătescu, pp. 26–27
2219:Taftă (2001), p. 99
1912:Brătescu, pp. 25–26
1807:Brătescu, pp. 22–23
1798:Brătescu, pp. 21–25
1560:Mihail Kogălniceanu
1505:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
1327:Alexandru Vidrașcu
518:Alexandru Gheorghiu
427:and establishing a
284:Jewish emancipation
167:Leader's seat
40:Dec. 1867–Jan. 1868
18:
3346:European elections
2530:Constelații Ieșene
2317:Journal des Debats
2274:Telegrafulu Romanu
2170:Journal des Debats
1620:Telegrafulu Romanu
1566:, and calling for
1552:Assembly President
1478:Gheorghe Costaforu
1466:Mayor of Bucharest
1457:Mehmed Sabri Pasha
1422:Grigore Lăcusteanu
1373:University of Iași
1210:Constantin Deleanu
1163:Gheorghe Costaforu
820:Telegrafulu Romanu
802:University of Iași
794:Constantin Bosianu
737:Bulgarian Romanian
715:
575:Israelite question
562:Lionel de Moustier
493:Court of Cassation
485:
275:and several other
265:Gheorghe Costaforu
216:Elections for the
153:Leader since
3592:
3591:
2609:978-973-50-5160-0
2544:Editura Ziarului
2524:978-973-739-261-9
2474:Loeb, pp. 172–181
2389:Loeb, pp. 171–172
1951:Gane, pp. 117–122
1816:Loeb, pp. 167–170
1554:. "White" leader
1501:Agenor de Gramont
1490:political economy
1427:
1426:
1301:
1268:Alexandru Plagino
1251:
1234:
1214:
1200:
1183:
1128:
1117:
1100:
1064:
1019:
1008:
1004:Nicolae S. Guranu
991:
946:Eugeniu Predescu
933:N. M. Mihăhiescu
920:Vasile Niculescu
910:
769:runoff procedures
733:Alexandru Plagino
723:by the newspaper
602:Abraham Oppenheim
598:Bethel Strousberg
590:Strousberg Affair
429:Balkan Federation
382:Interior Minister
345:1866 Constitution
318:, and eventually
302:'s conspiracy at
292:Strousberg Affair
239:(or "Reds"). The
214:
213:
210:
209:
185:Seat change
53:
52:
49:1869 →
3627:
3620:July 1868 events
2687:
2686:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2643:Revista Istorică
2575:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2492:Nicolescu, p. 47
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2399:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2362:Nicolescu, p. 44
2360:
2354:
2353:Nicolescu, p. 43
2351:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2267:Updated list in
2265:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2119:
2107:
2096:
2087:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2056:Revista Istorică
2052:
2046:
2045:Nicolescu, p. 38
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2027:Nicolescu, p. 36
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:Nicolescu, p. 35
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1903:Nicolescu, p. 34
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1874:
1865:
1853:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1780:Iorga, pp. 49–50
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1647:
1636:
1635:Nicolescu, p. 37
1633:
1624:
1615:
1589:
1549:
1464:, the Bulgarian
1355:Dumitru Cerchez
1311:Gheorghe Miller
1299:
1249:
1247:Asanache Panfile
1232:
1212:
1198:
1182:(unanimous vote)
1181:
1145:Alexandru Cernat
1124:
1116:(wins 123 to 24)
1115:
1094:
1062:
1032:George Cantemir
1013:
1011:Gheorghe D. Aman
1006:
989:
906:
856:
798:Alexandru Orăscu
753:Grigore Serrurie
644:Two days later,
566:Foreign Minister
489:Western Moldavia
409:Saint Petersburg
233:1867 legislature
206:
205:
199:
198:
192:
191:
110:
103:
96:
72:
71:
62:
35:
34:
28:
27:
26:
19:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3605:1868 in Romania
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3507:
3390:Other elections
3385:
3340:
3076:Local elections
3070:
3010:
2695:
2681:
2679:
2636:Muzeul Național
2626:Muzeul Național
2595:Silvia Marton,
2573:
2536:Constantin Gane
2511:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:Brătescu, p. 27
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2328:
2324:
2313:
2309:
2298:
2291:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2184:
2177:
2166:
2159:
2148:
2144:
2133:
2122:
2108:
2099:
2088:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1875:
1868:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:Brătescu, p. 24
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1707:
1698:
1687:
1680:
1669:
1662:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1600:
1587:
1547:
1513:Romanian Police
1474:Senate Chairman
1462:Panait Costache
1432:
1352:Georgie Milaru
1341:Vasile Boerescu
1298:
1280:Nicolae Ionescu
1254:Costin Catargi
1250:(wins 35 to 34)
1248:
1231:
1213:(wins 30 to 15)
1211:
1197:
1180:
1178:Filaret Scriban
1126:
1123:
1114:
1113:M. Anghielovici
1103:Nicolae Drossu
1097:Filaret Scriban
1093:
1091:Nicolae Ionescu
1061:
1044:Nicolae Golescu
1012:
1005:
988:
908:
905:
904:Grigore Caracaș
862:Second College
781:Filaret Scriban
777:Nicolae Ionescu
765:
745:Stefan Karadzha
624:
547:Austria-Hungary
543:Nicolae Golescu
538:
530:Nicolae Ionescu
522:Alecu D. Holban
341:
336:
316:Austria-Hungary
261:Nicolae Ionescu
229:Nicolae Golescu
129:Nicolae Ionescu
119:Nicolae Golescu
58:
29:
24:
22:
12:
11:
5:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2629:
2622:
2611:
2593:
2571:
2557:
2533:
2526:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2447:Marton, p. 200
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2322:
2307:
2289:
2260:
2251:
2236:
2221:
2212:
2193:
2175:
2157:
2142:
2120:
2097:
2073:
2060:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1866:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1725:
1716:
1696:
1678:
1660:
1637:
1625:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1573:Celebrated by
1556:Dimitrie Ghica
1529:Gyula Andrássy
1482:Christian Tell
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1416:Ștefan Golescu
1413:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1392:Nae Călinescu
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:Col. Păucescu
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:(wins 46 to 6)
1228:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1158:Christian Tell
1154:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:(wins 51 to 3)
1058:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1007:(wins 46 to 6)
1002:
996:
995:
994:Scarlat Ghica
992:
985:
979:
978:
973:
970:
964:
963:
960:
957:
951:
950:
947:
944:
938:
937:
936:Col. Rativanu
934:
931:
925:
924:
921:
918:
912:
911:
902:
899:
893:
892:
889:
886:
880:
879:
876:
873:
867:
866:
865:First College
863:
860:
764:
761:
757:Eugeniu Carada
741:Hadzhi Dimitar
623:
620:
558:Danube Vilayet
537:
534:
452:Gheorghe Lecca
436:Ștefan Golescu
425:Ottoman Empire
401:Russian Empire
340:
337:
335:
332:
324:Dimitrie Ghica
308:Ottoman Empire
300:Hadzhi Dimitar
226:Prime Minister
212:
211:
208:
207:
200:
193:
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
168:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
139:"Red" liberals
136:
132:
131:
126:
124:Dimitrie Ghica
121:
116:
112:
111:
104:
97:
90:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
68:
67:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
42:
31:
30:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3632:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2631:Lucia Taftă,
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2617:. Bucharest:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:. Bucharest:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:Nicolae Iorga
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2542:. Bucharest:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2258:Marton, p. 75
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1575:Cezar Bolliac
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Râmnicu Sărat
1258:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1060:Col. Crasnaru
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
987:Pana Olănescu
986:
984:
981:
980:
977:
974:
972:Col. Lupașcu
971:
969:
966:
965:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
877:
875:G. Perdicaru
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
857:
854:
851:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
822:
821:
815:
809:
807:
804:seat went to
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
762:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
712:
708:
703:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Cezar Bolliac
676:
672:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
642:
640:
639:
634:
630:
629:Panait Donici
621:
619:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:Petre P. Carp
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
478:
477:Petre P. Carp
474:
473:
467:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:Romanian Jews
363:
359:
356:
355:
350:
346:
339:Early clashes
338:
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:French Empire
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:snap election
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
201:
194:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
172:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
114:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
87:
83:
81:Second party
80:
77:
74:
69:
66:
56:
48:
46:
43:
41:
38:←
37:
36:
32:
20:
3458:
3450:Transylvania
3449:
3405:
3396:
3378:
3333:
3063:
3003:
2728:
2642:
2635:
2625:
2619:I. V. Socecŭ
2614:
2596:
2580:
2577:Isidore Loeb
2563:
2545:
2539:
2529:
2515:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2456:Iorga, p. 71
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2385:
2376:
2371:Iorga, p. 59
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2254:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2215:
2205:
2202:Federatiunea
2201:
2196:
2186:
2168:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2113:
2090:
2069:Federatiunea
2068:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2018:Loeb, p. 171
2014:
2005:
1995:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1880:
1859:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1719:
1709:
1689:
1671:
1653:
1618:
1584:
1572:
1544:
1541:
1532:
1508:
1498:
1470:
1440:Ghica Square
1433:
1378:Ștefan Micle
1365:
1314:Alecu Millo
1230:Ion Radovici
1196:Grigore Balș
1193:A. Sicleanu
1174:Anton Gugiu
1049:Also Golescu
1048:
901:P. Dimancea
849:
837:Ottoman Army
834:
818:
813:
810:
806:Ștefan Micle
766:
724:
720:lèse-majesté
718:
716:
710:
707:Ion Brătianu
695:
691:
683:
667:
645:
643:
636:
625:
613:
583:
551:
539:
486:
470:
438:, organized
433:
416:
390:
386:Ion Brătianu
369:
362:emancipation
352:
342:
281:
257:
215:
84:Third party
78:First party
44:
3512:Referendums
2574:(in French)
1580:assimilated
1095:(wins over
1014:(wins over
850:Telegrafulu
655:prefectures
570:Pan-Slavism
3599:Categories
3564:2007 (Nov)
3559:2007 (May)
3539:1941 (Nov)
3534:1941 (Mar)
3435:1857 (Sep)
3430:1857 (Jul)
3397:Bessarabia
2794:1888 (Oct)
2789:1888 (Jan)
2719:1866 (Nov)
2714:1866 (Apr)
2509:References
1578:including
1486:filibuster
949:Sibicianu
888:Milicescu
817:newspaper
785:blank vote
749:Pietroșani
638:ex officio
610:postilions
579:filibuster
475:, mocking
444:Parliament
304:Pietroșani
3459:Wallachia
2603:, 2016.
2601:Humanitas
2555:174249416
2549:, 1936.
2546:Universul
1453:Mehedinți
1430:Aftermath
1333:Teleorman
1152:Mehedinți
1121:Ioan Manu
1099:35 to 34)
1080:G. Moscu
983:Dâmbovița
830:Ioan Manu
696:Dreptatea
651:Bucharest
269:Ioan Manu
222:New Style
143:"Whites"
45:July 1868
3406:Moldavia
2332:Le Temps
2302:Romanulu
2285:Romanulu
2280:Romanulu
2246:Le Temps
2231:Le Temps
2207:Romanulu
2188:Romanulu
2152:Romanulu
2137:Romanulu
2115:Ghimpele
2092:Romanulu
1997:Romanulu
1882:Ghimpele
1861:Ghimpele
1711:Romanulu
1691:Romanulu
1673:Romanulu
1655:Ghimpele
1585:Domnitor
1545:Domnitor
1533:Domnitor
1509:Domnitor
1449:Covurlui
1290:Romanați
1073:Ialomița
1018:27 to 6)
968:Covurlui
916:Botoșani
731:, where
725:Strechia
711:Ghimpele
682:, whose
675:dog-days
646:Domnitor
622:Campaign
472:Ghimpele
417:Domnitor
370:Domnitor
354:Domnitor
277:counties
2693:Romania
2621:, 1903.
2591:1196244
2570:, 1916.
1537:Ruschuk
1307:Suceava
1226:Prahova
1025:Dorohoi
962:Anusiu
897:Bolgrad
859:County
841:Ruschuk
814:Românul
763:Results
686:urged "
615:Românul
508:deputy
497:Focșani
334:Context
320:Prussia
115:Leader
89:
75:
2607:
2589:
2553:
2522:
2269:Albina
2110:Nicor.
1941:passim
1877:Nicor.
1856:Nicor.
1734:passim
1650:Nicor.
1517:Galați
1445:Vâlcea
1411:Vlașca
1398:Vaslui
1385:Vâlcea
1366:vacant
1348:Tutova
1320:Tecuci
1170:Muscel
1134:Ismail
1038:Fălciu
929:Brăila
779:faced
688:boyars
663:Ismail
606:ducats
564:, the
514:boyars
506:Vaslui
456:Bârlad
267:, and
218:Senate
171:Fălciu
135:Party
65:Senate
1598:Notes
1588:'
1548:'
1436:Ilfov
1420:Col.
1275:Roman
1243:Putna
1217:Gen.
1189:Neamț
1156:Gen.
1143:Col.
1109:Ilfov
1042:Gen.
955:Cahul
942:Buzău
884:Bacău
871:Argeș
845:Havas
826:Ilfov
771:. At
692:Térra
577:" to
526:Nicor
460:Bacău
288:Bacău
273:Ilfov
162:1866
159:1866
156:1868
3584:2019
3579:2018
3574:2012
3569:2009
3554:2003
3549:1991
3544:1986
3529:1938
3524:1866
3519:1864
3503:1861
3498:1860
3493:1859
3488:1857
3483:1846
3478:1842
3473:1841
3468:1836
3463:1831
3454:1918
3445:1860
3440:1858
3425:1847
3420:1842
3415:1837
3410:1832
3401:1917
3380:2029
3374:2024
3369:2019
3364:2014
3359:2009
3354:2007
3335:2028
3329:2024
3324:2020
3319:2016
3314:2012
3309:2008
3304:2004
3299:2000
3294:1996
3289:1992
3284:1987
3279:1985
3274:1982
3269:1980
3264:1977
3259:1975
3254:1969
3249:1967
3244:1965
3239:1963
3234:1961
3229:1958
3224:1956
3219:1953
3214:1950
3209:1938
3204:1937
3199:1936
3194:1930
3189:1926
3184:1914
3179:1912
3174:1911
3169:1907
3164:1905
3159:1901
3154:1899
3149:1895
3144:1891
3139:1890
3134:1888
3129:1884
3124:1883
3119:1879
3114:1876
3109:1874
3104:1871
3099:1870
3094:1869
3089:1866
3084:1864
3065:2024
3059:2019
3054:2014
3049:2009
3044:2004
3039:2000
3034:1996
3029:1992
3024:1990
3005:2024
2999:2020
2994:2016
2989:2012
2984:2008
2979:2004
2974:2000
2969:1996
2964:1992
2959:1990
2954:1985
2949:1980
2944:1975
2939:1969
2934:1965
2929:1961
2924:1957
2919:1952
2914:1948
2909:1946
2904:1939
2899:1937
2894:1933
2889:1932
2884:1931
2879:1928
2874:1927
2869:1926
2864:1922
2859:1920
2854:1919
2849:1918
2844:1914
2839:1912
2834:1911
2829:1907
2824:1905
2819:1901
2814:1899
2809:1895
2804:1892
2799:1891
2784:1884
2779:1883
2774:1879
2769:1878
2764:1877
2759:1876
2754:1875
2749:1874
2744:1871
2739:1870
2734:1869
2729:1868
2724:1867
2709:1864
2605:ISBN
2587:OCLC
2551:OCLC
2520:ISBN
1480:and
1451:and
1284:N/A
1237:N/A
1086:Iași
1056:Gorj
1000:Dolj
891:N/A
773:Iași
755:and
743:and
600:and
501:Iași
458:and
413:Iași
343:The
179:Iași
175:N/A
59:All
2691:in
2404:sic
1594:".
1206:Olt
839:at
495:at
407:to
364:of
3601::
3461::
3452::
3408::
3399::
2579:,
2562:,
2538:,
2394:^
2292:^
2178:^
2160:^
2123:^
2100:^
2076:^
1983:^
1869:^
1848:^
1699:^
1681:^
1663:^
1640:^
1628:^
1606:^
1570:.
1539:.
1527:,
1496:.
843:,
520:,
462:.
384:,
330:.
314:,
263:,
61:c.
2674:e
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