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legislation, and to convene and dismiss the chamber of deputies. The sultan remained the theocratic legitimized sovereign to which the state organization was made-to-measure. Thus, despite a de jure intact constitution, the sultan ruled in the absolutist manner. This was particularly evident in the closure of
Parliament only eleven months after the declaration of the Constitution. Although the basic rights guaranteed in the constitution were not at all insignificant in Ottoman legal history, they were severely limited by the pronouncements of the ruler. Instead of overcoming sectarian divisions through the institution of universal representation, the elections reinforced the communitarian basis of society by allotting quotas to the various religious communities based on projections of population figures derived from the
658:
640:. Strauss, who also wrote "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire," stated that the terminology used in the Arabic version "stuck almost slavishly" to that of the Ottoman Turkish, with Arabic itself "almost exclusively" being the source of the terminology; as newer Arabic words were replacing older ones used by Ottoman Turkish, Strauss argued that this closeness "is more surprising" compared to the closeness of the Persian version to the Ottoman original, and that the deliberate closeness to the "Ottoman text is significant, but it is difficult to find a satisfactory explanation for this practice."
487:
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523:(although not directly; the populace chose delegates who would then choose the Deputies). There were also elections held every four years to keep the parliament changing and to continually express the voice of the people. This same framework carried over from the Constitution as it was in 1876 until it was reinstated in 1908. All in all the framework on the Constitution did little to limit the Sultan's power. Some of the retained powers of the Sultan were: declaration of war, appointment of new ministers, and approval of legislation.
940:
new national identity: Ottoman. However many provinces and people within the Empire were against it and many acted out their displeasure in violence. Some
Muslims agreed with the Ulema that the constitution violated Shari'a law. Some acted out their protests by attacking a priest during mass. Some of the provinces referred to in the constitution were alarmed, such as Rumania, Scutari and Albania, because they thought it referred to them having a different change of government or no longer being autonomous from the Empire.
1926:
1051:
Despite the latitude it gave to the sovereign, the constitution provided clear evidence of the extent to which
European influences operated among a section of the Ottoman bureaucracy. This showed the effects of the pressure from Europeans on the issue of discrimination of religious minorities within the Ottoman Empire, although, Islam was still the recognized religion of the state. The constitution also reaffirmed the equality of all Ottoman subjects, including their right to serve in the new
461:
731:
languages' terminologies heavily but they generally avoided using the
Ottoman Turkish one; some common French-derived Ottoman terms were replaced with other words. Based on the differences between the versions for non-Muslims and the Ottoman Turkish version, Strauss concluded that "foreign influences and national traditions – or even aspirations" shaped the non-Muslim versions, and that they "reflect religious, ideological and other divisions existing in the Ottoman Empire."
36:
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140:
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as reckless. Many across
European saw this constitution as unfit or a last attempt to save the Empire. In fact only two small nations were in favor of the constitution but only because they disliked the Russians as well. Others considered the Ottomans to be grasping for straws in trying to save the Empire; they also labeled it as a fluke of the Sublime Porte and the Sultan.
1439:, p. 25. Quote translated from French: "The majority of the government officials in the Ottoman Empire selected a Greek or an Armenian as their advisor in reform." The author mentions two names amongst these "advisors", Dr. Serop Vitchenian, who was the adviser to Fuad Pasha, and Grigor Odian, deputy to Midhat Pasha, who is the author of the Ottoman constitution of 1876.
612:. Therefore Strauss wrote that due to its complexity, "A satisfactory translation into Western languages is difficult, if not impossible." Max Bilal Heidelberger wrote a direct translation of the Ottoman Turkish version and published it in a book chapter by Tilmann J Röder, "The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives."
923:. There had been perennial conflict between Muslims and non-Muslims in the Empire. This was the focal point for the Russians to interfere, and the Russians were perhaps the Ottomans' most disliked enemy. The Russians looked for many ways to become involved in political affairs especially when unrest in the Empire reached their borders. The
237:
423:(who only lasted three months in 1876). During the Tanzimat period, the man from the Ottoman Empire with the most respect in Europe was Midhat Pasha. Midhat dreamed of an Empire in which "there would be neither Muslim nor non-Muslim but only Ottomans". Such ideology led to the formation of groups such as the
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were against it because they deemed it to be going against the Shari'a. However, throughout the
Ottoman Empire, the people were extremely happy and looking forward to life under this new regime. Many people celebrated and joined in Muslim-Christian relations which formed, and there now seemed to be a
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In the course of their studies in Europe, some members of the new
Ottoman elite concluded that the secret of Europe's success rested not only with its technical achievements but also with its political organizations. Moreover, the process of reform itself had imbued a small segment of the elite with
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and
Sovereign of all Ottomans," rather than "of the Turks." The Ottoman Constitution of 1876 was preceded by the Nationality Law of 1869, which created a common and equal citizenship for all Ottomans, regardless of race or religion. The constitution built upon those ideas and expanded on them, well
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Yet the most important reaction, only second to that of the people, was that of the
Europeans. Their reactions were quite to the contrary from the people; in fact they were completely against it—so much so that the United Kingdom was against supporting the Sublime Porte and criticized their actions
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The
Ottoman Porte believed that once the Christian population was represented in the legislative assembly, no foreign power could legitimize the promotion of her national interests under pretext of representing the rights of these people of religious and ethnic bonds. In particular, if successfully
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In addition to the original Ottoman Turkish, the document had been translated into Arabic and Persian. Language versions for Muslims were derived from the Ottoman Turkish version, and Strauss wrote that the vocabularies of the Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, and Persian versions were "almost identical".
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The Ottoman Constitution represented more than the immediate effect it had on the country. It was extremely significant because it made all subjects Ottomans under the law. By doing so, everyone, regardless of their religion had the right to liberties such as freedom of press and free education.
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and other linguistic features in Ottoman Turkish were usually not present in these versions. In addition each language version has language-specific terminology that is used in place of some terms from Ottoman Turkish. Different versions either heavily used foreign terminology or used their own
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According to Strauss, the authorities seemed to have had prepared multiple language versions of the constitution at the same time prior to release as their publication year was 1876: he stated that such release "apparently occurred simultaneously". They were officially published in various
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Ultimately, although the constitution created an elected chamber of deputies and an appointed senate, it only placed minimal restriction on the Sultan's power. Under the constitution, the Sultan retained the power to declare war and make peace, to appoint and dismiss ministers, to approve
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This led to what was known as the Tanzimat, which lasted from 1839 to 1876. This era was defined as an effort of reform to distribute power from the Sultan (even trying to remove his efforts) to the newly formed government led by a parliament. These were the intentions of the
380:, there was a vision of actual reform. Selim tried to address the military's failure to effectively function in battle; even the basics of fighting were lacking, and military leaders lacked the ability to command. Eventually his efforts led to his assassination by the
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Since the Armenian version, which Strauss describes as "puristic", uses Ottoman terminology not found in the French version and on some occasions in lieu of native Armenian terms, Strauss described it as having "taken into account the Ottoman text". The publication
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and Ottoman patriotism, and it was an assertion that the empire was capable of resolving its problems and that it had the right to remain intact as it then existed. It officially established the subjects of the Empire as "Ottomans," with the Sultan being titled
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There are a total of ten Turkish terms, and the document instead relies on words from Arabic, which Strauss argues is "excessive". In addition, he stated that other defining aspects include "convoluted sentences typical of Ottoman chancery style",
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For a modern English translation of the constitution and related laws, see Tilmann J. Röder, The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, in: Grote/Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press
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Strauss divides the translations into "Oriental-style" versions - ones made for adherents of Islam, and "Western-style" versions - ones made for Christian and Jewish people, including Ottoman citizens and foreigners residing in the empire.
431:(who merged with the Ottoman Unity Society). These movements attempted to bring about real reform not by means of edicts and promises, but by concrete action. Even after Abdulhamid II suspended the constitution, it was still printed in the
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was afraid that Abdul Hamid II would go against his progressive visions; consequently he had an interview with him to assess his personality and to determine if he was on board. The Constitution proposed a bicameral parliament, the
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
400:, which included the newly formed government. The purpose of the Tanzimat era was reform, but mainly, to divert power from the Sultan to the Sublime Porte. The first indefinable act of the Tanzimat period was when Sultan
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printed an Ottoman-produced English version but did not specify its origin. After analysing a passage from it, Strauss concluded "Clearly, the “contemporary English version” was also translated from the French version."
803:). Strauss stated that a draft copy of the French version had not been located and there is no evidence that states that one had ever been made. The French version has some terminology originating from Ottoman Turkish.
1822:
Strauss, Johann. "Twenty Years in the Ottoman capital: the memoirs of Dr. Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik (1843-1932) from an Ottoman point of view." In: Herzog, Christoph and Richard Wittmann (editors).
408:. This document or statement expressed the principles that the liberal statesmen wanted to become an actual reality. The Tanzimat politicians wanted to prevent the empire from falling completely into ruin.
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Law No. 370 Revising Article 72 of the Basic Law of 7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 (15th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – March 7, 1916); Law No 102 Revising Art. 69 of the Basic Law (8th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – March 21, 1918).
1073:. Furthermore, in order to appease the European powers, the Ottoman administration drafted an exceedingly uneven representational scheme that favored the European provinces by an average 2:1 ratio.
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in 1863. The Ottoman Constitution of 1876 was under direct influence of the Armenian National Constitution and its authors. The Ottoman Constitution of 1876 itself was drawn up by Western-educated
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era. The goal of the Tanzimat era was to reform the Ottoman Empire under the auspices of Westernization. In the context of the reforms, Western-educated Armenians of the Ottoman Empire drafted the
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Law on the Revision of the Revised Art. 7 of the Basic Law of 26th Rebi’ü-’l-Evvel 1333 and the Deletion of the Revised Art. 35 of 2nd Rejeb 1332 (4th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – February 25, 1916)
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1424:
In 1876 a constitution for Turkey was drawn up by the Armenian Krikor Odian, secretary to Midhat Pasha the reformer, and was proclaimed and almost immediately revoked by Sultan Abdul Hamid
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For a scientific English translation directly from the Ottoman Turkish version of the constitution, done by Max Bilal Heidelberger, see below. It originates from the copy published in the
66:
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Reactions within the Empire and around Europe were both widely acceptable and potentially a cause for some concern. Before the Constitution was enacted and made official, many of the
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Strauss stated that versions for languages used by non-Muslims were based on the French version, being the "model and the source of the terminology". Strauss pointed to the fact that
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Despite the Western concepts in the Ottoman Constitution, Strauss stated that "The official French version does not give the impression that the Ottoman text is a translation of it."
346:'s chaotic rule led to his deposition in 1876 and, after a few troubled months, to the proclamation of an Ottoman constitution that the new sultan, Abdul Hamid II, pledged to uphold.
649:. Strauss stated that the closeness of the Persian text to the Ottoman original was not very surprising as Persian adopted Arabic-origin Ottoman Turkish words related to politics.
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Law No. 80 Revising the Article 102 of the Basic Law of the 7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 and the Articles 7 and 43 Revised on 2nd Rejeb 1332 (26th Rebi’ü-’l-Evvel 1333 – January 29, 1914)
1038:). The rest of the constitution resumed its implementation up until 20 April 1924, when both the Constitutions of 1876 and 1921 were replaced by an entirely new document, the
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implemented, it was thought that it would rob Russia of any such claims. However, its potential was never realized and the tensions with the Russian Empire culminated in the
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becoming Sultan. Mahmud can be considered the "first real Ottoman reformer", since he took a substantive stand against the janissaries by removing them as an obstacle in the
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766:("Morning Star"). Strauss wrote that the Bulgarian version "corresponds exactly to the French version"; the title page of the copy in the collection of Christo S. Arnaudov (
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The constitution was originally made in Ottoman Turkish with a Perso-Arabic script. The Ottoman government printed it, as did printing presses from private individuals.
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Strauss stated that the Greek version "follows the French translation" while adding Ottoman synonyms of Greek terminology and Greek synonyms of Ottoman terminology.
1030:. However, since this document did not clearly state whether the Ottoman Constitution of 1876 was superseded, consequentially, only provisions contradictory to the
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1972:
Devereux, Robert, The First Ottoman Constitutional Period A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1963, Print, p. 88
1963:
Devereux, Robert, The First Ottoman Constitutional Period A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1963, Print, p. 87
1954:
Devereux, Robert, The First Ottoman Constitutional Period A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1963, Print, p. 85
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Devereux, Robert, The First Ottoman Constitutional Period A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1963, Print, p. 84
1907:
Devereux, Robert, The First Ottoman Constitutional Period A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1963, Print, p. 82
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Devereux, Robert, The First Ottoman Constitutional Period A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1963, Print, p. 45
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Devereux, Robert, The First Ottoman Constitutional Period A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1963, Print, p. 24
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2143:
Koçunyan, Aylin (2014-06-16). "The Transcultural Dimension of the Ottoman Constitution". In Firges, Pascal; Tobias Graf; Christian Roth; Gülay Tulasoğlu (eds.).
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No reliable information is available on this meeting, although the following source can be consulted with caution: Celaleddin, Mir'at-i Hakikat, I, pp. 168.
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2323:Оθωμανικόν Σύνταγμα ανακηρυχθέν τη 7 Ζιλχιτζέ 1293 (11/23 δεκεμβρίου 1876) (Othōmanikon Syntagma anakērychthen tē 7 Zilchitze 1293 (11/23 dekemvriou 1876)
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the belief that constitutional government would be a desirable check on autocracy and provide it with a better opportunity to influence policy. Sultan
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1981:
Gottfried Plagemann: Von Allahs Gesetz zur Modernisierung per Gesetz. Gesetz und Gesetzgebung im Osmanischen Reich und der Republik Türkei. Lit Verlag
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335:
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83:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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This version in French was used as the basis for translations into languages used by Christian and Jewish minorities and into English (printed in
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204:
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Röder, Tilmann J. (2012-01-11). "The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives". In Grote, Rainer; Tilmann J. Röder (eds.).
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512:
176:
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774:; Post-1945 spelling: Христо С. Арнаудов) stated that the work was translated from Ottoman Turkish, but Strauss said this is not the case.
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543:, the brother of the sultan, was arranged in which it was agreed that a constitution would be drafted and promulgated immediately after
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559:, was formed to work on the new constitution. They submitted the first draft on 13 November 1876 which was obstreperously rejected by
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from the French word "constitution", the Judaeo-Spanish derived its term from the French, and the Serbian version used a word from
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There were versions made in French and English. The former was intended for diplomats and was created by the Translation Office (
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newspapers, owned by their respective publishers, according to language, and there were other publications that re-printed them.
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172:
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Berkes, Niyazi. The Development of Secularism in Turkey.Montreal: McGill University Press, 1964. pp. 224-225,242-243, 248-249.
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But it can be shown that Midhat Pasa, the principal author of the 1876 constitution, was directly influenced by the Armenians.
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911:, the Ottomans were now considered part of the European world. This was the beginning of intervention by Europeans (i.e. the
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was long, for many different reasons. The Ottomans saw the Russians as their most fierce enemy and not one to be trusted.
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2739:
2735:
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2144:
2115:
Cleveland, William L & Martin Bunton, A History of the Modern Middle East: 4th Edition, Westview Press: 2009, p. 79.
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Law No. 130 on the Revision of Some Articles of the Basic Law of 7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 (5th Sha’ban 1327 / August 8, 1909)
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The article includes the following documents in "Annex: Constitutional Documents from the Ottoman and Iranian Empires":
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331:
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Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule
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919:) in the Ottoman Empire. One of the reasons they were taking a step into Ottoman territory was for the protection of
567:. After strenuous debates, a constitution acceptable to all sides was established and the constitution was signed by
104:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Strauss wrote that "perhaps the Judaeo-Spanish – version may have been checked against the original Ottoman text".
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The version in Ottoman Turkish was used as the basis of translations of versions for Muslims, in Arabic and Persian
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981:
861:
296:
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1993:
Cf. Jean Deny: 'Abd al-Ḥamīd. In: The Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition. Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden 2002, pp. 64-65.
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Law No. 307 Revising the Revision of Article 76 of 5th Sha’ban 1327 (4th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – February 25, 1916)
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took the opportunity to prorogue the parliament, citing social unrest. This allowed him to avoid new elections.
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2466:, including the "Tanzimat Fermani -- The Rescript of Gülhane – Gülhane Hatt-i Hümayunu 3 November 1839", at
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Constitution ottomane promulguée le 7 Zilhidjé 1294 (11/23 décembre 1876) Rescrit (Hatt) de S.M.I. le Sultan
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445:
150:
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1189:
Law No. 318 Revising the Articles 7, 35, and 43 Revised on 5th Sha’ban 1327 (2nd Rejeb 1332 – May 15, 1914)
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2065:
Cleveland, William (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 77.
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908:
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As European power increased over the 18th century, the Ottomans saw a lack of progress themselves. In the
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2177:
1713:
Strauss, Johann (2016-07-07). "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire". In Murphey, Rhoads (ed.).
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Muslim-christian relations & inter-christian rivalries in the middle east: the case of the Jacobites
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The Ottoman Constitution was introduced after a series of reforms were promulgated in 1839 during the
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2310:/ Декемврш 1876) (Otomanskata konstitutsiya, provŭzglasena na 7 zilhidže 1293 (11/23 dekemvrii 1876))
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La constitution ottomane du 7 zilhidjé 1293 (23 décembre 1876) Expliquée et Annotée par A. Ubicini
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Versions in several languages for Christians and Jews used variants of the word "constitution":
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and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
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2654:- Translated from the Boğaziçi English version by Professor Spyros Marketos, released in 2006
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Istanbul - Kushta - Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830-1930
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2574:- In the section "Documents historiques" (February, Chapter 10 which begins on page 319) -
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Although talks about the implementation of a constitution were in place during the rule of
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1597:
The First Ottoman Constitutional Period: A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament
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The First Ottoman Constitutional Period: A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament
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The First Ottoman Constitutional Period: A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament
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The First Ottoman Constitutional Period: A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament
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The First Ottoman Constitutional Period: A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament
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An English translation of the Constitution, derived from the French version, published in
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2934:
2919:
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1451:
The First Ottoman Constitutional Period A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament
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Johann Strauss, author of "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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17:
330:, the Constitution was amended to transfer more power from the sultan and the appointed
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1234:
Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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French translation (the basis of translation into non-Muslim languages) published in:
2410:"The Ottoman Constitution, Promulgated the 7th Zilbridje, 1293 (11/23 December, 1876)"
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spanned from 1908 until after World War I when the Ottoman Empire was dissolved. Many
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version available in ". Arsenije Zdravković published a Serbian translation after the
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1414:(Volume ed.). United States Senate: 66th Congress. 2nd session. 1920. p. 6
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in Serbian. The Bulgarian version used a term in Russian, the Greek version used a
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Attempts at reform within the empire had long been made. Under the reign of Sultan
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972:, was therefore able rule the most part of three decades in an absolutist manner.
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1804:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 50-51 (PDF p. 52-53/338).
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1055:. The constitution was more than a political document; it was a proclamation of
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1741:. In Chapter no. 7. Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies. Old
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in Persian. Strauss stated that the Perso-Arabic term is closer in meaning to "
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2630:- From Sismanoglio Megaro of the Consulate Gen. of Greece in Istanbul ;
2497:(basis of translation into languages used by Muslims)- at the website of the
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Konstitusyon del Imperio otomano proklamada el 7 zilhidje 1283 (7 Tevet 5637)
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1828:
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2475:- Translation posted by the Atatürk Institute of Modern Turkish History of
1851:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 46 (PDF p. 50/338).
1813:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 47 (PDF p. 49/338).
1795:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 41 (PDF p. 43/338).
1786:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 51 (PDF p. 53/338).
1772:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 33 (PDF p. 35/338).
1758:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 49 (PDF p. 51/338).
1696:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 35 (PDF p. 37/338).
1674:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 50 (PDF p. 52/338).
1658:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 34 (PDF p. 36/338).
236:
2689:
2263:(1 ed.). Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. pp. 31–44.
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Rapport secret de Karatheodory Pacha sur le Congrès de Berlin, Paris, 1919
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Constitution ottomane promulguée le 7 Zilhidjé 1294 (11/23 décembre 1876)
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and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages," p. 38 (PDF p. 40/338).
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and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages," p. 46 (PDF p. 48/338).
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A Latin script rendition of the Ottoman Turkish appeared in 1957, in the
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2342:սահմանադրութիւն Օսմանյան պետութիւն (Sahmanadrut'iwun Ôsmanean Petut'ean)
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Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
1863:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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on the grounds of insanity. A committee of 24 (later 28) people, led by
291:: قانون اساسی) was in effect from 1876 to 1878 in a period known as the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1513:
Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte 1789–1922
2229:
1435:
Bertrand Bereilles. "La Diplomatie turco-phanarote". Introduction to
990:
came under pressure, particularly from some of his military leaders.
957:
916:
845:
605:
2431:
563:'s ministers on the grounds of the abolishment of the office of the
1619:
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879:
Those in Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, and Persian used a word meaning "
816:
Strauss wrote "I have not come across a Russian translation of the
936:
656:
591:
552:
485:
459:
444:
and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages", wrote that the
235:
432:
2017:
Boğaziçi University, Atatürk Institute of Modern Turkish History
1166:"The Basic Law of the Ottoman Empire of December 23, 1876"; p.
77:
2693:
2452:- Translation inclosed in dispatch No. 113 in the MS. Records,
1950:
1948:
1540:
1538:
1478:
1476:
742:
The Bulgarian version was re-printed in four other newspapers:
1462:
1460:
623:, edited by Suna Kili and A. Şeref Gözübüyük and published by
133:
29:
1517:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p.
263:
2780:
2146:
Well-Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History
1989:
1987:
2332:
Tarjamat al-khaṭṭ ash-sharīf as-sulṭānī wa l-Qānūn al-asāsī
2306:ОТТОМАНСКАТА КОНСТИТУЩЯ, ПРОВЪЗГЛАСЕНА на 7 зилхидже 1293 (
1573:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire", p. 36.
1564:
Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire", p. 32.
411:
During this time the Tanzimat had three different sultans:
535:, they did not come to fruition. A secret meeting between
2568:. Vol. 25. Brussels: Imprimerie E. Guyott. pp.
2544:. 1877. pp. 272–289 – via Imprimerie National.
2626:) from the Turkish, published by Voutyras Press, at the
960:. Fourteen days after this event, on February 14, 1878,
2357:. Constantinople: Estamparia De Castro en Galata. 1877.
657:
2178:"Critical Analysis of the Ottoman Constitution (1876)"
2033:
Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association
1586:. Montreal: McGill University Press, 1964. pp. 224–225
986:
The Constitution was put back into effect in 1908 as
2273:. Typographie et Lithographie centrales. 1876-12-23.
2211:"Turquie : la constitutionnalisation inachevée"
452:"seem to have influenced the Ottoman Constitution".
73:
2872:
2835:
2814:
2793:
2728:
2422:(4 (Supplement: Official Documents (Oct., 1908))).
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1378:(2, reprint ed.). Gordian Press. p. 134.
643:From 17 January 1877 a Persian version appeared in
164:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
69:
a machine-translated version of the German article.
2473:Full text of the First Ottoman Constitution (1876)
2325:. Constantinople: Typographion “Vyzantidos”. 1876.
2261:Sened-i İttifaktan Günümüze Türk Anayasa Metinleri
2084:
1859:
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1411:United States Congressional serial set, Issue 7671
1321:Cleveland, William L & Bunton, Martin (2009).
1290:
621:Sened-i İttifaktan Günümüze Türk Anayasa Metinleri
1453:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. p. 22.
739:("Polyhistore") re-printed the Armenian version.
326:). After Abdul Hamid's political downfall in the
1002:put the 1876 constitution back into effect. The
783:Strauss also wrote "There must have also been a
2129:. Princeton University Press. pp. 118–119.
437:, or yearbooks made by the Ottoman government.
2183:Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies
2091:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp.
1010:were formed during this period, including the
820:. But it is highly probable that it existed."
695:. These versions were respectively printed in
547:came to the throne. Following this agreement,
98:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
2705:
2593:Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international
2259:Kili, Suna; A. Şeref Gözübüyük, eds. (1957).
1297:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p.
968:, increasingly withdrawn from society to the
8:
2562:Administration de la revue générale (1877).
2285:- Year may be 1876, but Strauss is uncertain
1470:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. p. 22.
2481:Alternate link with text of 1908 amendments
1599:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. p. 43
1548:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. p. 30
1499:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. p. 25
1486:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. p. 21
1178:"B. Revisions of the Basic Law" - Start p.
671:Versions for non-Muslims included those in
608:, and a "deferential indirect style" using
539:, the main author of the constitution, and
2712:
2698:
2690:
2647:"Έθνη και κράτη στη Νοτιοανατολική Ευρώπη"
2127:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire
2029:"What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not"
334:to the popularly-elected lower house: the
2479:, identity of the translator not stated.
2415:The American Journal of International Law
2336:- Islamic year 1293, circa 1876 Gregorian
2240:Publications of the constitution in print
2228:
2195:
1367:
1365:
1241:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
956:a truce was signed on 31 January 1878 in
467:The American Journal of International Law
240:Cover of the Ottoman constitution of 1876
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
2590:Institut de droit international (1878).
952:After the Ottomans were defeated in the
27:First constitution of the Ottoman Empire
2537:Documents diplomatiques: 1875-1876-1877
2252:. Constantinople: Matbaa-i amire. 1876.
1584:The Development of Secularism in Turkey
1375:Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876
1271:
1117:(Ottoman Official Gazette) 1st series (
1104:
687:(Ladino). There was also a version in
110:{{Translated|de|Osmanische Verfassung}}
2293:Kanunu esasi memaliki devleti osmaniye
1206:Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries
1127:Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries
1088:General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire
948:Initial suspension of the constitution
2596:. Paris: G. Pedone. pp. 296–316.
1065:focusing on keep the state together.
994:'s fall came as a result of the 1908
852:. The Armenian version uses the word
809:American Journal of International Law
571:on the morning of December 13, 1876.
7:
2485:Alternate link of regular version at
1018:Final Suspension of the Constitution
634:The Arabic version was published in
515:, consisting of the Sultan-selected
253:
173:"Constitution of the Ottoman Empire"
162:adding citations to reliable sources
2334:. Constantinople: Al-Jawāʾib Press.
2087:A History of the Modern Middle East
2007:. Bursa: Ekin Kitabevi. p. 32.
1609:A history of the Modern Middle East
1323:A History of the Modern Middle East
1293:A History of the Modern Middle East
625:Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları
307:, it was written by members of the
2542:French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
921:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
653:Versions for non-Muslim minorities
246:Constitution of the Ottoman Empire
25:
2981:Constitutions of former countries
1325:(4th ed.). Westview Press. p. 82.
1036:lex posterior derogat legi priori
925:history of the Russo-Turkish wars
2954:
2953:
2683:10.1093/law:mpeccol/e639.013.639
2495:Original Ottoman Turkish version
1220:1st Series, Volume 4, Pages 2-3.
1046:Significance of the constitution
138:
34:
2640:style; for a portion in modern
2275:- Julian date 11 December 1876
1012:Committee of Union and Progress
429:Committee of Union and Progress
321:
295:, and from 1908 to 1922 in the
149:needs additional citations for
2669:"Ottoman Constitution of 1876"
2565:Revue générale treizième année
2503:Modern Turkish transliteration
2499:Constitutional Court of Turkey
2375:Constitutional Court of Turkey
2257:Latin script Ottoman Turkish:
2247:Perso-Arabic Ottoman Turkish:
1208:does not include the edict of
931:Domestic and foreign reactions
450:Constitution of Prussia (1850)
360:Armenian National Constitution
108:You may also add the template
1:
2822:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2488:European University Institute
1611:, Cleveland and Bunton, p. 79
954:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
476:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
315:, during the reign of Sultan
2761:Yıldız assassination attempt
2740:Senate of the Ottoman Empire
2736:Ottoman constitution of 1876
2394:Article on the Kanûn-ı Esâsî
2235:- Updated online 8 July 2008
2045:10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05
1372:H. Davison, Roderic (1973).
1341:. : Suny Press. p. 81.
1028:Turkish Constitution of 1921
1008:political groups and parties
1004:second constitutional period
433:
264:
2606:- Online on 17 January 2011
2456:, dated December 26, 1876 (
2283:. Constantinople: Loeffler.
2083:Cleveland, William (2013).
2005:Türk Anayasa Hukukuna Giriş
1931:The Times (London, England)
1509:Findley, Carter V. (1980).
1289:Cleveland, William (2013).
1131:Oxford University Press USA
3022:
2991:1876 in the Ottoman Empire
2526:. Paris: A. Cotillon et C.
2424:Cambridge University Press
2400:Copies of the constitution
2197:10.21533/epiphany.v9i1.219
979:
865:
519:and the generally elected
384:. This action soon led to
72:Machine translation, like
3006:Constitutions of Bulgaria
2986:Law of the Ottoman Empire
2948:
2777:
2766:Second Constitutional Era
2674:Oxford Constitutional Law
2636:Note the Greek is in the
2159:10.1163/9789004274686_015
1595:Devereux, Robert (1963).
1544:Devereux, Robert (1963).
1495:Devereux, Robert (1963).
1482:Devereux, Robert (1963).
1466:Devereux, Robert (1963).
1449:Devereux, Robert (1963).
1121:), Volume 4, Pages 4-20.
982:Second Constitutional Era
976:Second Constitutional Era
873:
771:
691:, Turkish written in the
551:was deposed on 1876 by a
502:was removed from office,
369:, who was the advisor of
297:Second Constitutional Era
49:the corresponding article
18:1876 Ottoman constitution
2827:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
2751:First Constitutional Era
2454:U.S. Department of State
2390:- About the constitution
2176:Korkut, Huseyin (2016).
2125:Hanioglu, Sukru (2010).
1839:, 9781351805223. p. 267.
1260:Martin Luther University
1250:Orient-Institut Istanbul
1022:On 20 January 1920, the
832:in Bulgarian, σύνταγμα (
293:First Constitutional Era
2959:Category:Abdul Hamid II
2667:Özbudun, Ergun (2016).
2426:: 367–387. 1908-10-01.
1024:Grand National Assembly
840:in Judaeo-Spanish, and
795:Versions for foreigners
506:became the new Sultan.
446:Constitution of Belgium
119:For more guidance, see
2806:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
2786:
2611:Non-Muslim languages:
2405:English translations:
2359:- Hebrew calendar 5637
2003:Gözler, Kemal (2008).
1093:Constitution of Turkey
1034:became null and void (
909:Treaty of Paris (1856)
668:
597:
495:
470:
284:
241:
2784:
2628:Veria Digital Library
2209:Marcou, Jean (2005).
2204:Kırklareli University
2027:Hanley, Will (2016).
1335:Joseph, John (1983).
1026:met and ratified the
996:Young Turk Revolution
789:Young Turk Revolution
660:
595:
490:Meeting of the first
489:
463:
299:. The first and only
285:Constitution ottomane
239:
121:Knowledge:Translation
92:copyright attribution
2794:Associated buildings
2505:(Ankara, 1982) with
2371:"1876 KANUN-I ESASİ"
2265:- There are reprints
2254:(Ottoman year: 1292)
2153:. pp. 235–258.
1040:Constitution of 1924
806:A 1908 issue of the
664:Législation ottomane
588:Versions for Muslims
158:improve this article
2745:Chamber of Deputies
2518:Ubicini, Abdolonyme
2515:Annotated version:
2477:Boğaziçi University
1831:, 10 October 2018.
1204:The translation in
1053:Chamber of Deputies
772:Христо С. Арнаудовъ
521:Chamber of Deputies
390:Auspicious Incident
336:Chamber of Deputies
2787:
2756:Hamidian massacres
2622:2019-09-10 at the
2468:Bilkent University
2312:. Constantinople:
2295:. Constantinople:
2216:Égypte/Monde Arabe
1933:. January 26, 1877
903:European influence
669:
617:Republic of Turkey
598:
496:
492:Ottoman Parliament
471:
242:
100:interlanguage link
2968:
2967:
2853:(adoptive mother)
2771:31 March Incident
2652:. pp. 70–71.
2268:Official French:
1256:info page on book
1252:. pp. 21–51.
1216:, which was from
1032:1921 Constitution
889:al-qānūn al-asāsī
868:; Eastern style:
762:("Progress") and
693:Armenian alphabet
575:Language versions
419:(1861–1876), and
328:31 March Incident
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866:սահմանադրութիւն
858:Sahmanatrov;ivn
854:sahmanadrut‘iwn
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966:Abdul Hamid II
962:Abdul Hamid II
949:
946:
932:
929:
913:United Kingdom
904:
901:
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796:
793:
689:Armeno-Turkish
685:Judaeo-Spanish
654:
651:
589:
586:
576:
573:
569:Abdul Hamid II
561:Abdul Hamid II
545:Abdul Hamid II
541:Abdul Hamid II
528:
527:Implementation
525:
504:Abdul Hamid II
483:
480:
457:
454:
425:Young Ottomans
351:
348:
317:Abdul Hamid II
309:Young Ottomans
305:Ottoman Empire
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146:
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2851:Perestu Kadın
2849:
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1860:
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1236:Kanun-ı Esasi
1232:
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1210:Abdulhamid II
1207:
1200:
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893:qānūn-e asāsī
890:
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885:Kanun-i esasi
882:
877:
871:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:konstitutsiya
823:
821:
819:
818:Kanun-i esasi
814:
811:
810:
804:
802:
801:Terceme odası
794:
792:
790:
786:
781:
778:
775:
769:
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753:
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751:Iztočno Vreme
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498:After Sultan
493:
488:
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469:
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455:
453:
451:
447:
443:
442:Kanun-ı Esasi
438:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:(1839–1861),
414:
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398:Sublime Porte
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265:Kānûn-ı Esâsî
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175: –
174:
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169:Find sources:
163:
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147:This article
145:
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58:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
2952:
2930:Fatma Pesend
2905:Mezidimestan
2857:Abdulmejid I
2729:Major events
2672:
2638:Katharevousa
2592:
2576:PDF document
2564:
2548:PDF document
2536:
2522:
2507:text version
2419:
2413:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:the original
2354:
2344:. Istanbul:
2341:
2331:
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2270:
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2249:
2223:(2): 53–73.
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2120:
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2078:
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2036:
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2022:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1935:. Retrieved
1930:
1921:
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1903:
1894:
1885:
1877:
1872:
1864:
1824:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1754:
1739:Google Books
1714:
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1467:
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1436:
1431:
1423:
1416:. Retrieved
1410:
1404:
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1389:. Retrieved
1374:
1352:. Retrieved
1337:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1292:
1284:
1274:
1240:
1235:
1217:
1214:Midhat Pasha
1205:
1126:
1118:
1112:
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1067:
1049:
1021:
985:
951:
942:
934:
906:
892:
888:
887:in Turkish,
884:
878:
857:
853:
841:
838:konstitusyon
837:
836:) in Greek,
833:
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637:Al-Jawā ́ ib
635:
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599:
582:
578:
557:Midhat Pasha
537:Midhat Pasha
530:
508:Midhat Pasha
497:
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441:
439:
413:Abdülmecid I
410:
402:Abdülmecid I
394:
375:
371:Midhat Pasha
367:Krikor Odian
353:
340:
313:Midhat Pasha
301:constitution
245:
243:
220:
211:
201:
194:
187:
180:
168:
156:Please help
151:verification
148:
96:edit summary
87:
54:
46:
2996:1876 in law
2600:Read online
2464:Translation
2458:PDF version
2303:Bulgarian:
1133:. pp.
1083:Ottoman law
1000:Young Turks
897:Grundgesetz
824:Terminology
404:issued the
382:Janissaries
254:قانون أساسي
2975:Categories
2885:Bedrifelek
2385:2019-09-10
2339:Armenian:
2297:La Turquie
2071:0813340489
1837:1351805223
1747:1317118448
1737:Page from
1721:. p.
1418:21 January
1391:21 January
1354:21 January
1228:References
1159:019975988X
1057:Ottomanism
998:, and the
745:Dunav/Tuna
728:honorifics
720:La Turquie
610:honorifics
350:Background
184:newspapers
2910:Emsalinur
2900:Dilpesend
2863:Abdülaziz
2720:Reign of
2632:Bulgarian
2540:. Paris:
2448:246006581
2053:2376-0699
1937:April 18,
1829:Routledge
1719:Routledge
881:basic law
768:Bulgarian
677:Bulgarian
667:Volume 5)
482:Framework
417:Abdülaziz
386:Mahmud II
378:Selim III
344:Abdulaziz
277:Basic law
259:romanized
214:June 2008
114:talk page
51:in German
2925:Peyveste
2890:Nurefsun
2880:Nazikeda
2859:(father)
2847:(mother)
2620:Archived
2617:PDF file
2530:PDF file
2520:(1877).
2329:Arabic:
1246:Wurzburg
1077:See also
1062:Padishah
870:Armenian
850:Slavonic
834:syntagma
764:Zornitsa
760:Napredǎk
756:Napredŭk
737:Bazmavep
710:Vyzantis
673:Armenian
565:Sadrazam
448:and the
427:and the
356:Tanzimat
287: ;
90:provide
2915:Müşfika
2865:(uncle)
2440:2212668
2348:. 1877.
2320:Greek:
2316:. 1876.
2299:. 1876.
1927:"Egypt"
1014:(CUP).
785:Serbian
704:Makikat
549:Murat V
533:Murad V
500:Murad V
494:in 1877
434:salname
421:Murad V
303:of the
289:persian
279:';
273:
261::
198:scholar
112:to the
94:in the
53:.
2935:Behice
2920:Sazkar
2837:Family
2578:pages
2550:pages
2446:
2438:
2165:
2099:
2069:
2051:
1835:
1745:
1729:
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1305:
1279:2011).
1218:Düstūr
1157:
1153:- Old
1145:
1114:Düstūr
958:Edirne
917:France
856:(also
846:calque
717:, and
683:, and
646:Akhtar
606:izafet
517:Senate
332:Senate
281:French
200:
193:
186:
179:
171:
2895:Bidar
2873:Wives
2661:Other
2650:(PDF)
2613:Greek
2586:/1073
2572:–330.
2444:S2CID
2436:JSTOR
2346:Masis
2151:Brill
2093:79–80
1723:PT193
1099:Notes
937:Ulema
842:ustav
698:Masis
681:Greek
619:, in
553:fetva
275:'
205:JSTOR
191:books
74:DeepL
2815:Wars
2644:see
2558:/545
2163:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2049:ISSN
1939:2023
1833:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1420:2013
1393:2013
1380:ISBN
1356:2013
1343:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1143:ISBN
915:and
271:lit.
244:The
177:news
88:must
86:You
67:View
2679:doi
2584:343
2580:332
2570:319
2556:298
2552:281
2428:doi
2225:doi
2192:doi
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456:Aim
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2308:11
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2047:.
2035:.
2031:.
1986:^
1947:^
1929:.
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1827:.
1777:^
1763:^
1725:.
1717:.
1701:^
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1553:^
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1475:^
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1364:^
1301:.
1299:79
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