645:
561:. The Belgian colonial administration attempted to put in motion a plan for decolonization but wanted more time to build up a Congolese administration and prepare for their exit, so they attempted to isolate the country from Africa and Europe and suppress political organization. This became increasingly difficult as Congolese nationalism became more popular, so in July 1958 the Belgian government established a study group to consider new reforms in the colony. In response to the study group's findings, the colonial administration decided it would announce constitutional changes in the Congo on 13 January 1959.
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685:. The events marked the radicalization of the independence movement and are often considered to be the "death knell" for Belgian control of the Congo. This radicalization occurred on both sides, with a Congolese group signalling a willingness to use violence to achieve independence for the first time as well as many in the white community also becoming increasingly prepared for violence. Some whites planned to attempt a
669:, to be a contributing factor, and criticized the colonial administration's response to the riot. On 13 January the administration went forward with its scheduled announcement of reforms, including new local elections in December, the institution of a new civil service statue that made no racial distinctions, and the appointment of more Africans to advisory bodies. The Belgian King,
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673:, also declared for the first time that independence would be granted to the Congo in the future. International media assumed that the reforms were made in response to the riots. There is no evidence to support this, though it is possible that Baudouin's declaration was made to temper Congolese opinion.
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Estimates of the riot's final death toll vary, but estimates of total casualties range to as high as 500. The official casualties were tallied as 49 Africans killed and 241 wounded. Many
Africans did not seek treatment at hospitals and many of those that died were inconspicuously buried. The January
600:
Interpreting the administration's warnings as a prohibition of the meeting, ABAKO leadership attempted on 3 January to postpone their event, but on Sunday, 4 January, a large crowd gathered at the YMCA anyway. Kasa-Vubu and other ABAKO officials arrived to send the protesters home. They were unable
694:
The riots also marked a period of rising tension and a break for the MNC, the main political rivals for the ABAKO. Starting with the unrest in
January, both of the nationalist parties' influence expanded outside the major cities for the first time, and nationalist demonstrations and riots became a
604:
The crowd began throwing rocks at police and attacking white motorists. The initial group of protesters were soon joined by 20,000 Congolese leaving a nearby soccer stadium. At the time press accounts estimated that 35,000 Africans were involved in the violence, which quickly spread as the rioters
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to investigate the cause of the riots. The commission found the disturbances to be the culmination of discontent with racial discrimination, overcrowding, and unemployment. It also concluded that external political events, such as France's decision to grant self-governance to the neighboring
507:, in 1885. By the turn of the century, however, the violence of Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction had led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country, which it did in 1908, creating the
633:
riots marked a turning point in the
Congolese liberation movement, forcing colonial and Belgian authorities to acknowledge that serious issues existed in the colony. Unlike earlier expressions of discontent, the grievances were conveyed primarily by uneducated urban residents, not
580:(Young Men's Christian Association) building, but the municipal government, having been given short notice, communicated that only a "private meeting" would be authorised. Belgian officials also warned that if the event became political, ABAKO leaders would be held responsible.
464:(ABAKO) political party were not allowed to assemble for a protest and colonial authorities reacted harshly. The exact death toll is not known, but at least 49 people were killed and total casualties may have been as high as 500. Following these riots, a
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s began interacting with others outside of their own locales and started discussing the future structures of a post-colonial
Congolese state. A slew of new political parties competed for popular support, including the
81:
524:
s. Forming an
African middle class in the colony, they held skilled positions (such as clerks and nurses) made available by the economic boom. While there were no universal criteria for determining
499:. The Belgian government's ambivalence about the idea led Leopold to eventually create the colony on his own account. With support from a number of Western countries, who viewed Leopold as a useful
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attempted to enter the
European section of the capital. Rioters allegedly smashed and looted storefronts, burned Catholic missions and beat Catholic priests. Many demonstrators chanted "
278:
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of
Belgium, frustrated by Belgium's lack of international power and prestige, attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the largely unexplored
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status, it was generally accepted that one would have "a good knowledge of French, adhere to
Christianity, and have some form of post-primary education." Up into the 1950s most
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In the immediate aftermath, Belgian authorities laid blame on unemployed
Africans, but claimed the majority of the city's 250,000 African residents were not involved. The
56:
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572:, Ghana earlier that month. Noting the success of the rally, Kasa-Vubu decided to organize his own event one week later, on Sunday January 4, 1959 to discuss
612:
Order was restored with the use of
African police officers in the employ of the colonial government and with armored cars under the direction of General
458:
which took place in January 1959 and which were an important moment for the Congolese independence movement. The rioting occurred when members of the
616:. Colonial authorities arrested as many as 300 Congolese, including Kasa-Vubu, who would later become the newly independent Congo's first president,
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class into the independence movement. With the bulk of the ABAKO leadership was arrested, the MNC was left in an advantageous political position.
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On 28 December 1958, Lumumba organized a major MNC rally in Léopoldville where he reported on his attendance of the
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speaking with civilians in Léopoldville following the riots. Janssens was in charge of suppressing the unrest.
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between rival colonial powers, Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony, the
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The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis
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4 January is now celebrated as a public holiday in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known as
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regular occurrence over the next year, bringing large numbers of black people from outside the
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to calm the crowd, and the violence began following the protesters' refusal to disperse.
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is one of the Congo's public spaces which take their name from the Léopoldville riots
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s were concerned only with social inequalities and their treatment by the Belgians.
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1070:. American Politics and Political Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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Damage to the Congolese Public Market in Léopoldville from the riots
576:. ABAKO requested permission to hold the meeting at Léopoldville's
1146:"Order Restored In Congo Capital After Riots Fatal to 34 Africans"
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1026:"Joseph Kasavubu Dies in Congo; Was His Nation's First President"
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Riots and civil disorder in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1049:"Congolese win independence from the Belgian Empire, 1959-60"
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The Congo Since Independence: January 1960 – December 1961
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s, like the Europeans, were perturbed by the destruction.
709:
List of massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1051:. Swarthmore College - Global Action Nonviolent Database
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a new social stratum emerged in the Congo, known as the
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received its independence on 30 June 1960, becoming the
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Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence
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to negotiate the terms of Congo's independence, The
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1641:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
691:if a black majority government took power.
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1239:From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History
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1261:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
624:and charged them with inciting the riot.
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1558:Lycée Français René Descartes Kinshasa
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450:were an outbreak of civil disorder in
118:Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference
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7:
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1529:National Institute of Arts, Kinshasa
1087:"Belgium Lays Riot To Congo Jobless"
1132:. London: Oxford University Press.
1155:. Associated Press. 6 January 1959
1107:"Belgians Absolve 3 Congo Leaders"
889:
25:
1192:"Unrest Spreads in Belgian Congo"
1085:Gilroy, Harry (8 January 1959a).
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1310:Democratic Republic of the Congo
491:began in the late 19th century.
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1570:The American School of Kinshasa
1503:Our Lady of the Congo Cathedral
1105:Gilroy, Harry (9 March 1959b).
566:All-African Peoples' Conference
1598:Institut National des Archives
182:Walter Ganshof van der Meersch
1:
1216:Lumumba: Africa's Lost Leader
454:(modern-day Kinshasa) in the
128:Lumumba's independence speech
1524:Université Libre de Kinshasa
554:Mouvement National Congolais
514:During the latter stages of
326:Mutiny of the Force Publique
1201:. Reuters. 2 November 1959b
1178:. Reuters. 11 January 1959a
1128:Hoskyns, Catherine (1965).
903:"Décès du général Janssens"
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648:The Place du 4 Janvier in
489:Colonial rule in the Congo
396:Miscellaneous and cultural
1666:1959 in the Belgian Congo
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1234:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges
620:and ABAKO vice-president
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1676:20th century in Kinshasa
1437:Coat of arms of Kinshasa
1413:The Rumble in the Jungle
1257:Young, Crawford (1965).
1064:Gibbs, David N. (1991).
1035:. Reuters. 24 March 1969
431:Decolonisation of Africa
1631:at Wikimedia Commons .
18:1959 Léopoldville Riots
1519:University of Kinshasa
1438:
1169:"Congo Policy Drafted"
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607:indépendance immédiate
597:
466:round table conference
346:Stanleyville rebellion
32:
1600:(Archives Nationales)
1546:Lycée Prince de Liège
1534:International schools
1498:Stade Cardinal Malula
1473:Makala Central Prison
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973:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
856:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
801:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
662:commission of inquiry
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536:grew in 1958 as more
478:Republic of the Congo
336:South Kasai secession
133:Republic of the Congo
30:
1214:Zeilig, Leo (2008).
715:Notes and references
544:Alliance des Bakongo
461:Alliance des Bakongo
413:Indépendance Cha Cha
1478:Palais de la Nation
770:, pp. 274–275.
574:African nationalism
371:Operation Grandslam
361:Siege of Jadotville
351:Operation Rum Punch
1493:Stade Tata Raphaël
1439:
1408:Léopoldville riots
1199:The New York Times
1176:The New York Times
1153:The New York Times
1114:The New York Times
1091:The New York Times
1033:The New York Times
913:. 5 December 1989.
683:Day of the Martyrs
658:Belgian Parliament
654:
598:
448:Léopoldville riots
381:Kisangani Mutinies
177:August de Schryver
138:Lumumba Government
113:Léopoldville riots
70:Congo-Léopoldville
33:
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1610:Victoire Terminus
1488:Stade des Martyrs
1225:978-1-905791-02-6
1011:, pp. 70–73.
746:, pp. 46–49.
734:, pp. 39–42.
468:was organized in
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331:Katanga secession
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224:Cléophas Kamitatu
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1218:. London: Haus.
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997:Reuters 1959b
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758:, p. 70.
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