317:
1957:(BSPP) announced they would be organising an election, but the opposition parties called for their immediate resignation from government, allowing an interim government to organise elections. After the BSPP rejected both demands, protesters again took to the streets on 12 September 1988. Nu promised elections within a month, proclaiming a provisional government. Meanwhile, the police and army began fraternising with the protesters. The movement had reached an impasse relying on three hopes: daily demonstrations to force the regime to respond to their demands, encouraging soldiers to defect and appealing to an international audience in the hope that
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1800:, a more organised strike committee was headed by lawyers and discussion focused on multi-party democracy and human rights. Many participants in the protests arrived from nearby towns and villages. Farmers who were particularly angry with the government's economic policies joined the protests in Rangoon. In one village, 2,000 of the 5,000 people also went on strike.
1608:
5206:
2130:), "imposing more Draconian measures than Ne Win had imposed." After Maung had imposed martial law, the protests were violently broken up. The government announced on the state-run radio that the military had assumed power in the people's interest, "in order to bring a timely halt to the deteriorating conditions on all sides all over the country."
1411:
invalid without warning, and millions of
Burmese citizens had their savings eliminated by this action. On 22 September 1987, the Burmese government introduced new denominations of 45 and 90 kyat notes. The 45 and 90 kyat denominations were chosen because the two numbers are divisible by 9, which was considered lucky by Ne Win.
1808:, swords, knives, rocks, poisoned darts and bicycle spokes. In one incident, protesters burned a police station and tore apart four fleeing officers. On 10 August, soldiers fired into Rangoon General Hospital, killing nurses and doctors tending to the wounded. State-run Radio Rangoon reported that 1,451 "
2292:
The uprising led to the death and imprisonment of thousands of individuals. Many of the deaths occurred inside the prisons, where prisoners of conscience were subjected to inhumane torture and deprived of basic provisions, such as food, water, medicine, and sanitation. From 1988 to 2012, the military
2180:
By the end of
September, there were around 3,000 estimated deaths and unknown number of injured, with 1,000 deaths in Rangoon alone. At this point in time, Aung San Suu Kyi appealed for help. On 21 September, the government had regained control of the country, with the movement effectively collapsing
1792:
them from the crowd and earlier violence Over the next four days these demonstrations continued; the government was surprised by the scale of the protests and stated that it promised to heed the demands of the protesters "insofar as possible". Lwin had brought in more soldiers from insurgent areas to
1886:
joined the protests. It became difficult for committees to control the protests. During this time, demonstrators became increasingly wary of "suspicious looking" people and police and army officers. On one occasion, a local committee mistakenly beheaded a couple thought to have been carrying a bomb.
1632:
insignia of the All-Burma
Students Union. Neighbourhood and strike committees were openly formed on the advice of underground activists, many of which were influenced by similar underground movements by workers and monks in the 1980s. Between 2 and 10 August, co-ordinated protests were occurring in
1541:
Following the latest protests, authorities announced the closure of universities for several months. By June 1988, large demonstrations of students and sympathisers were a daily sight. Many students, sympathisers and riot police died throughout the month as the protests spread throughout Burma from
1410:
On 5 September 1987, Ne Win announced the demonetisation of the 25, 35, and 75 kyat notes, leaving only the 1, 5, and 10 kyat bills valid. This announcement was also with no prior warning, and this time no exchange for valid tender was allowed. Roughly 60–80% of circulated legal tender was declared
1398:
activity. The public was given only a short period of time to exchange their 20, 50, and 100 kyat bills, and only 25% of the value of surrendered bills were reimbursed. On 10 November 1985, a week after the initial announcement of demonetisation, new denominations of 25, 35, and 75 kyat bills were
2157:, and another 500 were killed whilst protesting outside the United States embassy – footage caught by a cameraman nearby who distributed the footage to the world's media. Maung described the dead as "looters". Protestors were also pursued into the jungle and some students took up training on the
1615:
Protests reached their peak in August 1988. Students planned for a nationwide demonstration on 8 August 1988, an auspicious date based on numerological significance. News of the protest reached rural areas and four days prior to the national protest, students across the country were denouncing
1823:
Lwin's sudden and unexplained resignation on 12 August left many protestors confused and jubilant. Security forces exercised greater caution with demonstrators, particularly in neighbourhoods that were entirely controlled by demonstrators and committees. On 19 August, under pressure to form a
1729:
Across Burma, people poured out in thousands to join the protests – not just students but also teachers, monks, children, professionals, and trade unionists of every shade. It was on this day, too, that the junta made its first determined attempt at repression. Soldiers opened fire on the
2440:
1475:) in December 1987, government policy requiring farmers to sell produce below market rates to create greater revenue for the government sparked several, violent rural protests. The protests were fanned by public letters to Ne Win by former second in command Brigadier General
1389:
that declared certain circulated denominations of currency invalid. These instances led to instantaneous loss of savings for many
Burmese citizens and economic instability. On 3 November 1985, the Burmese government declared notes of 20, 50, and 100
2189:
Many in Burma believed that the regime would have collapsed if the United
Nations and neighbouring countries had refused to recognise the legitimacy of the coup. Western governments and Japan cut aid to the country. Among Burma's neighbours,
1988:
By mid-September, the protests grew more violent and lawless, with soldiers deliberately leading protesters into skirmishes that the army easily won. Protesters demanded more immediate change, and distrusted steps for incremental reform.
1803:
A short while later, the authorities opened fire on the protesters. Ne Win ordered that "guns were not to shoot upwards," meaning that he was ordering the military to shoot directly at the demonstrators. Protesters responded by throwing
1430:, and universities in Rangoon temporarily closed. The government later allowed for reimbursement of up to 100 kyat so that students could return home instead of rioting in the cities. With the re-opening of schools in late October 1987,
2276:, students also commemorate the uprising every 8 August. On the 20th anniversary of the uprising, 48 activists were arrested for commemorating the event in Burma. The event garnered much support for the Burmese people internationally.
808:) that peaked in August 1988. Key events occurred on 8 August 1988 and therefore it is commonly known as the "8888 Uprising". The protests began as a student movement and were organised largely by university students at the
1510:, was shot and killed. The incident angered pro-democracy groups and the next day more students rallied at the RIT and spread to other campuses. The students, who had never protested before, increasingly saw themselves as
1446:
leaflets which culminated in bombs exploding in
November. Police later received threatening letters from underground groups, who organised small protests around the university campus. Meanwhile, larger protests in
2368:
Many of the student leaders of the uprising became lifelong human rights activists and leaders of the
Burmese pro-democracy movement. Nineteen years later, many of these same activists also played a role in the
601:
2381:. But prior to the outbreak of large-scale demonstrations, its members were arrested and given lengthy prison sentences of up to 65 years. The activists who were arrested included prominent individuals such as
4332:
2225:
press conferences which were aimed at giving foreign diplomats and the media a favourable account of the SLORC's response to the protests. During this period, more restrictions were imposed upon the
1506:(BSPP) official, was arrested and later released for injuring a student. Students protested at a local police department where 500 riot police were mobilised and in the ensuing clash, one student,
1772:, stopping for people to speak. A stage was also erected. Demonstrators from the Rangoon neighbourhoods converged in downtown Rangoon. Only one casualty was reported at this point as a frightened
2237:
was plotting to overthrow the State. Despite the conferences, few believed the government's version of events. While these conferences were going on, the SLORC was secretly negotiating with
3054:
1815:
Estimates of the number of casualties surrounding the 8-8-88 demonstrations range from hundreds to 10,000; military authorities put the figures at about 95 people killed and 240 wounded.
1586:
democracy, which marked Ne Win's resignation on 23 July 1988. In a valedictory address given that day, Ne Win affirmed that "When the army shoots, it shoots to kill." He also promised a
1347:
4314:
3349:
1941:
also re-emerged onto the political scene in what was described as a "democracy summer" when many former democracy leaders returned. Despite the gains made by the democracy movement,
1394:
invalid, without prior warning to the public. Prior to this, circulated denominations were of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 kyats. The stated reason for the demonetisation was to combat
495:
4248:
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and the size of the military increased from 180,000 to 400,000. The
Burmese government also kept schools and universities closed in order to prevent future uprisings. Initially,
1502:
tea shop about music playing on a sound system. A drunken youth would not return a tape that the RIT students favoured. A brawl followed in which one youth, who was the son of a
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527:
3817:
2229:, denying it the relative freedom to report news which it had been able to exercise at the peak of the protests. In the conferences, he detailed a conspiracy in which
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1648:
to encourage them to take part in the protests. The students were quickly joined by
Burmese citizens from all walks of life, including government workers, Buddhist
5274:
2947:
750:
3274:
Fong (2008). In 1962, Lwin had ordered troops to fire on student protestors, killing dozens, and ordered the Union
Building at Rangoon University to be blown up.
1914:, who led the independence movement, appeared ready to lead the movement for democracy. Suu Kyi urged the crowd not to turn on the army but find peace through
577:
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4390:
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publicly rejected the SLORC's offer to hold elections the following year, claiming that they could not be freely held while Burma was under military rule.
1730:
demonstrators and hundreds of unarmed marchers were killed. The killings continued for a week, but still the demonstrators continued to flood the streets.
3767:
1468:
488:
2977:
2141:
Although an exact body count has not been determined as bodies were often cremated, it is estimated that within the first week of securing power, 1,000
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3839:
1240:
57:
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Video – 8888s anniversary activity in London Burmese' Embassy and Downing street, and Ms Suu Kyi's Birthday, calling for democratic reform in Burma
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Nationwide demonstrations resumed on 22 August 1988. In Mandalay, 100,000 people protested, including Buddhist monks and 50,000 demonstrated in
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650:
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4000:
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became a focal point for other demonstrations, which spread to other states' capitals. Upwards of 10,000 protesters demonstrated outside the
481:
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After the uprising, the SLORC waged a "clumsy propaganda" campaign against those who had organised the protests. Intelligence Chief General
589:
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was most critical; condemning the suppression, closing borders and setting up refugee camps along its border with Burma. By 1989, 6,000
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640:
327:
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Students in particular were angry at the 1987 demonetisation as savings for tuition fees were wiped out instantly. Students from the
3787:
2817:
711:
4434:
2166:"I would like every country in the world to recognize the fact that the people of Burma are being shot down for no reason at all."
1898:, who had watched the demonstrations from her mother's bedside, entered the political arena by addressing half a million people at
1521:
By mid-March, several protests had occurred and there was open dissent in the army. Various demonstrations were broken up by using
1953:
During the September congress of 1988, 90% of party delegates (968 out of 1080) voted for a multi-party system of government. The
1373:
since 1962. The country had a national debt of $ 3.5 billion and currency reserves of between $ 20 million and $ 35 million, with
5309:
5010:
4420:
4403:
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and the police illegally detained and imprisoned tens of thousands of leaders of the Burmese pro-democracy movement, as well as
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1982:
1954:
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announced, with the 75 kyat denomination chosen to commemorate Ne Win's 75th birthday. In November 1985, students gathered and
964:
820:
813:
321:
178:
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1514:. There was growing resentment towards military rule and there were no channels to address grievances, further exacerbated by
4767:
2207:
723:
4678:
2970:"[Interview] Myanmar democracy leader in S. Korea is "100% certain that this democratization movement will succeed""
1142:
1084:
991:. The coup has led to numerous protests and demonstrations against the military-led government. Activists have compared the
981:
672:
667:
662:
2439:
2377:, which is named after the events of 8 August 1988, organised one of the first protests which eventually culminated in the
2244:
Between 1988 and 2000, the Burmese government established 20 museums which detailed the military's central role throughout
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in October. By the end of 1988, it was estimated that 10,000 people, including protesters and soldiers, had been killed.
5304:
5284:
5249:
5020:
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4872:
4833:
4818:
4772:
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4643:
4618:
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3848:
2939:
2374:
1321:
1205:
1051:
728:
2158:
1740:
A general strike, as planned, began on 8 August 1988. Mass demonstrations were held across Burma as ethnic minorities,
5294:
5153:
5078:
4978:
4939:
4737:
4712:
1828:, was appointed as head of government. Maung was a legal scholar and the only non-military individual to serve in the
985:
3898:
967:. Suu Kyi's house arrest was lifted in 2010, when worldwide attention for her peaked again during the making of the
5259:
5158:
5045:
4347:
1525:
canisters to disperse crowds. On 16 March, students demanding an end to one party rule marched towards soldiers at
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2413:
in 2012. They continue to work as politicians and human rights activists in Myanmar. They also campaigned for the
5314:
4896:
4757:
4742:
4717:
3920:
1464:
1172:
855:
95:: Soldiers preparing to open fire on protesters; Saw Lwin and Win Zaw carrying a critically wounded school girl (
3921:"A former political prisoner was arrested for protesting alone in front of the United Nations office in Rangoon"
1716:'s image had changed shape, with an image in the sky standing on its head. On 3 August, the authorities imposed
4855:
4727:
1062:
948:
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718:
635:
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was plotting to overthrow the regime with the assistance of "subversive foreigners" and a conspiracy in which
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4995:
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2370:
2094:
1923:
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1220:
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615:
31:
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1020:
542:
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5264:
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4828:
689:
219:
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5073:
4808:
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2206:. It was estimated 10,000 had fled to mountains which were controlled by ethnic insurgents such as the
56:
4330:
A Burmese Power Shift; Though Government Schedules Election, Decision Rests With People in the Streets
2778:
924:. Thousands of deaths have been attributed to the military during this uprising, while authorities in
5163:
5025:
5000:
4959:
4884:
4845:
4813:
4700:
4611:
4382:
Richburg, Keith. (1988). Youths, Monks Fight Troops in Burma; Post-Coup Deaths Reported in Hundreds.
4281:
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in coffins decorated with demonetised bank notes. Further protests took place around the country at
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5173:
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2484:
2362:
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to distant ethnic states (particularly where military campaigns had previously taken place), where
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1403:
the government's decision to withdraw Burmese local currency notes. Economic problems coupled with
1316:
901:
5217:
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1965:
troops would arrive. Some Tatmadaw did defect, but only in limited numbers, mostly from the Navy.
5228:
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5055:
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4867:
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2386:
2378:
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If the military shoots, it has no tradition of shooting into the air. It shoots straight to kill.
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1533:
others. Several students recalled the police shouting, "Don't let them escape" and "Kill them!".
1404:
1374:
1107:
870:
699:
209:
190:
146:
4071:
Revolution as Development: The Karen Self-determination Struggle Against Ethnocracy (1949–2004).
1832:(BSPP). The appointment of Maung briefly resulted in a subsidence of the shooting and protests.
1611:
A red flag depicting a fighting peacock became a symbol of the protests on the streets of Burma.
4477:
5123:
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and fled. (Such marches would occur daily until 19 September.) Protesters kissed the shoes of
1210:
968:
809:
733:
562:
3304:
Boudreau (2004) Two groups considered to have large underground and internal support networks
892:) on 8 August 1988. Student protests spread throughout the country. Hundreds of thousands of
17:
5198:
5148:
5143:
5118:
5103:
5083:
5035:
4990:
4840:
4623:
3050:
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2539:
2524:
2503:
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2410:
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2222:
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1899:
1895:
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866:
847:
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48:
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is a fictionalized drama which is based on the events that took place during the uprising.
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In the years leading up to the crisis, General Ne Win had imposed two instances of sudden
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involved monks and workers, with some burning government buildings and state businesses.
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1966:
1958:
1883:
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594:
537:
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3982:
Civil-military relations in Burma: Soldiers as state-builders in the postcolonial era.
3367:
Williams Jr., Nick. (10 August 1988). "36 Killed in Burma Protests of Military Rule."
2940:"'A dangerous time' in Myanmar: Burmese in California struggle for answers, attention"
1455:
reported little on the protests, but information quickly spread through the students.
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5113:
4591:
4576:
4566:
4303:
3863:
2226:
2099:
Abolishment of all organs of state power that were formed under the 1974 constitution
2055:
1962:
1907:
1784:, in an attempt to persuade them to join the civilian protest, whilst some encircled
913:
584:
229:
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2198:
supporters had been detained and those who fled to the ethnic border areas, such as
5068:
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3923:. Assistance Association for Political Prisoners. 23 September 2004. Archived from
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2445:
2382:
2326:
2306:
2294:
2281:
1761:
1395:
1386:
1288:
956:
859:
136:
2313:, one of the leaders of the uprising, spent 20 years of his adult life in prison.
1891:, where protests were more peaceful as they were organised by monks and lawyers.
4628:
2402:
1974:
1970:
1927:
1915:
1844:
1825:
1717:
1709:
1677:
1583:
1427:
1391:
68:
4145:
The Idea of Freedom in Burma and the Political Thought of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.
2999:
2724:
1529:
when riot police stormed from the rear, clubbing several students to death and
4021:
Suffering in Silence, the Human Rights Nightmare of the Karen People of Burma.
3993:
Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia.
2565:
2421:. Pyone Cho, one of the main leaders of the 88 Generation, was elected to the
2346:
2334:
2318:
2269:
2218:
2199:
1981:
in September encouraging the regime to reform, which echoed the policy of the
1880:
1765:
1745:
1720:
from 8 pm to 4 am and a ban on gatherings of more than five people.
1624:
troops were being mobilised. Pamphlets and posters appeared on the streets of
1293:
843:
96:
4198:
Perfect Hostage: a life of Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma's prisoner of conscience.
4030:
2398:
2314:
2310:
2119:
2066:
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1852:
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1617:
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1507:
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protested against the government. The uprising ended on 18 September after
951:
refused to recognise the results and continued to rule the country as the
4850:
3890:
2662:
2406:
2354:
2273:
2257:
2253:
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1938:
1911:
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1621:
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1522:
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1439:
1273:
977:
897:
417:
333:
82:
4467:
4087:
Cultures of Creativity: The Centennial Celebration of the Nobel Prizes.
2118:
On 18 September 1988, the military retook power in the country. General
947:, won 81% of the seats in the government (392 out of 492). However, the
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2014:
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839:
805:
793:
122:
4216:
Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority.
4046:
Why Regimes Create Disorder: Hobbes's Dilemma during a Rangoon Summer.
3788:"Heroes of Democracy: Burma's 88 Generation and the Legacy of Mandela"
2405:. Though not an 88 Generation Students Group member, a solo protester
2342:
2322:
2298:
2238:
2022:
1942:
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1836:
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72:
3000:"Myanmar coup: What protesters can learn from the '1988 generation'"
2725:"Myanmar coup: What protesters can learn from the '1988 generation'"
1902:. It was at this point that she became a symbol for the struggle in
30:"People Power Uprising" redirects here. Not to be confused with the
4482:
3090:"Commerce Snarled as Burma Rules Much of Its Currency Is Worthless"
1636:
In the first few days of the Rangoon protests, activists contacted
473:
2191:
2135:
2127:
2018:
1978:
1919:
1903:
1868:
1777:
1705:
1649:
1575:
1555:
1484:
1366:
980:(Myanmar Armed Forces) again seized control of the country in the
925:
851:
801:
3956:
Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia.
2211:
2146:
1934:
1860:
1657:
1641:
1547:
1530:
1369:
had been ruled by the repressive and isolated regime of General
1268:
893:
797:
224:
140:
4486:
2460:
Demonstration held on the 19th anniversary of the 8888 Uprising
2280:
were written by students who participated in the protests. The
1518:, economic mismanagement and corruption within the government.
477:
3416:
3414:
2409:
also joined the demonstration. All of them were released in a
1848:
1594:, known as the "Butcher of Rangoon" to head a new government.
3984:
Preparation for the State and the Soldier in Asia Conference.
1407:
required continuous involvement in the international market.
1969:
who had experienced the recent democracy protests in the
4246:
Burma Imposes Martial Law In the Capital After a Protest
4109:
The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB).
3977:(2). A Survey of Asia in 1988: Part II pp. 174–180.
1498:(RIT) were arguing with out-of-school youths inside the
263:
to draft a new constitution (results were not honoured)
89:
addresses half a million protesters in central Rangoon.
4366:
Many in Burma Say Ne Win Continues to Pull the Strings
2844:'Burmese Way to Socialism' Drives Country into Poverty
2566:"Talk to Doctor from 8888 historical picture - Part 1"
2214:), and many of them later trained to become soldiers.
858:. Many firms in the formal sector of the economy were
4230:
The Crisis in Burma: Back from the Heart of Darkness?
5054:
4977:
4916:
4785:
4699:
4542:
3047:"A Ne Win Situation: Burma's three demonetizations"
2762:"Hunger for food, leadership sparked Burma riots".
2122:repealed the 1974 constitution and established the
2082:
2072:
2061:
2051:
2043:
2033:
2010:
2002:
1483:and condemning lack of economic reform, describing
464:
456:
446:
441:
385:
351:
269:
248:
237:
203:
186:
130:
117:
107:
41:
1922:, the uprising was seen as similar to that of the
4156:Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity.
2337:of the uprising. Because the uprising began as a
2800:
2798:
2321:of the uprising, spent 18 years of his life in
2268:Today, the uprising is commemorated by Burmese
2164:
2106:
1768:all demonstrated. The first procession circled
1727:
2202:, formed groups with those who sought greater
856:one of the world's most impoverished countries
4498:
3837:Myanmar arrests "8-8-88" anniversary marchers
3350:Uprising in Burma: The Old Regime Under Siege
3261:
3259:
2511:
1341:
917:
884:The 8888 uprising was started by students in
489:
241:
8:
4312:Tension Reported High In Burma After Clashes
3991:ch. 17. cited in Alagappa, Muthiah. (2001).
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
2858:
2856:
1997:
1672:staff. The demonstrations in the streets of
1590:, but he had appointed the largely disliked
984:, which began with the imprisonment of then
928:put the figure at around 350 people killed.
113:(6 months, 1 week and 2 days)
3088:Williams, Nick B. Jr. (12 September 1987).
2838:
2836:
2709:
2707:
2705:
1887:Incidents like these were not as common in
1812:and disturbance makers" had been arrested.
1582:. Demonstrators in larger numbers demanded
1426:, smashing windows and traffic lights down
4983:
4922:
4791:
4705:
4525:
4505:
4491:
4483:
4057:Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule.
2401:, Pyone Cho, Min Zeyar, Ant Bwe Kyaw, and
1996:
1855:was displayed on banners. Two days later,
1824:civilian government, Ne Win's biographer,
1469:United Nations Economic and Social Council
1348:
1334:
1019:
1002:
834:. Under the government agenda, called the
496:
482:
474:
38:
4212:Burma: Depoliticization of the Political.
3702:Europa Publications Staff (2002), pp. 872
3474:
3472:
3344:
3342:
3340:
2138:, indiscriminately firing on protestors.
1918:means. At this point in time for many in
1377:standing at half of the national budget.
1241:Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
955:. Aung San Suu Kyi was also placed under
242:Military coup d'état on 18 September 1988
4264:Road To Upheaval In Politics For Burmese
4133:Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.
4102:Outrage: Burma's Struggle for Democracy.
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3330:
3328:
3326:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
1933:Around this time, former Prime Minister
1684:, where demonstrators burned and buried
1606:
1546:. Large scale protests were reported in
261:Elections for a constitutional committee
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3404:
3402:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3282:
3280:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3074:
3072:
3045:Karthikeyan, Ananth (28 October 2017).
2813:*Tallentire, Mark (28 September 2007).
2557:
2496:
2435:
2124:State Law and Order Restoration Council
2088:State Law and Order Restoration Council
1301:
1258:
1190:
1150:
1120:
1092:
1030:
1010:
961:State Law and Order Restoration Council
953:State Law and Order Restoration Council
922:State Law and Order Restoration Council
4478:Photos of the 8888 Uprising (Blogspot)
4282:Burma's new leader imposes martial law
3971:Burma in 1988: There Came a Whirlwind.
3753:
3751:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3010:from the original on 26 September 2021
2980:from the original on 17 September 2021
2950:from the original on 18 September 2021
2134:troops went through cities throughout
4435:Partial list of 8888 Uprising victims
3249:
3247:
3245:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2646:
2644:
2642:
1487:as "almost a joke" compared to other
1479:from July 1987, reminding him of the
935:emerged as a national icon. When the
7:
5205:
4472:Burmese American Democratic Alliance
4214:cited in Alagappa, Muthiah. (1995).
4048:The Journal of Conflict Resolution,
3561:United States State Department, 1988
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2578:from the original on 8 February 2022
2475:All Burma Students' Democratic Front
2357:by the police and the military were
1494:On 12 March 1988, students from the
1231:All Burma Students' Democratic Front
963:would be a cosmetic change from the
810:Rangoon Arts and Sciences University
428:Unknown number of others countrywide
244:; demonstrations suppressed by force
4664:State Peace and Development Council
4026:Europa Publications Staff. (2002).
3766:Mydans, Seth. (23 September 1988).
2652:Was Burma's 1988 uprising worth it?
2650:Fogarty, Phillipa (7 August 2008).
2341:, many of the individuals who were
2086:Formation of a military junta, the
1381:1985 and 1987 demonetisation crises
1074:State Peace and Development Council
4391:Burma The Armed Forces Seize Power
4348:Defections Strain Burmese Military
4073:Boca Raton, FL:BrownWalker Press.
4028:The Far East and Australasia 2003.
3989:Burma: Soldiers as State Builders.
3891:"Harsh sentences for Burma rebels"
3889:Jonathan Head (11 November 2008).
3870:from the original on 7 August 2016
2842:Woodsome, Kate. (7 October 2007).
1906:, particularly in the eyes of the
25:
5275:History of Myanmar (1948–present)
4184:Burma: The Curse of Independence.
4126:. A Burma-India Situation Report.
3835:*Tun, Aung Hla. (8 August 2008).
3798:from the original on 19 July 2016
2333:for nine years for his role as a
1839:. Large marches took places from
5216:
5204:
5193:
5192:
4104:Hong Kong: Review Publishing Co.
3901:from the original on 11 May 2011
3625:. Open Democracy. Archived from
3348:Mydans, Seth. (12 August 1988).
3096:from the original on 4 June 2021
3057:from the original on 4 June 2021
2735:from the original on 17 May 2021
2723:Head, Jonathan (16 March 2021).
2603:. Mahavir & Sons Publisher.
2600:Buddha, his life & teachings
2453:
2438:
1491:nations. He was later arrested.
993:current coup resistance movement
763:
528:China–Myanmar border (1960–1961)
315:
302:
196:in Burma and the resignation of
55:
27:1988 protests in Burma (Myanmar)
4401:Protests mark Burma anniversary
4232:University of California Press.
4200:New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
4007:Burma: The Next Killing Fields?
3768:Burma Crackdown: Army in Charge
3621:Kyi May Kaung (8 August 2008).
3598:. The Irrawaddy. Archived from
2159:country's borders with Thailand
1955:Burma Socialist Programme Party
1830:Burma Socialist Programme Party
1504:Burma Socialist Programme Party
1496:Rangoon Institute of Technology
1416:Rangoon Institute of Technology
965:Burma Socialist Programme Party
821:Burma Socialist Programme Party
814:Rangoon Institute of Technology
322:Burma Socialist Programme Party
179:Burma Socialist Programme Party
4085:The Kenyon Review, New Series.
3596:"Twenty Years of Marking Time"
3420:Burma Watcher (1989), pp. 179.
2208:Karen National Liberation Army
1937:and retired Brigadier General
1910:. Suu Kyi, as the daughter of
862:, and the government combined
1:
4280:Cumming-Bruce, Nick. (1988).
4172:Georgetown University Press.
3816:The Nation. (9 August 1997).
3623:"Burma: waiting for the dawn"
2902:. 24 September 1988. pg. A.16
2871:Aung-Thwin, Maureen. (1989).
2415:National League for Democracy
1201:National League for Democracy
945:National League for Democracy
792:, was a series of nationwide
18:1988 Burmese coup d'état
5255:Internal conflict in Myanmar
4873:State Administration Council
4619:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
4143:Silverstein, Josef. (1996).
4096:Skirting the regime's rules.
3958:Cambridge University Press.
3864:"The last night in the cell"
3862:Moe, K Z (21 January 2012).
3849:International Herald Tribune
2375:88 Generation Students Group
1945:remained in the background.
1322:Foreign relations of Myanmar
1206:88 Generation Students Group
1085:State Administrative Council
1052:Internal conflict in Myanmar
111:12 March – 21 September 1988
5270:Burmese democracy movements
4674:2011–2015 political reforms
4218:Stanford University Press.
4131:The 1988 Uprising in Burma.
4044:Ferrara, Federico. (2003).
3995:Stanford University Press.
3954:Boudreau, Vincent. (2004).
3818:Burmese exiles mark protest
3786:Thein, Seinenu (May 2014).
2779:Junta oppression remembered
2753:Ferrara (2003), pp. 302–303
823:had ruled the country as a
5336:
4389:Stewart, William. (1988).
4298:Faulder, Dominic. (2008).
4168:Steinberg, David. (2002).
4124:Refugee Student Interviews
4094:Hlaing, Kyaw Yin. (1996).
4023:Parkland: Universal Press.
3656:Ferrara (2003), pp. 313–4.
3178:Lintner (1989), pp. 95–97.
3028:Lintner (1989), pp. 94–95.
1851:, the symbolic colour for
1793:deal with the protesters.
756:ethnic armed organisations
67:: Protesters gathering at
29:
5320:Military coups in Myanmar
5188:
4986:
4925:
4794:
4708:
4530:Myanmar is also known as
4528:
4524:
4300:Memories of 8 August 1988
4107:Lintner, Bertil. (1990).
4100:Lintner, Bertil. (1989).
4055:Fink, Christina. (2001).
4019:Delang, Claudio. (2000).
3693:Yawnghwe (1995), pp. 172.
3575:Boudreau (2004), pp. 210.
3543:Boudreau (2004), pp. 212.
2543:
2528:
2512:
2507:
1246:National Unity Government
1025:The fighting peacock flag
515:
390:
356:
274:
81:: Protesters rallying in
54:
46:
4799:Administrative divisions
4335:10 November 2012 at the
4196:Wintle, Justin. (2007).
4182:Tucker, Shelby. (2001).
4170:Burma: State of Myanmar.
3987:Callahan, Mary. (2001).
3980:Callahan, Mary. (1999).
3745:Boudreau (2004), pp. 190
3670:Ferrara (2003), pp. 314.
3478:Boudreau (2004), pp. 208
3408:Boudreau (2004), pp. 204
3387:Boudreau (2004), pp. 205
3320:Boudreau (2004), pp. 203
3286:Boudreau (2004), pp. 202
3230:Fong (2008) pp. 147–148.
3203:Yawnghwe (1995), pp. 171
3169:Boudreau (2004), pp. 193
3078:Boudreau (2004), pp. 192
2878:23 February 2006 at the
2777:Tweedie, Penny. (2008).
2713:Yawnghwe (1995), pp. 170
2423:House of Representatives
1998:1988 Burmese coup d'état
1993:SLORC coup and crackdown
1983:United States government
1459:Early democracy protests
1063:Burmese Way to Socialism
982:2021 Myanmar coup d'état
836:Burmese Way to Socialism
452:3,000–10,000 (estimates)
398:1 million protesters in
287:Pro-democracy protesters
153:Burmese Way to Socialism
5310:20th-century rebellions
5169:Twelve Auspicious Rites
4950:Myanmar kyat (currency)
4406:16 October 2007 at the
4228:Yitri, Moksha. (1989).
4154:Smith, Martin. (1999).
4122:Lwin, Nyi Nyi. (1992).
4083:Ghosh, Amitav. (2001).
4005:Clements, Ann. (1992).
3969:Burma Watcher. (1989).
3552:Callahan (1999), pp. 1.
3534:Tucker (2001), pp. 229.
3432:17 August 1988. pg. A.5
3295:Lintner (1989), pp. 126
2683:Ferrara (2003), pp. 313
2657:12 January 2009 at the
2448:personnel demonstrating
2371:2007 Saffron Revolution
1924:People Power Revolution
1465:Least Developed Country
1387:currency demonetisation
1312:Human rights in Myanmar
1221:U.S. Campaign for Burma
1041:Post-independence Burma
1011:Democracy movements in
1006:Part of a series on the
32:People Power Revolution
4364:Mydans, Seth. (1988).
4346:Mydans, Seth. (1988).
4328:Mydans, Seth. (1988).
4210:Yawnghwe, Chao-Tzang.
4151:(2), pp. 211–228.
4129:Maung, Maung. (1999).
4091:(2), pp. 158–165.
4052:(3), pp. 302–325.
3842:8 January 2009 at the
3757:Lintner (1990), pp. 52
3720:Smith (1999), pp. 371.
3221:Smith (1999), pp. 1–14
3129:Tucker (2001), pp. 228
2815:The Burma road to ruin
2597:Neeraj Gautam (2009).
2425:in the 2015 Election.
2168:
2116:
1738:
1612:
1251:People's Defence Force
995:to the 8888 Uprising.
918:a bloody military coup
147:Economic mismanagement
4418:Burma's 1988 Protests
4310:Kamm, Henry. (1988).
4287:14 April 2016 at the
3823:The Nation (Thailand)
3792:Psychocultural Cinema
3729:Smith (1999), pp. 17.
2419:2015 general election
1628:bearing the fighting
1610:
786:People Power Uprising
523:Communist (1948–1988)
5290:Political repression
5280:Massacres in Myanmar
5006:Environmental issues
4965:Units of measurement
4612:First Toungoo Empire
4431:, 25 September 2007.
4397:, 26 September 1988.
4386:, 20 September 1988.
4379:, 13 September 1988.
4371:14 July 2018 at the
4361:, 10 September 1988.
4353:14 July 2018 at the
4343:, 12 September 1988.
4317:14 July 2018 at the
4277:, 11 September 1988.
4269:14 July 2018 at the
4251:14 July 2018 at the
4069:Fong, Jack. (2008).
3711:Fong (2008), pp.152.
3684:Fong (2008), pp. 151
3466:Fong (2008), pp. 150
3253:Fong (2008), pp. 148
3212:Fong (2008), pp. 147
3138:Fong (2008), pp. 146
2920:. 26 September 1988.
2820:4 March 2016 at the
2804:Burma Watcher (1989)
2636:Fong (2008), pp. 149
2529:ပြည်သူ့အာဏာအုံကြွမှု
2513:ရှစ်လေးလုံးအရေးအခင်း
2331:solitary confinement
1633:most Burmese towns.
1422:) rioted throughout
1216:Free Burma Coalition
1131:Roadmap to democracy
830:, headed by General
784:, also known as the
712:Anti-Muslim violence
609:Bombings and attacks
450:350 (official count)
324:(until 18 September)
143:without compensation
5305:Protests in Myanmar
5285:Politics of Myanmar
5250:Revolutions of 1989
4644:Japanese occupation
4597:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
4423:11 May 2011 at the
4111:SEAP Publications.
3514:Fink (2001), pp. 60
3496:Smith (1999), pp. 9
3450:Fink (2001), pp. 58
3239:Fink (2001), pp. 51
2485:Death of Ko Par Gyi
2363:university students
2175:, 22 September 1988
1999:
1735:Amitav Ghosh (2001)
1660:personnel, customs
1453:Burmese state media
1375:debt service ratios
1365:Before the crisis,
1317:Politics of Myanmar
931:During the crisis,
902:university students
875:traditional beliefs
330:(from 18 September)
34:in the Philippines.
5295:Rebellions in Asia
5229:Outline of Myanmar
4945:Telecommunications
4861:commander-in-chief
4654:Socialist Republic
4602:Kingdom of Mrauk U
4377:The New York Times
4359:The New York Times
4341:The New York Times
4323:The New York Times
4275:The New York Times
4257:The New York Times
3949:Books and journals
3773:The New York Times
3629:on 15 January 2012
3602:on 19 January 2012
3505:Silverstein (1996)
3355:The New York Times
2974:english.hani.co.kr
2784:2 May 2011 at the
2379:Saffron Revolution
2204:self-determination
2093:Suspension of the
1712:reported that the
1613:
1588:multi-party system
1432:underground groups
1405:counter-insurgency
1108:Saffron Revolution
840:economic isolation
770:Myanmar portal
339:Burma Police Force
210:Civil disobedience
5260:Conflicts in 1988
5237:
5236:
5184:
5183:
5021:Human trafficking
4973:
4972:
4912:
4911:
4880:Political parties
4819:Foreign relations
4781:
4780:
4572:Myinsaing Kingdom
4538:
4537:
4441:, 1 January 2003.
4224:978-0-8047-2560-6
4206:978-0-09-179681-5
4192:978-0-7453-1541-6
4178:978-0-87840-893-1
4164:978-1-85649-660-5
4147:Pacific Affairs,
4139:978-0-938692-71-3
4117:978-0-87727-123-9
4079:978-1-59942-994-6
4065:978-1-85649-926-2
4039:978-1-85743-133-9
4015:978-1-878825-21-6
4001:978-0-8047-4227-6
3964:978-0-521-83989-1
3866:. The Irrawaddy.
3430:The Vancouver Sun
3370:Los Angeles Times
3006:. 16 March 2021.
2944:Los Angeles Times
2768:. 11 August 1988.
2765:Houston Chronicle
2610:978-81-8377-247-1
2272:and citizens. In
2105:
2104:
2095:1974 constitution
2006:18 September 1988
1806:Molotov cocktails
1798:Mandalay Division
1786:military officers
1774:traffic policeman
1361:Economic problems
1358:
1357:
1211:Burma Campaign UK
1113:Spring Revolution
969:biographical film
943:, her party, the
838:, which involved
777:
776:
472:
471:
437:
436:
347:
346:
16:(Redirected from
5327:
5315:Aung San Suu Kyi
5220:
5208:
5207:
5196:
5195:
5154:National symbols
4984:
4940:Opium production
4923:
4792:
4706:
4624:Konbaung dynasty
4526:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4484:
4414:, 8 August 2003.
4295:, 4 August 1988.
4259:, 4 August 1988.
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3859:
3853:
3833:
3827:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3783:
3777:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3746:
3743:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3671:
3668:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3515:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3467:
3464:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3409:
3406:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3374:
3365:
3359:
3346:
3335:
3332:
3321:
3318:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3275:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3254:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3042:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2912:Associated Press
2909:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2869:
2863:
2862:Steinberg (2002)
2860:
2851:
2848:Voice of America
2840:
2831:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2793:
2775:
2769:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2700:
2697:
2684:
2681:
2666:
2648:
2637:
2634:
2615:
2614:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2562:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2480:Depayin massacre
2457:
2442:
2339:student movement
2250:Aung San Suu Kyi
2223:English-language
2176:
2173:Aung San Suu Kyi
2114:
2000:
1900:Shwedagon Pagoda
1896:Aung San Suu Kyi
1736:
1516:police brutality
1467:status from the
1463:After receiving
1350:
1343:
1336:
1304:
1284:Aung San Suu Kyi
1261:
1193:
1154:
1143:2021 coup d'état
1135:New constitution
1123:
1095:
1033:
1023:
1003:
989:Aung San Suu Kyi
986:State Counsellor
941:election in 1990
933:Aung San Suu Kyi
867:central planning
819:Since 1962, the
768:
767:
766:
510:
508:
507:Myanmar conflict
498:
491:
484:
475:
406:Shwedagon Pagoda
392:
391:
361:Aung San Suu Kyi
320:
319:
318:
307:
306:
305:
276:
275:
215:Civil resistance
158:Police brutality
87:Aung San Suu Kyi
59:
49:Myanmar conflict
39:
21:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5180:
5159:Public holidays
5050:
5046:Sex trafficking
4969:
4908:
4846:Law enforcement
4777:
4753:Protected areas
4695:
4607:Toungoo dynasty
4582:Sagaing Kingdom
4557:Pyu city-states
4534:
4520:
4511:
4449:
4444:
4425:Wayback Machine
4408:Wayback Machine
4384:Washington Post
4373:Wayback Machine
4355:Wayback Machine
4337:Wayback Machine
4319:Wayback Machine
4289:Wayback Machine
4271:Wayback Machine
4253:Wayback Machine
4240:
4238:Further reading
4235:
4009:Odonian Press.
3945:
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3914:
3904:
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3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
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3844:Wayback Machine
3834:
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3509:
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3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:Clements (1992)
3486:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3396:Callahan (2001)
3395:
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3377:
3366:
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3011:
2998:
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2981:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2946:. 3 June 2021.
2938:
2937:
2933:
2929:Wintle, p. 338.
2928:
2924:
2917:Chicago Tribune
2910:
2906:
2896:
2892:
2885:Foreign Affairs
2880:Wayback Machine
2870:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2841:
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2822:Wayback Machine
2812:
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2498:
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2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2431:
2411:general amnesty
2266:
2246:Burma's history
2187:
2178:
2170:
2115:
2112:
1995:
1985:towards Burma.
1951:
1821:
1776:fired into the
1737:
1734:
1726:
1605:
1600:
1539:
1489:Southeast Asian
1461:
1383:
1363:
1354:
1302:
1259:
1226:Generation Wave
1191:
1152:
1141:
1139:Reforms of 2011
1137:
1133:
1121:
1093:
1031:
1026:
1001:
828:one-party state
796:, marches, and
778:
773:
764:
762:
760:
602:Northeast India
518:Armed conflicts
511:
506:
504:
502:
451:
431:
412:Downtown Yangon
381:
380:
379:
364:
343:
316:
314:
303:
301:
296:
254:Resignation of
151:Failure of the
126:
112:
103:
102:
35:
28:
23:
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4998:
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4960:Transportation
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4932:
4926:
4920:
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4909:
4907:
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4904:
4897:Prime Minister
4894:
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4877:
4876:
4875:
4865:
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4863:
4858:
4848:
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4834:Women's rights
4831:
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4801:
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4694:
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4686:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4649:Union of Burma
4646:
4641:
4636:
4634:Karenni States
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Kingdom of Ava
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4562:Thaton Kingdom
4559:
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4540:
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4510:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4465:
4460:
4448:
4447:External links
4445:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4415:
4398:
4387:
4380:
4362:
4344:
4326:
4325:, 2 July 1988.
4308:
4307:, August 2008.
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4017:
4003:
3985:
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3973:Asian Survey,
3967:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3927:on 2 June 2011
3912:
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2899:Ottawa Citizen
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2685:
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2609:
2589:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:၁၉၈၈ အရေးအခင်း
2532:
2517:
2508:၈၈၈၈ အရေးအခင်း
2495:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
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2462:
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2432:
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2427:
2329:was placed in
2286:Beyond Rangoon
2265:
2262:
2186:
2183:
2163:
2151:schoolchildren
2110:
2103:
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2100:
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2040:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
1994:
1991:
1967:Stephen Solarz
1959:United Nations
1950:
1947:
1894:On 26 August,
1884:office workers
1820:
1817:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1620:'s regime and
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1538:
1537:Ne Win resigns
1535:
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1382:
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1305:
1303:Related topics
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1008:
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949:military junta
937:military junta
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748:
740:Related topics
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590:post-2021 coup
587:
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230:Strike actions
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220:Demonstrations
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188:
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182:
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171:one-party rule
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141:currency notes
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2:
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5308:
5306:
5303:
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5300:1988 in Burma
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5265:1988 protests
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5230:
5227:
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5224:
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5034:
5032:
5029:
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5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:Ethnic groups
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
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4982:
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4859:
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4856:military rule
4854:
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4827:
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4728:Deforestation
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4707:
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4698:
4690:
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4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:2007 protests
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4659:8888 Uprising
4657:
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4645:
4642:
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4609:
4608:
4605:
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4600:
4598:
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4593:
4592:Prome Kingdom
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Pinya Kingdom
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:Pagan Kingdom
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4458:
4454:
4453:Voices of '88
4451:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4439:The Irrawaddy
4436:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4416:
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4409:
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4399:
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4338:
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4320:
4316:
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4309:
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4305:
4304:The Irrawaddy
4301:
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4225:
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4199:
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4186:Pluto Press.
4185:
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2699:Wintle (2007)
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2417:(NLD) in the
2416:
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2295:intellectuals
2290:
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2263:
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2259:
2255:
2251:
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2227:Burmese media
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2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:Regime change
2054:
2050:
2047:8888 Uprising
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:Military coup
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:(present-day
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:United States
1960:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
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1925:
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1909:
1908:Western world
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1598:Main protests
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1199:
1198:
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1192:Organizations
1189:
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1129:
1128:
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1119:
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1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:8888 Uprising
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1094:Mass protests
1091:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
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958:
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946:
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929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:common people
911:
907:
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895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:strengthening
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
804:(present-day
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:1988 Uprising
787:
783:
782:8888 Uprising
772:
771:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
741:
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730:
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91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
53:
50:
45:
42:8888 Uprising
40:
37:
33:
19:
5221:
5209:
5197:
5041:Prostitution
4996:Demographics
4935:Central bank
4824:Human rights
4804:Constitution
4658:
4639:British rule
4531:
4471:
4456:
4438:
4428:
4411:
4394:
4383:
4376:
4358:
4340:
4322:
4302:
4293:The Guardian
4292:
4274:
4262:AP. (1988).
4256:
4244:AP. (1988).
4229:
4215:
4211:
4197:
4183:
4169:
4155:
4148:
4144:
4130:
4123:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4088:
4084:
4070:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4027:
4020:
4006:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3955:
3948:
3947:
3943:Bibliography
3929:. Retrieved
3925:the original
3915:
3903:. Retrieved
3894:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3857:
3847:
3831:
3821:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3791:
3781:
3771:
3762:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3652:
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3627:the original
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3600:the original
3589:
3584:Maung (1999)
3580:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3483:
3446:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3392:
3368:
3363:
3353:
3334:Ghosh (2001)
3300:
3291:
3270:
3265:Smith (1999)
3235:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3187:Yitri (1989)
3183:
3174:
3143:
3134:
3098:. Retrieved
3083:
3059:. Retrieved
3024:
3014:19 September
3012:. Retrieved
3003:
2994:
2984:19 September
2982:. Retrieved
2973:
2964:
2954:19 September
2952:. Retrieved
2943:
2934:
2925:
2915:
2907:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2873:Burmese Days
2867:
2827:The Guardian
2825:
2809:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2728:
2718:
2599:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2569:
2560:
2535:
2520:
2499:
2383:Min Ko Naing
2367:
2327:Min Ko Naing
2307:human rights
2291:
2284:
2267:
2264:Significance
2243:
2216:
2188:
2179:
2169:
2165:
2140:
2117:
2107:
2073:Participants
2062:Organised by
1987:
1952:
1932:
1893:
1834:
1822:
1819:13–31 August
1814:
1802:
1795:
1739:
1728:
1635:
1614:
1540:
1520:
1499:
1493:
1462:
1413:
1409:
1396:black market
1384:
1364:
1289:Min Ko Naing
1102:
971:
957:house arrest
939:arranged an
930:
883:
879:superstition
864:Soviet-style
860:nationalised
825:totalitarian
818:
789:
785:
781:
779:
761:
739:
738:
734:2016–present
710:
709:
705:2021–present
694:
678:
677:
657:Coup d'états
656:
655:
607:
606:
578:2016–present
517:
359:
352:Lead figures
308:
300:
293:Trade unions
281:
280:
168:Totalitarian
125:(nationwide)
92:
78:
64:
47:Part of the
36:
4930:Agriculture
4768:Earthquakes
4629:Shan States
4468:8888 Photos
4158:Zed Books.
4059:Zed Books.
3633:21 November
3606:20 November
3441:Fink (2001)
3147:Lwin (1992)
2403:Nilar Thein
2359:high school
2309:activists.
2270:expatriates
1977:arrived in
1975:South Korea
1971:Philippines
1928:Philippines
1916:non-violent
1826:Maung Maung
1724:8–12 August
1718:martial law
1710:Sule Pagoda
1678:Sule Pagoda
1584:multi-party
1428:Insein Road
1236:Third Force
1122:Development
416:100,000 in
410:500,000 at
404:500,000 at
309:Government:
282:Opposition:
249:Concessions
238:Resulted in
191:Multi-party
71:in central
69:Sule Pagoda
5244:Categories
5139:Literature
5094:Censorship
5074:State Seal
4868:Parliament
4809:Corruption
4733:Ecoregions
4552:Prehistory
2582:8 February
2553:References
2446:Burma Navy
2347:imprisoned
2317:, another
2219:Khin Nyunt
2200:Kawthoolei
1881:government
1746:Christians
1603:1–7 August
1481:1967 riots
1294:Thein Sein
1032:Background
999:Background
906:housewives
751:combatants
746:ceasefires
442:Casualties
422:50,000 in
163:Corruption
137:Withdrawal
97:Win Maw Oo
5164:Tattooing
5124:Festivals
5119:Etymology
5026:Languages
5001:Education
4885:President
4814:Elections
4773:Volcanoes
4748:Mountains
4701:Geography
4689:Civil war
4679:2021 coup
4031:Routledge
2399:Ko Ko Gyi
2391:Htay Kywe
2315:Ko Ko Gyi
2311:Pyone Cho
2282:1995 film
2239:mutineers
2231:the right
2185:Aftermath
2120:Saw Maung
2067:Saw Maung
1949:September
1930:in 1986.
1865:musicians
1853:democracy
1742:Buddhists
1702:hospitals
1694:Sein Lwin
1654:air force
1618:Sein Lwin
1592:Sein Lwin
1580:Myitkyina
1527:Inya Lake
1512:activists
1508:Phone Maw
1500:Sanda Win
1444:dissident
1442:produced
1401:boycotted
1153:Elections
700:2007–2008
573:1991–1992
543:Karen–Mon
375:Saw Maung
194:democracy
131:Caused by
5199:Category
5174:Weddings
5134:Folklore
5104:Clothing
5084:Calendar
5079:Capitals
5031:Religion
4851:Military
4841:Conflict
4787:Politics
4763:Wildlife
4684:Protests
4518:articles
4429:BBC News
4421:Archived
4412:BBC News
4404:Archived
4369:Archived
4351:Archived
4333:Archived
4315:Archived
4285:Archived
4267:Archived
4249:Archived
3905:17 April
3899:Archived
3895:BBC News
3868:Archived
3840:Archived
3796:Archived
3094:Archived
3055:Archived
3008:Archived
3004:BBC News
2978:Archived
2948:Archived
2876:Archived
2818:Archived
2782:Archived
2733:Archived
2729:BBC News
2663:BBC News
2655:Archived
2576:Archived
2469:See also
2407:Ohn Than
2351:tortured
2343:arrested
2303:students
2274:Thailand
2258:Aung Gyi
2254:U Tin Oo
2235:the left
2143:students
2132:Tatmadaw
2111:—
2090:(SLORC)
2077:Tatmadaw
2065:General
2011:Location
1939:Aung Gyi
1912:Aung San
1889:Mandalay
1877:veterans
1845:Moulmein
1841:Taunggyi
1782:soldiers
1760:and the
1754:students
1733:—
1698:stadiums
1686:effigies
1670:hospital
1666:teachers
1662:officers
1646:Mandalay
1622:Tatmadaw
1552:Mandalay
1523:tear gas
1477:Aung Gyi
1449:Mandalay
1440:Mandalay
1274:Aung Gyi
978:Tatmadaw
973:The Lady
898:children
871:Buddhist
848:military
842:and the
812:and the
794:protests
788:and the
679:Protests
563:Rohingya
465:Arrested
457:Injuries
447:Death(s)
418:Mandalay
334:Tatmadaw
290:Students
177:and his
118:Location
83:Mandalay
5211:Commons
5109:Cuisine
5056:Culture
4979:Society
4955:Tourism
4918:Economy
4738:Islands
4723:Climate
4713:Borders
4544:History
4514:Myanmar
3802:15 June
2790:Reuters
2571:YouTube
2540:Burmese
2525:Burmese
2504:Burmese
2429:Gallery
2395:Mie Mie
2387:Mya Aye
2299:artists
2221:, held
2083:Outcome
2027:Myanmar
2015:Rangoon
1926:in the
1875:, army
1873:lawyers
1857:doctors
1810:looters
1790:protect
1770:Rangoon
1758:workers
1750:Muslims
1708:at the
1682:Rangoon
1674:Rangoon
1638:lawyers
1630:peacock
1626:Rangoon
1568:Pakokku
1560:Toungoo
1544:Rangoon
1436:Rangoon
1424:Rangoon
1260:Figures
1013:Myanmar
920:by the
910:doctors
890:Rangoon
854:became
846:of the
806:Myanmar
547:Kokang
468:Unknown
460:Unknown
270:Parties
204:Methods
93:3rd row
79:2nd row
73:Rangoon
65:1st row
5223:Portal
5099:Cinema
5089:Zodiac
5069:Anthem
5016:Health
4758:Rivers
4718:Cities
4516:
4222:
4204:
4190:
4176:
4162:
4137:
4115:
4077:
4063:
4037:
4013:
3999:
3962:
3931:15 May
3874:30 May
3594:Yeni.
3100:28 May
3061:28 May
2739:17 May
2607:
2373:. The
2355:killed
2353:, and
2335:leader
2323:prison
2319:leader
2305:, and
2155:killed
2149:, and
2113:Ne Win
2052:Motive
2023:Yangon
1943:Ne Win
1869:actors
1837:Sittwe
1714:Buddha
1690:Ne Win
1572:Mergui
1564:Sittwe
1531:raping
1473:ECOSOC
1371:Ne Win
1279:Tin Oo
976:. The
959:. The
886:Yangon
832:Ne Win
533:Kachin
424:Sittwe
400:Yangon
386:Number
370:Ne Win
256:Ne Win
198:Ne Win
175:Ne Win
5149:Music
5144:Media
5114:Dance
5036:Women
4991:Crime
4743:Lakes
4532:Burma
4457:Soros
2491:Notes
2278:Poems
2192:India
2153:were
2147:monks
2136:Burma
2128:SLORC
2044:Cause
2019:Burma
1979:Burma
1920:Burma
1904:Burma
1861:monks
1778:crowd
1762:young
1706:Monks
1650:monks
1642:monks
1576:Minbu
1556:Tavoy
1485:Burma
1392:kyats
1367:Burma
926:Burma
894:monks
869:with
852:Burma
802:Burma
798:riots
538:Karen
328:SLORC
225:Riots
187:Goals
123:Burma
5129:Flag
4902:list
4890:list
4829:LGBT
4395:TIME
4220:ISBN
4202:ISBN
4188:ISBN
4174:ISBN
4160:ISBN
4135:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4075:ISBN
4061:ISBN
4035:ISBN
4011:ISBN
3997:ISBN
3960:ISBN
3933:2011
3907:2011
3876:2016
3804:2016
3635:2011
3608:2011
3102:2021
3063:2021
3051:Mint
3016:2021
2986:2021
2956:2021
2741:2021
2605:ISBN
2584:2022
2361:and
2256:and
2212:KNLA
2034:Type
2003:Date
1973:and
1935:U Nu
1879:and
1843:and
1764:and
1700:and
1692:and
1668:and
1658:navy
1656:and
1640:and
1578:and
1548:Pegu
1438:and
1269:U Nu
1183:2020
1178:2015
1173:2012
1168:2010
1163:1990
912:and
877:and
873:and
780:The
729:2015
724:2013
719:2012
695:1988
690:1974
685:1962
673:2021
668:1988
663:1962
651:2018
646:2013
641:2010
636:2005
631:2003
626:1999
621:1983
616:1947
595:2023
585:Shan
568:1978
556:2015
551:2009
108:Date
5064:Art
2510:or
2196:NLD
1961:or
1849:red
1796:In
1788:to
1766:old
1688:of
1680:in
1644:in
1434:in
1420:RIT
800:in
173:of
139:of
5246::
4470:,
4455:,
4437:,
4427:,
4410:,
4393:,
4375:,
4357:,
4339:,
4321:,
4291:,
4273:,
4255:,
4149:69
4089:23
4050:47
4033:.
3975:29
3897:.
3893:.
3846:.
3820:.
3794:.
3790:.
3770:.
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3734:^
3675:^
3661:^
3566:^
3519:^
3471:^
3455:^
3413:^
3401:^
3378:^
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2171:—
2161:.
2145:,
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2017:,
1871:,
1867:,
1863:,
1859:,
1756:,
1752:,
1748:,
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1664:,
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