503:
415:(AMC) was tasked with extracting food from rural peasantry at low rates to placate the urban populations. The very low fixed price of grain served as a disincentive to production, and some peasants had to buy grain on the open market in order to meet their AMC quota. Citizens in Wollo, which continued to be stricken with drought, were required to provide a "famine relief tax" to the AMC until 1984. The Derg also imposed a system of travel permits to restrict peasants from engaging in non-agricultural activities, such as petty trading and migrant labor, a major form of income supplementation. However, the collapse of the system of State Farms, a large employer of seasonal laborers, resulted in an estimated 500,000 farmers in northern Ethiopia losing a component of their income. Grain
747:, which was a response not only to the famine but also to the poor security situation. Beginning in 1985, peasants were forced to move their homesteads into planned villages, which were clustered around water, schools, medical services, and utility supply points to facilitate the distribution of those services. Many peasants fled rather than acquiesce in relocation, which in general proved highly unpopular. Additionally, the government in most cases failed to provide the promised services. Far from benefiting agricultural productivity, the program caused a decline in food production. Although temporarily suspended in 1986, villagization was subsequently resumed.
771:
564:, which elevated the international profile of the famine and helped secure international aid. In the early to mid-1980s there were famines in two distinct regions of the country, resulting in several studies of one famine that try to extrapolate to the other or less cautious writers referring to a single widespread famine. The famine in the southeast of the country was brought about by the Derg's counterinsurgency efforts against the OLF. However, most media referring to "the Ethiopian famine" of the 1980s refers to the severe famine in 1983-85 centered on Tigray and northern Wollo, which further affected
435:. It also encouraged international agencies to set up relief programs in regions with surplus grain production, which allowed the AMC to collect the excess food. Finally, the RRC carried out a disinformation campaign during the 1980s famine, in which it portrayed the famine as being solely the result of drought and overpopulation and tried to deny the existence of the armed conflict that was occurring precisely in the famine-affected regions. The RRC also claimed that the aid being given by it and its international agency partners were reaching all of the famine victims.
870:
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Eritrea, which hindered the passage of relief supplies. Although international relief organizations made a major effort to provide food to the affected areas, the persistence of drought and poor security conditions in the north resulted in continuing need as well as hazards for famine relief workers. In late 1985, another year of drought was forecast, and by early 1986 the famine had spread to parts of the southern highlands, with an estimated 5.8 million people dependent on relief food. In 1986,
680:
the exception of central and eastern Tigray. RRC estimates for people "at-risk" of famine rose to 3.9 million in 1983 from 2.8 million in 1982, which was less than the 1981 estimate of 4.5 million. In
February and March 1983, the first signs of famine were recognized as poverty-stricken farmers began to appear at feeding centers, prompting international aid agencies to appeal for aid and the RRC to revise its famine assessment. The harvest after the main (
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their home villages and farms by the military and transported to various regions in the south. Many peasants fled rather than allow themselves to be resettled; many of those who were resettled sought later to return to their native regions. Several human rights organizations claimed that tens of thousands of peasants died as a result of forced resettlement. According to Human Rights Watch, at least 50,000 people died.
454:'s guerrilla-soldiers, and for "social transformation" in non-insurgent areas (against people of Tigray province, Welo province and such). Due to organized government policies that deliberately multiplied the effects of the famine, around 1.2 million people died in Ethiopia from the famine where the majority of the death tolls were from the present day Tigray Region and Amhara Region and other parts of northern
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36:
350:
388:. Despite attempts to suppress news of this famine, leaked reports contributed to the undermining of the government's legitimacy and served as a rallying point for dissidents, who complained that the wealthy classes and the Ethiopian government had ignored both the famine and the people who had died. Then in 1974, a group of military officers known as the
502:
549:. In a major study, de Waal criticized the United Nations for being "remarkably cavalier" about the numbers of people who died, with the UN's one-million figure having "absolutely no scientific basis whatsoever," a fact which represents "a trivialization and dehumanization of human misery". De Waal estimates that 400,000 to 500,000 died in the famine.
1015:'s, believe the famine of 1983–1985 killed a minimum of 400,000 people (not counting those killed by resettlement), just in northern Ethiopia (Tigray Province); "Something over half of this mortality can be attributed to human rights abuses causing the famine to come earlier, strike harder, and extend further than would otherwise have been the case."
969:, a communist group trying to overthrow the Ethiopian communist government at the time. Rebel soldiers said they posed as merchants as "a trick for the NGOs". The report also cited a CIA document saying aid was "almost certainly being diverted for military purposes". One rebel leader estimated $ 95 million (£63 million). Plaut also said that other
146:
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alongside the government became part of the counter-insurgency strategy of the government. It, therefore, met a real and immediate need but also prolonged the life of
Mengistu's government. The response to the emergency raised disturbing questions about the relationship between humanitarian agencies and host governments.
369:, famines were common in Ethiopia, especially in the north. Local famines were also frequent but also unrecorded. The most infamous was the "Great Ethiopian Famine" which killed approximately one third of Ethiopia's population between 1888 and 1892. In 1958, famine killed 100,000 people. In 1966, famine killed 50,000.
576:. Living standards had been declining in these government-held regions since 1977, a "direct consequence" of the Derg's agricultural policies. A further major contributing factor to the famine were the Ethiopian government's enforced resettlement programs, utilized as part of its counter-insurgency campaign.
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The manner in which international aid was routed through the RRC gave rise to criticism that forever changed the way in which governments and NGOs respond to international emergencies taking place within conflict situations. International aid supplied to the government and to relief agencies working
422:
The nature of the RRC changed as the government became increasingly authoritarian. Immediately after its creation, its experienced core of technocrats produced highly regarded analyses of
Ethiopian famine and ably carried out famine relief efforts. However, by the 1980s, the Derg had compromised its
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The primary government response to the drought and famine was the decision to uproot large numbers of peasants who lived in the affected areas in the north and to resettle them in the west and southern part of the country. In 1985 and 1986, about 600,000 people were moved, many forcibly, from
707:
By mid-1984, it was evident that another drought and resulting famine of major proportions had begun to affect large parts of northern
Ethiopia. Just as evident was the government's inability to provide relief. The almost total failure of crops in the north was compounded by fighting in and around
684:) harvest in 1983 was the third largest on record, with the only serious shortfall again being recorded in Tigray. In response, grain prices in the two northern regions of Begemder and Gojjam fell. However, famine recurred in Tigray. The RRC claimed in May 1984 that the failure of the short rains (
679:
Despite RRC claims to have predicted the famine, there was little data as late as early 1984 indicating an unusually severe food shortage. Following two major droughts in the late 1970s, 1980 and 1981 were rated by the RRC as "normal" and "above normal". The 1982 harvest was the largest ever, with
1001:
Following a complaint from the Band Aid Trust the BBC's
Editorial Complaints Unit found in its ruling that there was no evidence to support such statements and that "they should not have been broadcast". It also added that "The BBC wishes to apologise unreservedly to the Band Aid Trust for the
300:, "in the fall of 1984, the hardest hit regions were Tigray, Wollo, and Eritrea – areas with extremely limited road and transportation networks. Moreover, these regions were the scenes of longstanding anti-government rebellions which created precarious security situations." Other areas of
866:, a 1985 fund-raising effort headed by Geldof, induced millions of people in the West to donate money and to urge their governments to participate in the relief effort in Ethiopia. Some of the proceeds also went to the famine hit areas of Eritrea. The event raised £145 million.
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in March 1975. The RRC initially enjoyed more independence from the Derg than any other ministry, largely due to its close ties to foreign donors and the quality of some of its senior staff. As a result, insurgencies began to spread into the country's administrative regions.
423:
mission. The RRC began with the innocuous scheme of creating village workforces from the unemployed in state farms, and government agricultural schemes but, as the counter-insurgency intensified, the RRC was given responsibility for a program of forced
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848:", was released on 3 December 1984 and became Britain's best-selling single within a few weeks, eventually selling 3.69 million copies domestically. It raised £8 million for famine relief within twelve months of its release. Other
323:, the famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, and in particular the one of 1983–1985, were in part created by the government's military policies, specifically a set of so-called counter-insurgency strategies (against
736:. Even many supporters of the Ethiopian regime opposed its policy of withholding food shipments to rebel areas. The combined effects of famine and internal war had by then put the nation's economy into a state of decline.
728:
Despite the fact that the government had access to only a minority of the famine-stricken population in the north, the great majority of the relief was channeled through the government side, prolonging the war.
704:, which pitched rebel movements against the Soviet and Cuban-backed Derg government. This crippled the country's economy further and contributed to the government's lack of ability to handle the crisis to come.
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falls, but none at all in the majority of Tigray. A quantitative measure of the famine are grain prices, which show high prices in eastern and central Tigray, spreading outward after the 1984 crop failure.
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participated in a special fast, where members went without food for two meals and donated the money they would have used to buy food. The fast raised $ 6 million for the famine victims in
Ethiopia.
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would be allocated to military spending, creating the largest standing army in sub-Saharan Africa; the allocation for health in the government budget fell from 6% in 1973–1974 to 3% by 1990–1991.
411:(1976–1978) marked the beginning of a steady deterioration in the economic state of the nation, coupled with extractive policies targeting rural areas. The reforms of 1975 were revoked and the
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describing "a biblical famine in the 20th century" and "the closest thing to hell on Earth". The report shocked
Britain, motivating its citizens to inundate relief agencies, such as
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469:. The most prominent feature of the fighting was the use of indiscriminate violence against civilians by the Ethiopian Army and Air Force. Excluding those killed by famine and
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Nevertheless, the magnitude of the disaster has been well documented: in addition to hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions were made destitute. Media activity in the
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was declared illegal in much of the country, resulting in the number of grain dealers falling from between 20,000 and 30,000 to 4,942 in the decade after the revolution.
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989:" programs, under which at least 3 million people are said to have been displaced and between 50,000 and 100,000 killed. These reports were later refuted by the
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1980:
953:, 7.9 million people faced starvation in 1984, resulting in over 600,000 deaths; while in 2003 13.2 million "faced the prospect of a famine and only 300 died".
884:
In France, supergroup
Chanteurs sans frontières released "SOS Éthiopie", which sold 1 million copies and raised 10 million francs (about 1.2 million dollars).
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281:'s 38–40 million) and left approximately 300,000 to 1.2 million dead. 2.5 million people were internally displaced whereas 400,000 refugees left
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427:. As the go-between for international aid organizations and foreign donor governments, the RRC redirected food to government militias, in particular in
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450:) used this 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia as government military policy by restricting food supplies for strategy against the counter-insurgency of the
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2002:
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found its reporting had been misleading regarding Band Aid's money and had also contained numerous errors of fact and misstatements of evidence:
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Close to 8 million people became famine victims during the drought of 1984, and over 1 million died. In the same year (23 October), a
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experienced famine for similar reasons, resulting in tens of thousands of additional deaths. The famine as a whole took place a decade into the
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2123:, search for Ethiopia and browse to the 1984/1985 section for the document entitled Ethiopia: Security and Political Impact of the Drought
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Although a UN estimate of one million deaths is often quoted for the 1983–1985 famine, this figure has been challenged by famine scholar
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530:— all received record low rainfalls in the mid-1980s. In the south, a separate and simultaneous cause was the government's response to
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The famine of 1983–1985 is officially ascribed to drought. In recent years, the favoured explanation for the famine of 1983–1985 is "
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at "1.2 million dead, 400,000 refugees outside the country, 2.5 million people internally displaced, and almost 200,000 orphans".
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causing the famine to come earlier, strike harder and extend further than would otherwise have been the case". According to the
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tenant farmers, who suffered from the widespread confiscation of land by the wealthy classes and government of
Emperor
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published evidence that millions of dollars worth of aid to the
Ethiopian famine were spent in buying weapons by the
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from 1983 to 1985. The worst famine to hit the country in a century, it affected 7.75 million people (out of
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The Ethiopian government's unwillingness to deal with the famine provoked universal condemnation by the
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Food Supply (Energy base) These are supplied values, intake values are about 60–70% of supplied energy.
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The Ethiopian Revolution, 1974–1987: A Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian Autocracy
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helped to organize policies that multiplied the effects of the famine. He was sentenced to death in
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2165:"ECU Ruling: Claims that aid intended for famine relief in Ethiopia had been diverted to buy arms"
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In 1973, drought and feudal extractions caused a famine that killed 40,000 to 200,000 people in
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By late 1976 insurgencies existed in all of the country's fourteen administrative regions. The
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guerrilla-soldiers), and for "social transformation" in non-insurgent areas (against people of
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which provided foreign assistance during the famine, estimated that "more than 300,000" died.
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Famine in Ethiopia: Policy Implications of Coping Failure at National and Household Levels
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and other anti-government conflict had raged throughout northern Ethiopia and present-day
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484:: almost half of GDP, 60% of exports, and 80% of total employment come from agriculture.
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Johns, Michael (1988). "Gorbachev's Holocaust: Soviet Complicity in Ethiopia's Famine".
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844:, primarily made up of the biggest British and Irish artists of the era. Their single, "
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767:, with donations, and also to bring the world's attention to the crisis in Ethiopia.
760:
709:
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1977:"In 1984 Eritrea was part of Ethiopia, where some of the song's proceeds were spent"
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Other charity initiatives raised money for Ethiopia. On 27 January 1985, members of
225:
Destruction of infrastructure and economy, and exacerbation of political instability
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2057:"Viewpoint: 1985 Fast Marked Beginning of LDS Charities - Church News and Events"
1175:
930:" and organized a corresponding charity concert, raising a total of US$ 426,000.
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2120:". The CIA report is available on the CIA's Freedom of Information Act website,
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Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975–1991
399:(RRC) to examine the causes of the famine and prevent its recurrence, and then
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908:
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1952:
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1744:"Evil Days: 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia: An Africa Watch Report"
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delivering food to the starving people. Other countries including Sweden,
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981:. Some journalists suggested that the Derg was able to use Live Aid and
688:) constituted a catastrophic drought while neglecting to state that the
2552:, which inspired famine aid projects around the world (1 November 1984)
860:
was the most successful of these, selling 20 million copies worldwide.
587:
466:
428:
2398:. Library of Congress Country Studies (4th ed.). Washington, DC:
1642:"Peter Gill, page.43 "Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid""
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Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa
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2015:
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1538:"Ethiopia's unforgettable famines: Here's why they really happen"
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2468:. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
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1898:"RAF carried out vital food drops to tackle famine in Ethiopia"
2420:
Resettlement and Famine in Ethiopia: The Villagers' Experience
2168:
1961:
994:
970:
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29:
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Food distribution organized by Ethiopian Red Cross volunteers
2556:
2002 news story from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2035:"Strana XXV, "Pogledaj dom svoj, andjele" Rock scena 1985"
1855:"Higgins marvels at change in Ethiopia's Tigray province"
1271:
1269:
1267:
2516:
Ethiopia in Change: Peasantry, Nationalism and Democracy
2485:
Famine and Food Security in Ethiopia: Lessons for Africa
833:
Buerk's news piece on the BBC was seen by Irish singer
292:, more than half its mortality could be attributed to "
217:
and military policies taken by the Ethiopian government
2190:"BBC Apologizes Over Erroneous Live Aid Weapons Story"
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No. Dead: More than 300,000 No. Affected: 7.75 million
395:. The Derg addressed the Wollo famine by creating the
2260:
Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia
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1176:"Why a photo of Mengistu has proved so controversial"
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In Canada, supergroup Northern Lights, consisting of
876:
was a key figure in the production and recording of "
759:
news crew was the first to document the famine, with
1413:
1411:
1025:
Other insider estimates put the total death toll in
1002:
misleading and unfair impression which was created".
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A major drain on Ethiopia's economy was the ongoing
461:
Before the 1983–1985 famine, two decades of wars of
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The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
2096:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 99.
949:However, according to Peter Gill, in his 2010 book
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3292:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
1829:"1984: Extent of Ethiopia famine revealed (Video)"
1557:
1316:Red Tears: War, Famine, and Revolution in Ethiopia
1254:United States Agency for International Development
1020:United States Agency for International Development
825:were also involved in the international response.
298:United States Agency for International Development
2576:, the first Western journalist to cover the story
2116:Plaut, Martin. 3 March 2010, BBC World Service, "
1512:Mass Starvation: The History and Future of Famine
993:Trust and after a seven-month investigation, the
556:, along with the size of the crisis, led to the "
4049:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic
2462:; von Braun, Joachim; Yohannes, Yisehac (1992).
2374:Revolution and Genocide in Ethiopia and Cambodia
1436:"Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid"
1278:"Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid"
506:Famine relief being unloaded off a truck in 1985
2239:. New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books.
935:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2400:Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
2344:Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia since Live Aid
2094:Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid
951:Foreigners and Famine: Ethiopia Since Live Aid
781:and sang as part of the chorus of their song "
3191:
2977:Massacres in the Eritrean War of Independence
2600:
2263:. New York & London: Human Rights Watch.
1755:
1715:
1703:
1596:
985:money to fund its enforced resettlement and "
692:crops form a fourth of crop yields where the
315:and drought". According to the organizations
8:
4044:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks
2513:Zegeye, Abebe; Pausewang, Siegfried (1994).
2212:"BBC apologises over Band Aid money reports"
261:for crimes committed during his government (
2392:Ofcansky, Thomas P; Berry, LaVerle (1993).
2236:Politics and the Ethiopian Famine 1984–1985
1880:
1878:
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1309:
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973:were under the influence or control of the
560:" charity single and the July 1985 concert
3601:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
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2483:Webb, Patrick; von Braun, Joachim (1994).
1939:"Looking Back At Live Aid, 25 Years Later"
1885:"Live Aid: The show that rocked the world"
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
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1080:Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present)
265:). As of 2018, Mengistu lived in exile in
156:airdropping food during the famine in 1985
144:
133:
2159:
2157:
2155:
580:Average grain prices in Northern Ethiopia
285:. Almost 200,000 children were orphaned.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3066:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
2005:; MTV.com, 2010 (retrieved 19 July 2015)
1957:Band Aid: The Song That Rocked the World
852:soon followed; released in March 1985, "
578:
473:, more than 150,000 people were killed.
359:N.E. and N. Africa: 3120 kcal/capita/day
357:Africa, sub-Sahara: 2170 kcal/capita/day
348:
240:
2003:A Look Back At Live Aid, By The Numbers
1869:"Live Aid: Against All Odds: Episode 1"
1811:
1795:
1767:
1727:
1675:
1624:
1608:
1580:
1398:
1379:
1363:
1347:
1211:
1158:
1142:
1132:
27:Famine in Ethiopia during the Derg rule
3087:Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement
2118:Ethiopia famine aid 'spent on weapons'
1515:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 190.
4173:War crimes in the Ethiopian Civil War
3114:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Army
3029:"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum
2972:Casualties of the Ethiopian Civil War
2233:Clay, Jason; Holcomb, Bonnie (1986).
2033:Vesić, Dušan; Rančić, Sandra (2004).
2016:"Who was who in Tears Are Not Enough"
1417:
1246:"Ethiopia Drought/Famine (1983–1985)"
1114:Mass killings under communist regimes
961:On 3 March 2010, Martin Plaut of the
345:"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum
7:
3631:The State of the Humanitarian System
2561:Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine
2326:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1240:
1238:
1236:
837:, who quickly organised the charity
793:carried out the first airdrops from
538:announced that 46% of the Ethiopian
397:Relief and Rehabilitation Commission
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3936:The State of the World's Cash 2020
3861:Central African Republic Civil War
3151:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
2519:. London: British Academic Press.
2487:. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
1887:. BBC. Retrieved 25 September 2019
1857:. The Irish Times. 7 January 2018.
967:Tigrayan People's Liberation Front
413:Agricultural Marketing Corporation
25:
3805:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
3544:Koyamada International Foundation
1983:from the original on 22 June 2011
1900:. Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund
1543:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1509:De Waal, Alex (8 December 2017).
1186:from the original on 29 June 2019
743:Another government plan involved
712:plagues exacerbated the problem.
4066:
3119:Ogaden National Liberation Front
3092:Tigray People's Liberation Front
2423:. Manchester: University Press.
2302:Ethiopia: The Politics of Famine
1941:. MTV. Retrieved 22 October 2016
1570:from the original on 1 May 2022.
1227:
1085:2020–2023 Horn of Africa drought
1039:
452:Tigray People's Liberation Front
361:South Asia: 2450 kcal/capita/day
325:Tigray People's Liberation Front
34:
3952:Attacks on humanitarian workers
3356:Inter-Agency Standing Committee
3129:Western Somali Liberation Front
3104:All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement
2498:. Cambridge: University Press.
2444:. Cambridge: University Press.
2305:. New York, NY: Freedom House.
2075:"Country information: Ethiopia"
1065:2006 Horn of Africa food crisis
45:needs additional citations for
3967:Health Care In Danger Campaign
3866:Western African Ebola outbreak
3494:International Rescue Committee
3351:Humanitarian-Development Nexus
3240:International humanitarian law
3034:Downfall of the Derg (holiday)
2944:Somaliland War of Independence
1559:"Feeding on Ethiopia's famine"
789:In November 1984, the British
425:resettlement and villagization
69:"1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia"
1:
4143:Natural disasters in Ethiopia
3914:Sexual exploitation and abuse
3313:History of the United Nations
2684:Ethiopian–Eritrean Federation
2438:Tiruneh, Andargachew (1993).
1314:Giorgis, Dawit Wolde (1989).
926:recorded the charity single "
376:, mostly of the marginalized
4029:2015 European migrant crisis
3957:Aid Worker Security Database
3831:Great Indian Famine of 1870s
3648:Global Humanitarian Overview
2823:Eritrean War of Independence
2347:. Oxford: University Press.
2133:David Rieff (24 June 2005).
1441:. p. 43. Archived from
1283:. p. 44. Archived from
846:Do They Know It's Christmas?
783:Do They Know It's Christmas?
558:Do They Know It's Christmas?
138:1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia
18:1983-1985 famine in Ethiopia
3489:International Medical Corps
3361:Humanitarian Cluster System
2377:. Oxford: Lexington Books.
2061:www.churchofjesuschrist.org
1566:. London. 8 December 1998.
534:(OLF) insurgency. In 1984,
4189:
4163:1985 disasters in Ethiopia
4158:1984 disasters in Ethiopia
4153:1983 disasters in Ethiopia
4034:Detention Centres in Libya
3919:Core Humanitarian Standard
3596:Network for Refugee Voices
3570:Global Refugee-Led Network
3109:Ethiopian Democratic Union
3013:Trials of the Derg members
2743:Ethiopian Student Movement
2580:CBC News Indepth: Ethiopia
1694:, CIA World Factbook, 2009
957:Aid money and rebel groups
922:In Yugoslavia, supergroup
491:
342:
4062:
4003:International development
3972:Kunduz hospital airstrike
3519:Norwegian Refugee Council
3336:World Humanitarian Summit
3213:
3164:
3145:Eritrean Liberation Front
2920:Ethiopian–Somali conflict
2689:Eritrean loss of autonomy
2417:Pankhurst, Alula (1992).
2395:Ethiopia: A Country Study
1756:Webb & von Braun 1994
1716:Webb & von Braun 1994
1704:Webb & von Braun 1994
1597:Ofcansky & Berry 1993
915:", which was produced by
911:, and among others sang "
143:
3876:South Sudanese Civil War
3851:2011 East Africa drought
3509:Médecins Sans Frontières
3474:Catholic Relief Services
2284:. Oxford: James Currey.
1746:(September 1991), p. 172
1075:2011 East Africa drought
1011:Outsider estimates like
401:abolishing feudal tenure
393:overthrew Haile Selassie
275:famine affected Ethiopia
3982:Dolo hospital airstrike
3826:Chinese Famine of 1870s
3318:1951 Refugee Convention
3235:Humanitarian principles
2892:Fall of the Derg regime
2867:Death of Haile Selassie
2278:de Waal, Alex (2002) .
1780:Clay & Holcomb 1986
1473:2 December 2013 at the
734:international community
650:November/December 1984
636:November/December 1983
622:November/December 1982
608:November/December 1981
4123:1985 natural disasters
4113:1984 natural disasters
4103:1983 natural disasters
3962:World Humanitarian Day
3836:Ethiopian famine 1980s
3614:Analysis and reporting
3484:Danish Refugee Council
3462:International agencies
3124:Oromo Liberation Front
3008:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
2796:Pan-Somali nationalism
2748:1972–1975 Wollo famine
2728:Gugsa Wale's rebellion
2371:Kissi, Edward (2006).
1871:. BBC. 7 January 2018.
1004:
881:
786:
725:
716:Response to the famine
540:Gross National Product
532:Oromo Liberation Front
507:
362:
355:Other areas (Yr 2010):
270:
234:1973–1975 Wollo famine
4128:20th-century droughts
3924:Sphere (organization)
3846:2010 Haiti earthquake
3709:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe
3469:Action Against Hunger
3443:The Federation (IFRC)
3276:A Memory of Solferino
3099:Afar Liberation Front
3003:Eritrean independence
2862:Massacre of the Sixty
2779:Ethnic discrimination
2646:Italo-Ethiopian Wars
2492:Young, John (2006) .
2320:Gebru Tareke (2009).
1095:Droughts in the Sahel
999:
872:
773:
723:
536:Mengistu Haile Mariam
505:
494:Red Terror (Ethiopia)
444:military dictatorship
440:Mengistu Haile Mariam
352:
255:Mengistu Haile Mariam
244:
4168:Ethiopian war crimes
4148:20th-century famines
3638:The New Humanitarian
2998:Djiboutian Civil War
2829:Ethiopian Revolution
2341:Gill, Peter (2010).
2299:Finn, James (1990).
2092:Gill, Peter (2010).
1120:Tears Are Not Enough
1090:Malawian food crisis
1054:Famines and droughts
941:Effect on aid policy
913:Tears Are Not Enough
54:improve this article
4138:Famines in Ethiopia
3977:Airstrikes on Yemen
3270:Battle of Solferino
2908:Eritrean Civil Wars
2672:Italian East Africa
2642:Italian colonialism
2616:Ethiopian Civil War
2540:The first Canadian
2200:on 7 December 2010.
2135:"Cruel to be kind?"
2022:. 10 February 2015.
1955:(21 October 2004).
591:
478:economy of Ethiopia
463:national liberation
306:Ethiopian Civil War
294:human rights abuses
215:Ethiopian Civil War
4133:Droughts in Africa
3748:Donors and funding
3453:Protective Emblems
3448:National Societies
3425:Red Cross Movement
3287:Geneva Conventions
3282:Red Cross Movement
3256:1850s, Creation of
3167:Cold War in Africa
2910:(1972–74; 1980–81)
2882:Peasant revolution
2738:1958 Tigray famine
2227:General references
2218:. 4 November 2010.
2081:. 29 January 2010.
2001:James Montgomery:
882:
787:
751:International view
726:
579:
508:
363:
317:Human Rights Watch
290:Human Rights Watch
271:
251:Human Rights Watch
4080:
4079:
4054:Aid effectiveness
3945:Aid worker safety
3881:Rohingya genocide
3819:Major emergencies
3729:Michael Bloomberg
3674:Christos Christou
3609:
3608:
3534:Save the Children
3504:Médecins du Monde
3433:Seville Agreement
3369:
3368:
3223:in conflict zones
3173:
3172:
3160:
3159:
3042:
3041:
2953:
2952:
2901:Related conflicts
2804:
2803:
2753:1960 coup attempt
2505:978-0-521-02606-2
2384:978-0-7391-1263-2
2354:978-0-19-956984-7
2333:978-0-300-14163-4
2103:978-0-19-956984-7
1965:(TV Documentary).
1835:. 22 October 2009
1692:Ethiopia: Economy
1522:978-1-5095-2470-9
1318:. Red Sea Press.
1182:. 2 August 2018.
1070:2010 Sahel famine
765:Save the Children
677:
676:
239:
238:
205:300,000–1,200,000
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4180:
4118:1985 in Ethiopia
4108:1984 in Ethiopia
4098:1983 in Ethiopia
4073:World portal
4071:
4070:
4022:Related articles
3891:Yemeni Civil War
3886:Syrian civil war
3684:Martin Griffiths
3380:
3253:
3218:Humanitarian aid
3207:Humanitarian aid
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3075:Ethiopian rebels
3051:
2993:Somali Civil War
2962:
2938:Somali Rebellion
2877:1983–1985 famine
2839:1974 coup d'état
2813:
2733:Woyane rebellion
2714:Ethiopian Empire
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2177:
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1653:
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928:Za milion godina
878:We Are the World
854:We Are the World
592:
176:Eritrea Province
148:
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3986:
3940:
3929:Sphere Handbook
3901:
3895:
3814:
3743:
3714:MacKenzie Scott
3689:Jemilah Mahmood
3679:Winnie Byanyima
3652:
3605:
3574:
3548:
3457:
3419:
3375:
3365:
3329:reform attempts
3328:
3322:
3298:
3257:
3244:
3230:Humanitarianism
3209:
3204:
3174:
3169:
3156:
3138:Eritrean rebels
3133:
3070:
3038:
3017:
2981:
2949:
2931:1982 border war
2896:
2887:Hawzen massacre
2845:
2800:
2774:1973 oil crisis
2757:
2704:
2695:
2633:
2619:
2613:
2537:
2527:
2512:
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2482:
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2013:
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1986:
1984:
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1974:
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1949:
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1564:The Independent
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1475:Wayback Machine
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1060:List of famines
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959:
943:
850:charity singles
831:
795:Hercules C-130s
791:Royal Air Force
753:
718:
664:June/July 1985
590:, 100 kg)
581:
510:Four Ethiopian
500:
490:
365:Throughout the
360:
358:
356:
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341:
329:Tigray Province
157:
151:Royal Air Force
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2916:(1973–present)
2914:Oromo conflict
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2710:
2708:
2706:Haile Selassie
2697:
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2681:
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2669:
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2548:, produced by
2536:
2535:External links
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2125:
2109:
2102:
2084:
2066:
2048:
2025:
2007:
1994:
1968:
1943:
1931:
1924:(in Swedish).
1911:
1889:
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1860:
1846:
1820:
1804:
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1772:
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1748:
1736:
1720:
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1684:
1665:
1654:on 16 May 2018
1633:
1617:
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1589:
1573:
1549:
1536:Moloo, Zahra.
1528:
1521:
1490:
1478:
1459:
1448:on 16 May 2018
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1290:on 16 May 2018
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924:YU Rock Misija
858:USA for Africa
830:
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752:
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386:Haile Selassie
340:
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333:Wollo Province
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3719:Melinda Gates
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3401:
3398:
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3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3376:organizations
3372:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Grand Bargain
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:the Red Cross
3254:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
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3212:
3208:
3201:
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3189:
3187:
3182:
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3178:
3168:
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3152:
3149:
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3143:
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3136:
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3127:
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3112:
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3100:
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3080:
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3064:
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3056:
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3049:
3045:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
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2967:
2963:
2960:
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2923:
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2899:
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2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Villagization
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:Other factors
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2574:Brian Stewart
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2546:Brian Stewart
2543:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2526:1-85043-644-4
2522:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2475:0-89629-095-6
2471:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2460:Webb, Patrick
2457:
2453:
2451:0-521-43082-8
2447:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2430:0-7190-3537-6
2426:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2409:0-8444-0739-9
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2364:Policy Review
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2312:0-932088-47-3
2308:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2291:0-85255-810-4
2287:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2270:1-56432-038-3
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:de Waal, Alex
2252:
2248:
2246:0-939521-34-2
2242:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1921:Horisont 1984
1915:
1912:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1758:, p. 29.
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1718:, p. 35.
1717:
1712:
1709:
1706:, p. 25.
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1599:, p. 43.
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:Food Security
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1230:, p. 20.
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
987:villagization
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
956:
954:
952:
947:
940:
938:
936:
931:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:The Guess Who
890:
885:
879:
875:
871:
867:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
840:
836:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
815:United States
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
766:
762:
761:Michael Buerk
758:
750:
748:
746:
745:villagization
741:
737:
735:
730:
722:
715:
713:
711:
705:
703:
698:
695:
691:
687:
683:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
658:
655:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
596:
594:
593:
589:
585:
577:
575:
572:and northern
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
504:
499:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
351:
346:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:According to
286:
284:
280:
276:
273:A widespread
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:According to
243:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:Drought, the
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
155:
152:
147:
142:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4064:
4008:Peacekeeping
3998:Human Rights
3909:CHS Alliance
3902:power, abuse
3841:2004 tsunami
3810:Yield Giving
3699:Peter Maurer
3560:NEAR Network
3539:World Vision
3374:Humanitarian
3346:Localisation
3327:21st-century
3274:
3265:Henry Dunant
2876:
2850:Major events
2788:
2718:
2632:Scramble for
2515:
2494:
2484:
2464:
2440:
2419:
2394:
2373:
2363:
2343:
2322:
2301:
2280:
2259:
2235:
2215:
2206:
2198:the original
2193:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2142:. Retrieved
2139:The Guardian
2138:
2128:
2112:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2028:
2019:
2010:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1971:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1934:
1919:
1914:
1904:25 September
1902:. Retrieved
1892:
1863:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1832:
1823:
1812:de Waal 1991
1807:
1796:de Waal 2002
1791:
1775:
1768:de Waal 1991
1763:
1751:
1739:
1728:de Waal 1991
1723:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1676:de Waal 1991
1656:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1636:
1625:de Waal 2002
1620:
1609:de Waal 2002
1604:
1592:
1581:de Waal 2002
1576:
1563:
1552:
1541:
1531:
1511:
1481:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1443:the original
1434:Peter Gill.
1429:
1399:de Waal 1991
1380:de Waal 1991
1375:
1364:de Waal 1991
1359:
1348:de Waal 1991
1315:
1292:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1276:Peter Gill.
1258:
1252:
1223:
1212:de Waal 1991
1188:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1159:de Waal 1991
1154:
1143:de Waal 2002
1109:Birhan Woldu
1102:
1101:
1053:
1052:
1047:1980s portal
1024:
1017:
1013:Alex de Waal
1010:
1000:
960:
950:
948:
944:
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2660:1935 crisis
2618:(1974–1991)
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110:August 2024
4087:Categories
3900:Standards,
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2965:Casualties
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2872:Red Terror
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905:John Candy
839:supergroup
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823:Yugoslavia
775:Bob Geldof
597:E. Tigray
492:See also:
409:Red Terror
367:feudal era
343:See also:
339:Background
249:(and also
80:newspapers
3780:ECHO (EU)
3770:FCDO (UK)
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3664:Degan Ali
3643:ReliefWeb
3022:Memorials
2986:Aftermath
2927:(1977–78)
2720:Mekwanint
2542:TV report
2144:9 October
1953:Midge Ure
1926:Bertmarks
977:military
702:civil war
600:N. Wollo
512:provinces
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2257:(1991).
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2174:15 April
2041:27 March
2020:CBC News
1981:Archived
1833:BBC News
1568:Archived
1471:Archived
1184:Archived
1180:BBC News
1033:See also
1027:Ethiopia
991:Band Aid
864:Live Aid
842:Band Aid
779:Band Aid
570:Begemder
562:Live Aid
520:Hararghe
456:Ethiopia
302:Ethiopia
283:Ethiopia
279:Ethiopia
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259:Ethiopia
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172:Location
166:Ethiopia
3249:History
2816:Prelude
2650:1887–89
2194:AOL.com
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1839:18 June
1658:2 March
1468:FAOSTAT
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467:Eritrea
429:Eritrea
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3565:CALP
3479:CARE
3438:ICRC
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2568:and
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