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by the caretaker of my children who told me that at the front door there were some civilians and soldiers who said to look for me. Long time ago familiar with the revolutionary bustles, I understood that my mandate had ended. I indicated that she should tell the commissioners that I was in bed and that I would be able to receive them at 9:00." The request to wait was denied and Tejada
Sorzano subsequently issued a short proclamation to the nation renouncing his presidency. He is quoted as having told one of the soldiers to "Tell Colonel Busch, without misrepresenting my words, that I have not ceased to praise his chivalry and military prowess and that I deplore for him that he has been placed in this situation." The former president soon after left the country for exile in
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The following day, the unions ordered that "all employees, workers in commerce, industry, banks, railways and transport, return to their respective jobs immediately." Toro arrived on 20 May and assumed the presidency on 22 May. On the same day, a decree was issued granting broad amnesty to all those prosecuted, confined and exiled for political crimes while the state of siege and restrictions on the press were lifted.
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519:, the Federation of Workers of Labor (FOT) and the Local Workers Federation (FOL). In response to rising prices in November, the FOT made a call for 100% wage increases for workers and a reduction in rental prices and consumer goods. This set in motion a chain of strikes across the country sending it into crisis.
611:
was put in place which appointed Germán Busch provisional president until
Colonel David Toro could return from surveying troop disarmament in the Chaco. In the afternoon of 17 May, the new regime and the trade unions under Álvarez began negotiations with Busch who agreed to all of the demands listed.
594:
Finally on the morning of 17 May, the military stepped in and issued an official demand that
President José Luis Tejada Sorzano resign. The president would later claim that at the time of the coup he had been "sleeping tranquilly in my private residence, when at about 7:30 in the morning I was awoken
446:
Bolivia's disastrous defeat in the Chaco War had the immediate effect of plunging the nation into turmoil. The traditional political class which had ruled the country for half a century, and which Tejada
Sorzano was a part of, saw its support evaporate as veterans returned to civilian life seeking a
463:
The inability of the traditional parties to deal with the rising political tensions has been attributed to their failure to coalesce in the face of the rapidly unifying social movements. The main point of contention blocking a coalition were disputes over leadership. President
Salamanca had been a
531:
and served only to exacerbate the situation. Finally, the FOT, led by labor activist Waldo Álvarez, sent an ultimatum to the government demanding free importation of basic necessities, the 100% increase in wages, the reduction of rent, the prohibition of work night, the suspension of the state of
539:
reported that "the FOT was preparing a great rally." The event did not occur due to lack of authorization but the point was made and negotiations between the FOT and the government began. However, these collapsed on 25 April. As a result, strikes worsened to the point that on 10 May newspapers
571:
reported that the army had been ordered to "fire on the people if they were in favor of the strike." However, there would be no suppression by the military as Álvarez had managed to meet with David Toro and Germán Busch and had secured commitments of non-intervention.
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who in
November 1934 was deposed by the military after having been in frequent conflict with the high command since the beginning of the war. Wishing to maintain democratic appearances, the army allowed Vice President Tejada Sorzano to assume the presidency.
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Among the biggest concerns for the government was the return of organized labor. The labor movement was bolstered by discontent with the spiralling economy and the return of union organizers, soon surpassing their 1932 peak of influence. Beginning in 1935,
493:
The military found itself dealing with internal conflict of its own. The senior officer class, discredited by failed tactics during the Chaco War, was forced to step aside in favor of the young officers led by the immensely popular lieutenant colonel
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with the opposition fell flat. The
Liberals had actually lost a component of their coalition when on 4 February the Socialist Republicans, seeing the writing on the wall, jumped ship, signing a "pact" with the PSU against the government.
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won but, given the coup which occurred the same month, the results were annulled. Because of this, the PRG continued to push for Tamayo to be accepted while the
Liberals wished to keep Tejada Sorzano as president. The third faction, the
619:
which would be championed by both Toro and Busch until the latter's untimely demise in 1939. The first anniversary of the "Socialist
Revolution of 1936" was declared a national holiday in 1937.
591:"a place of the aristocracy" was occupied and a red flag raised at the site. This was followed by the Mayor's Office which found itself entirely surrounded by leftist militants.
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as the leader of their movement. The result of all this was a leftward shift in military command which was far more sympathetic to the emerging social movement in the country.
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The success of the revolt was a shock to the
Liberal oligarchy and brought an end to their strong grip on power. Began was a short era of an experimental idea known as
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themselves closed as journalists joined in the strike. By this point, the protests had evolved into the largest strike movement the country had ever seen at that time.
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498:. While Busch was a competent military man, his lack of political ability led him and the young officers around him to accept the more politically tactful Colonel
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siege, guarantees for freedom of assembly, association, press and union organization, home for the maimed and disabled of war, and work for ex-combatants.
547:(PSU) bringing a more radical left-wing element to them. A formal alliance was established between the PSU and the FOT on 15 May with the signatures of
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in the country. On 17 May 1936, following the largest strike movement known until then in Bolivia, the military under the young lieutenant colonel
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change in the status quo. Tejada Sorzano faced discontent from both the military and the civilian populace as well rapidly rising
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The culmination of these strikes came on the night of 16 May 1936. A "Revolutionary Committee" made up of
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The strikes, supported by the FOT and the FOL, also received the endorsement of the newly established
434:(1932–1935) came to an end on 14 June 1935. The conclusion of the conflict was overseen by President
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1962:
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overthrew the government of Tejada. Busch held the reins of government until 22 May when Colonel
286:
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Measures enacted by the government amounted to the "single exchange decree" which devalued the
25:
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supported by labor movements and leftist parties put the country under civil-military control.
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886:"80 años de la muerte de Tejada Sorzano, el presidente que quiso prorrogarse y cayó"
485:(PRS) played the PRG and PL off of one another, maintaining the political gridlock.
390:, bringing an end to traditional political order and bringing forward the period of
2321:
477:
567:
Given the danger of a revolt, the government called on the military to intervene.
551:
and Waldo Álvarez, among others. Last resort attempts by the government to form a
1674:
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2041:
716:"Rejuvenecer (y salvar) la nación: el socialismo militar boliviano revisitado"
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932:"Decreto Supremo No 22-05-1936 del 22 de Mayo de 1936 » Derechoteca.com"
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468:(PRG) but his vice president José Luis Tejada Sorzano was a member of the
1747:
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among many others began a series of overtly revolutionary movements in
2099:
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2003:
988:
607:
The coup passed without bloodshed and received broad social support. A
383:
215:
174:
114:
55:
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760:"David Toro and the Establishment of "Military Socialism" in Bolivia"
584:
563:
A union mobilization in the Plaza San Francisco in the city of La Paz
51:
683:"Decreto Supremo del 13 de Mayo de 1937 – 1 » Derechoteca.com"
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846:"El "Corralito" de Villamontes. Caida de Salamanca"
1299:, and attempted coups in the Americas since 1900
18:
476:had been held in 1934 which the PRG candidate
30:Strikers of the Local Workers Federation (FOL)
1277:
968:
350:
8:
84:and traditional political parties overthrown
984:Coups d'état and popular revolts in Bolivia
870:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1284:
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645:Government Junta of Bolivia (1936–1938)
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758:Klein, Herbert S. (1 February 1965).
515:were organized, led by the two major
451:as a result of the Chaco War and the
369:Coup d'état in Bolivia on 17 May 1936
7:
2396:1930s coups d'état and coup attempts
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714:Stefanoni, Pablo (30 October 2018).
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438:. He had been the vice president of
764:Hispanic American Historical Review
406:and assumed the presidency under a
914:Llallagua: historia de una montaña
14:
911:Querejazu Calvo, Roberto (1977).
987:
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535:On 15 April 1936, the newspaper
326:
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24:
382:, was a civil-military coup in
243:Federation of Workers of Labor
1:
844:admins5 (18 November 2014).
819:"La rebelión de mayo del 36"
380:Socialist Revolution of 1936
726:(37): 49–64. Archived from
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2220:Trinidad and Tobago (1990)
483:Socialist Republican Party
240:Socialist Republican Party
2411:Military coups in Bolivia
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1943:Dominican Republic (1963)
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579:, Carlos Montenegro, and
376:1936 Bolivian coup d'état
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19:1936 Bolivian coup d'état
777:10.1215/00182168-45.1.25
489:Upheaval in the military
466:Genuine Republican Party
436:José Luis Tejada Sorzano
388:José Luis Tejada Sorzano
245:Local Workers Federation
231:Genuine Republican Party
182:José Luis Tejada Sorzano
82:José Luis Tejada Sorzano
655:Cabinet of Germán Busch
386:that deposed President
94:assumes power on 22 May
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545:United Socialist Party
459:Gridlock in government
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236:United Socialist Party
166:Commanders and leaders
650:Cabinet of David Toro
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143:Bolivian Armed Forces
609:civil-military junta
603:Aftermath and legacy
426:Political background
378:, also known as the
88:Civil-military Junta
1776:Paraguay (Sep 1949)
936:www.derechoteca.com
920:. pp. 150–151.
687:www.derechoteca.com
506:Labor unions strike
120:Bolivian Government
66:Armed forces under
2123:El Salvador (1979)
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1913:El Salvador (1961)
1908:El Salvador (1960)
1738:El Salvador (1948)
1523:El Salvador (1931)
890:www.paginasiete.bo
823:www.paginasiete.bo
730:on 30 October 2018
660:Military Socialism
617:Military Socialism
577:Enrique Baldivieso
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392:Military Socialism
333:Bolivia portal
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2369:
2368:no sign for
2317:Haiti (2004)
2307:Haiti (2001)
2230:Haiti (1991)
2194:Haiti (1989)
1994:Haiti (1970)
1867:Haiti (1958)
1792:Haiti (1950)
1713:Haiti (1946)
1634:Chile (1939)
1629:Chile (1938)
1598:
1477:Chile (1925)
1472:Chile (1924)
1431:Haiti (1915)
1378:Haiti (1911)
1352:Haiti (1908)
1322:Haiti (1902)
1248:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1224:No sign for
1086:
939:. Retrieved
935:
926:
913:
906:
894:. Retrieved
892:(in Spanish)
889:
880:
854:. Retrieved
852:(in Spanish)
849:
839:
827:. Retrieved
825:(in Spanish)
822:
770:(1): 25–52.
767:
763:
732:. Retrieved
728:the original
723:
719:
690:. Retrieved
686:
614:
606:
593:
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574:
568:
566:
542:
537:La República
536:
534:
526:
517:labor unions
509:
496:Germán Busch
492:
478:Franz Tamayo
462:
445:
429:
396:Germán Busch
379:
375:
373:
371:
317:1982–present
198:Germán Busch
196:
187:
180:
171:
134:
133:
111:
110:
105:Belligerents
68:Germán Busch
2343:Peru (2022)
2322:Peru (2005)
2302:Peru (2000)
1973:Peru (1968)
1928:Peru (1962)
1892:Cuba (1959)
1812:Cuba (1952)
1728:Peru (1948)
1675:El Salvador
1574:Cuba (1933)
1503:Peru (1930)
1441:Peru (1919)
1421:Peru (1914)
1357:Peru (1909)
1226:successful
896:27 February
599:, Chile.
266:History of
2385:Categories
1297:self-coups
1241:attempted
941:1 February
856:1 February
829:31 January
734:31 January
692:1 February
666:References
500:David Toro
418:, and the
400:David Toro
210:David Toro
92:David Toro
80:President
2364:self-coup
2235:Venezuela
1562:September
1539:September
1235:self-coup
786:0018-2168
529:Boliviano
474:Elections
449:inflation
432:Chaco War
312:1964–1982
307:1920–1964
302:1809–1920
297:1532–1809
2264:November
2246:November
2241:February
2111:November
2063:February
1759:February
1748:Paraguay
1544:December
1399:February
1388:Paraguay
1187:Nov 1978
1182:Jul 1978
1172:Aug 1971
1167:Jan 1971
1032:Dec 1848
1027:Jan 1848
1022:Sep 1841
1017:Jun 1841
866:cite web
720:Tinkazos
623:See also
569:La Calle
287:Overview
257:a series
255:Part of
47:Location
2255:(1992)
2237:(1992)
2102:(1978)
2100:Bolivia
2059:(1975)
2010:January
2006:(1971)
2004:Bolivia
1754:January
1750:(1949)
1691:October
1677:(1944)
1553:(1932)
1530:(1931)
1394:January
1390:(1912)
384:Bolivia
268:Bolivia
56:Bolivia
2068:August
2015:August
784:
587:. The
585:La Paz
472:(PL).
259:on the
75:Result
63:Action
52:La Paz
2336:2020s
2285:2000s
2259:April
2213:1990s
2137:1980s
1987:1970s
1901:1960s
1785:1950s
1681:April
1643:1940s
1551:Chile
1528:Chile
1491:1930s
1450:1920s
1404:March
1366:1910s
1305:1900s
1293:Coups
918:(PDF)
597:Arica
404:Chaco
2253:Peru
2106:July
2057:Peru
1557:June
1534:July
1243:coup
1228:coup
1212:2024
1207:1984
1202:1981
1197:1980
1192:1979
1177:1974
1162:1970
1157:1969
1152:1964
1147:1959
1142:1958
1137:1952
1132:1951
1127:1949
1122:1946
1117:1943
1112:1940
1107:1939
1102:1939
1097:1937
1092:1936
1087:1936
1082:1934
1077:1930
1072:1920
1067:1899
1062:1879
1057:1876
1052:1871
1047:1864
1042:1861
1037:1857
1012:1839
1007:1829
1002:1828
943:2021
898:2021
872:link
858:2021
831:2021
782:ISSN
736:2021
694:2021
430:The
412:army
374:The
39:Date
1686:May
772:doi
2387::
1295:,
934:.
888:.
868:}}
864:{{
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794:^
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768:45
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860:.
833:.
788:.
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344:v
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