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The second M&M was met with further, much larger-scale opposition by laborers. Steadily through the late 1960s, the hiring process became a matter of rank and file; with a growing number of workers skipping the former usual hiring process and being sent straight to a job. These were, for the most
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While there were still some demands that went unmet after the strike, the longshoremen got most of what they wanted. They received a pay increase (although the Nixon administration cut the wage increase nearly in half because it was disproportionate with "the general wage and salary standard."),
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broadened medical benefits to include dental and prescription medicine for workers and their families, as well as pensions, life insurance, and a lowered retirement age from sixty-nine years old with twenty-five years in the union, to sixty-five years old and twenty-five years in the union.
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The ILWU was still not satisfied with the terms offered by the PMA, so they went on strike for the second time. Because of fear that it would extend the strike by giving the longshoremen work, the PMA stopped shipment of military equipment to
Vietnam, prompting Congress to pass arbitration
145:' style of loading and unloading, which required a large number of workers, was dangerous, and expensive for employers, and had become obsolete. Increased imports and exports added incentive for more efficient port operations. The introduction of
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went on strike for four days, it was decided that Taft-Hartley must be invoked in order to avoid further damage to the economy. Ports reopened and the 80-day 'cooling-off' period lasted from
October 6, 1971 to January 17, 1972.
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When negotiations did not come to agreement at the end of the second M&M on July 1, 1971, longshoremen walked out of every port on the West coast. This was the first fully organized strike by the union since
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ILWU's membership numbers and power in the decade leading up to the strike, under two five-year
Mechanization and Modernization contracts that reduced the need for labor and decreased union membership.
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part, crane operators and other skilled labor positions. It was considered honorable among union members to say that they had turned down a job that wasn't a fair hire.
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legislation on
February 7, 1972. But the following day, before arbitration could take place, the two sides reached an agreement and the strike ended.
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The first phase of the strike lasted until
October 4, when President Nixon set up a
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increased port productivity, and required fewer laborers to load and unload cargo.
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Labor disputes led by the
International Longshore and Warehouse Union
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125:(ILWU) walked out against their employers, represented by the
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297:"Effects of automation in the lives of longshoremen"
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