331:, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me, or this time I will send the full force of my plagues against you and against your officials and your people, so you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth. For by now I could have stretched out my hand and struck you and your people with a plague that would have wiped you off the earth. But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might show you my power and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth. You still set yourself against my people and will not let them go. Therefore, at this time tomorrow I will send the worst hailstorm that has ever fallen on Egypt, from the day it was founded till now. Give an order now to bring your livestock and everything you have in the field to a place of shelter, because the hail will fall on every man and animal that has not been brought in and is still out in the field, and they will die.
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538:), has been put forward in popular literature as confirmation of the biblical account, most notably because of its statement that "the river is blood" and its frequent references to servants running away; however, these arguments ignore the many points on which Ipuwer contradicts Exodus, such as Asiatics arriving in Egypt rather than leaving and the fact that the "river is blood" phrase probably refers to the red sediment colouring the Nile during disastrous floods, or is simply a poetic image of turmoil. Attempts to find natural explanations for the plagues (e.g., a volcanic eruption to explain the "darkness" plague) have been dismissed by biblical scholars on the grounds that their pattern, timing, rapid succession, and above all, control by Moses mark them as
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363:, the God of the Hebrews, says: 'How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go, I will bring locusts into your country tomorrow. They will cover the face of the ground so that it cannot be seen. They will devour what little you have left after the hail, including every tree that is growing in your fields. They will fill your houses and those of all your officials and all the Egyptians—something neither your fathers nor your forefathers have ever seen from the day they settled in this land till now.
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606:", takes a libretto entirely from scripture. The work was especially popular in the 19th century because of its numerous choruses, generally one for each plague, and its playful musical depiction of the plagues. For example, the plague of frogs is performed as a light aria for alto, depicting frogs jumping in the violins, and the plague of flies and lice is a light chorus with fast scurrying runs in the violins.
469:, composed in stages between the 7th and 6th centuries, mentions the "diseases of Egypt" (Deuteronomy 7:15 and 28:60). John Van Seters contends that this refers to something that afflicted the Israelites, not the Egyptians, and that Deuteronomy never specifies the plagues. Graham Davies, however, questions Van Seters' interpretation and argues that several verses in the book (e.g.
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584:, wherein exotic Egyptian themes found currency. Given the importance of noble patronage throughout Western art history, the plagues may have found consistent disfavor because the stories emphasize the limits of a monarch's power, and images of lice, locusts, darkness, and boils were ill-suited for decoration in palaces and churches.
438:'s blood above their doors in order that the Angel of Death will pass over them (i.e., that they will not be touched by the death of the firstborn). Pharaoh orders the Israelites to leave, taking whatever they want, and asks Moses to bless him in the name of the Lord. The passage goes on to state that the
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In this final version, the first nine plagues form three triads, each of which God introduces by informing Moses of the main lesson it will teach. In the first triad, the
Egyptians begin to experience the power of God; in the second, God demonstrates that he is directing events; and in the third, the
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says that Aaron turned the Nile to blood by striking it with his staff. Pharaoh's magicians used their secret arts to also strike the Nile, creating a second layer of blood. In addition to the Nile, all water that was held in reserve, such as jars, was also transformed into blood. The
Egyptians were
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The fourth plague of Egypt was of creatures capable of harming people and livestock. Exodus states that the plagues only came against the
Egyptians and did not affect the Hebrews. Pharaoh asked Moses to remove this plague and promised to grant the Israelites their freedom. However, after the plague
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Exodus states that God ordered frogs to emerge from the Nile, which then jumped around virtually everywhere in Egypt. The magicians attempted to produce frogs from their secret arts, conjuring up a second wave of frogs. Even the private quarters of
Pharaoh was infested with frogs. Three days passed
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says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go, I will plague your whole country with frogs. The Nile will teem with frogs. They will come up into your palace and your bedroom and onto your bed, into the houses of your officials and on your people, and into your
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says: "About midnight I will go throughout Egypt. Every firstborn son in Egypt will die, from the firstborn son of
Pharaoh, who sits on the throne, to the firstborn of the slave girl, who is at her hand mill, and all the firstborn of the cattle as well. There will be loud wailing throughout
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said to Moses, "Stretch out your hand toward the sky so that darkness will spread over Egypt—darkness that can be felt." So Moses stretched out his hand toward the sky, and total darkness covered all Egypt for three days. No one could see anyone else or leave his place for three
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before all the frogs died. The
Egyptians had to do much work to rid themselves of the corpses, and the land stank of frog for long afterwards. When the decision came for Pharaoh about the slaves, the Lord hardened his heart and Pharaoh decided that the slaves would not be freed.
1428:, p.476: "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt".
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In visual art, the plagues have generally been reserved for works in series, especially engravings. Still, relatively few depictions in art emerged compared to other religious themes until the 19th century, when the plagues became more common subjects, with
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said to Moses and Aaron, "Take handfuls of soot from a furnace and have Moses toss it into the air in the presence of
Pharaoh. It will become fine dust over the whole land of Egypt, and festering boils will break out on men and animals throughout the
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is not a historical account and that, while a small group of proto-Israelites may have originated from Egypt, it did not happen in the massive way the Bible describes. Some scholars also hold that the
Israelites originated in
163:: With the staff that is in my hands I will strike the water of the Nile, and it will be changed into blood. The fish in the Nile will die, and the river will stink and the Egyptians will not be able to drink its water.
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incomparability of Yahweh is displayed. Overall, the plagues are "signs and marvels" given by the God of Israel to answer
Pharaoh's taunt that he does not know Yahweh: "The Egyptians shall know that I am the L
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producing notable canvases. This trend probably reflected a
Romantic attraction to landscape and nature painting, for which the plagues were suited, a Gothic attraction to morbid stories, and a rise in
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seem to list only seven or eight plagues and order them differently. It appears that originally there were only seven, to which were added the third, sixth, and ninth, bringing the count to ten.
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does not give an accurate account of the origins of the Israelites and that, while a small group of proto-Israelites may have originated from Egypt, it did not happen in the massive way that the
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When Aaron stretched out his hand with the rod and struck the dust of the ground, lice came upon men and animals. All the dust throughout the land of Egypt became lice.
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rained hail on the land of Egypt; hail fell and lightning flashed back and forth. It was the worst storm in all the land of Egypt since it had become a nation.
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268:, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go and continue to hold them back, the hand of the L
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Enmarch, Roland (2011). "The Reception of a Middle Egyptian Poem: The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All". In Collier, M.; Snape, S. (eds.).
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will bring a terrible plague on your livestock in the field—on your horses and donkeys and camels and on your cattle and sheep and goats.
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Scholars are in broad agreement that the publication of the Torah took place in the mid-Persian period (the 5th century BCE). The
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describes. Some scholars have suggested that the story of the Plagues of Egypt might have been inspired by natural phenomena like
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forced to dig alongside the bank of the Nile, which still had pure water. One week passed before the plague dissipated.
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Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt."
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The traditional number of ten plagues is not actually mentioned in Exodus, and other sources differ;
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The so-called Deuteronomistic history : a sociological, historical, and literary introduction
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Greifenhagen, F.V. (2000). "Plagues of Egypt". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
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ovens and kneading troughs. The frogs will go up on you and your people and all your officials.
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Johnstone, William D. (2003). "Exodus". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.).
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Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience
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Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience
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Page from the Rothschild Haggadah depicting the plagues, from the collections of the
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Tigay, Jeffrey H. (2004). "Exodus". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).
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was gone, Pharaoh refused to keep his promise, as his heart was hardened by God.
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Before this final plague, God commands Moses to tell the Israelites to mark a
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Exodus 1-18: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary: Volume 2: Chapters 11-18
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Exodus 1-18: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary: Volume 1: Chapters 1-10
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sent thunder and hail, and lightning flashed down to the ground. So the L
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The Eighth Plague: "The Plague of Locusts", illustration from the 1890
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Perhaps the most successful artistic representation of the plagues is
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1665:. In Thomas E. Levy; Thomas Schneider; William H. C. Propp (eds.).
1619:. In Thomas E. Levy; Thomas Schneider; William H. C. Propp (eds.).
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Ten disasters inflicted by God on Egypt in the story of the Exodus
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The Bible After Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age
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The Second Plague: Frogs came up and covered the Sand of Egypt
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Egypt—worse than there has ever been or ever will be again."
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1617:"The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus"
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Handel's Bestiary: In Search of Animals in Handel's Operas
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Wild animals or flies harm Egyptians and their livestock
1335:. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.).
948:"08. The Meaning of the Ten Plagues – Peninei Halakha"
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Lamentations over the Death of the First-Born of Egypt
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Various sources use either "wild animals" or "flies".
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446:"passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt".
123:, although these theories are considered uncertain.
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384:Massacre of the Firstborn and Egyptian Darkness
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1478:. Rutherford. pp. 173–175. Archived from
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788:The Fifth Plague: Pestilence of livestock, by
259:Mass death of Egyptian livestock to pestilence
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111:The consensus of modern scholars is that the
40:: The death of the firstborns (including the
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1472:Ramesside Studies in Honour of K. A. Kitchen
985:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011).
891:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 1062.
219:Lice emerge from the ground and infest Egypt
1363:The Pentateuch: A Social Science Commentary
186:Frogs emerge from the Nile and infest Egypt
159:says: By this you will know that I am the L
44:'s son), and the Israelites leaving Egypt (
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1640:"Bitter Lives: Israel In And Out of Egypt"
1454:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWillems2010 (
283:Boils infect Egyptians and their livestock
1644:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
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291:The sixth plague: miniature out of the
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442:sacrifice recalls the time when the L
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1200:from the original on April 22, 2019
1170:from the original on April 18, 2019
1140:from the original on April 22, 2019
527:, written no earlier than the late
506:Sources and parallels of the Exodus
1110:from the original on April 2, 2020
988:Biblical History and Israel's Past
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1594:International Critical Commentary
1565:International Critical Commentary
147:The Nile becomes a river of blood
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1402:Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
1337:Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
1160:"Philo: On the Life of Moses, I"
888:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
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523:, although others disagree. The
100:". These Plagues are recited by
1642:. In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.).
1021:. Cambridge University Press.
52:, 1325–1374 CE, Barcelona via
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322:Thunderstorm of hail and fire
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1638:Redmount, Carol A. (2001) .
510:Scholars broadly agree that
374:Three days of total darkness
2187:Challah from Shmurah Matzah
1705:Kabbalah and the 10 Plagues
1661:Rendsburg, Gary A. (2015).
1646:. Oxford University Press.
1586:Davies, Graham I. (2020b).
1366:. Bloomsbury. p. 124.
1331:Rogerson, John W. (2003b).
1302:. London: T & T Clark.
771:James Jacques Joseph Tissot
137:Water Is Changed into Blood
88:to emancipate the enslaved
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2141:Eve of Passover on Shabbat
1789:White House Passover Seder
1557:Davies, Graham I. (2020).
933:. Oxford University Press.
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460:National Library of Israel
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2253:Egypt in the Hebrew Bible
1536:Collins, John J. (2005).
1360:Van Seters, John (2015).
1339:. Eerdmans. p. 154.
656:The Abominable Dr. Phibes
76:) are ten disasters that
2084:Flourless chocolate cake
529:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
450:Composition and theology
199:This is what the great L
1707:(www.kabbalaonline.org)
1615:Faust, Avraham (2015).
775:Jewish Museum, New York
546:Artistic representation
1909:Maxwell House Haggadah
1296:Römer, Thomas (2007).
1130:"Exodus 8 – LXX Bible"
1015:Meyers, Carol (2005).
929:The Jewish Study Bible
712:Exodus: Gods and Kings
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564:Charles Sprague Pearce
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2136:Fast of the Firstborn
1598:Bloomsbury Publishing
1569:Bloomsbury Publishing
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127:List of the disasters
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1904:Birds' Head Haggadah
1700:at Wikimedia Commons
1663:"Moses the Magician"
1504:Leon, Donna (2011).
803:The Seventh Plague:
648:The Ten Commandments
632:The Ten Commandments
536: 1991–1803 BCE
2278:Insects in religion
2273:Animals in religion
1924:Washington Haggadah
1440:, pp. 472–473.
1389:, pp. 107–108.
1196:. August 24, 2015.
767:The Plague of Flies
765:The Fourth Plague:
680:The Prince of Egypt
467:Book of Deuteronomy
48:Haggadah shel Pesaḥ
2283:Disasters in Egypt
2146:Passover sacrifice
1899:Amsterdam Haggadah
1822:Maror and Chazeret
1779:"Outstretched Arm"
1056:, p. 491–493.
834:The Ninth Plague:
640:The Moon of Israel
617:The Exodus Decoded
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419:This is what the L
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359:This is what the L
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264:This is what the L
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1696:Media related to
1676:978-3-319-04768-3
1630:978-3-319-04768-3
1607:978-0-567-68872-9
1578:978-0-567-68869-9
1309:978-0-567-03212-6
1190:"Beasts or Bugs?"
1134:Bible Study Tools
1100:"The Ten Plagues"
753:The Third Plague:
152:This is what the
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2175:Laws/customs
2166:Pesach Sheni
2063:Potato kugel
2046:Main courses
2018:René Neymann
2013:Manischewitz
1987:Matzah pizza
1883:Vehi Sheamda
1783:
1704:
1669:. Springer.
1666:
1643:
1623:. Springer.
1620:
1588:
1559:
1542:. Eerdmans.
1538:
1506:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1471:
1464:
1450:Willems 2010
1445:
1433:
1421:
1405:. Eerdmans.
1401:
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1387:Davies 2020b
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1326:
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1285:Exodus 12:27
1280:
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1230:Exodus 9:8–9
1225:
1219:Exodus 9:1–3
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1193:
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1172:. Retrieved
1163:
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1142:. Retrieved
1133:
1124:
1112:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1083:
1077:Exodus 8:1–4
1072:
1061:
1049:
1042:Collins 2005
1037:
1017:
991:. Eerdmans.
987:
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951:. Retrieved
928:
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840:Gustave Doré
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821:Holman Bible
790:Gustave Doré
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141:James Tissot
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84:to convince
65:
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29:
2151:Chol HaMoed
2124:Observances
2099:Marunchinos
1992:Matzoquiles
1982:Matzah meal
1972:Matzah brei
1967:Matzah ball
1784:Ten Plagues
1774:Ma Nishtana
1054:Davies 2020
853:Aaron's rod
805:John Martin
704:The Reaping
582:Orientalism
573:John Martin
500:Historicity
391: 1490
300: 1411
104:during the
86:the Pharaoh
2242:Categories
2089:Hadji bada
2079:Egg kichel
1962:Chremslach
1863:Chad Gadya
1764:The Exodus
1489:October 1,
1438:Faust 2015
1426:Faust 2015
1104:Chabad.org
968:Faust 2015
869:References
551:Visual art
521:Canaanites
512:the Exodus
398:Then the L
306:Then the L
295:, created
224:"And the L
192:See also:
90:Israelites
74:מכות מצרים
18:10 plagues
2197:Gebrochts
2161:Isru Chag
2117:Religious
2028:Rakusen's
2001:Companies
1204:April 22,
1174:April 22,
1144:April 22,
696:The Mummy
596:oratorio
482:Psalms 78
121:epidemics
82:Egyptians
2263:Passover
2192:Kitniyot
2104:Meringue
2094:Macaroon
2072:Desserts
2008:Streit's
1841:Haggadah
1812:Charoset
1759:Afikoman
1743:Passover
1318:80331961
1198:Archived
1168:Archived
1138:Archived
1114:April 8,
1108:Archived
953:April 1,
858:Jochebed
847:See also
836:Darkness
688:Magnolia
594:Handel's
440:passover
427:—
406:—
366:—
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314:—
275:—
239:—
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166:—
2206:Prayers
2182:Chametz
2156:Mimouna
2053:Brisket
1858:Adir Hu
1807:Beitzah
728:Gallery
604:Messiah
194:Va'eira
60:In the
42:Pharaoh
1955:Dishes
1947:Matzah
1868:Dayenu
1827:Zeroah
1817:Karpas
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863:Miriam
807:(1823)
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667:(1988)
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566:(1877)
517:Canaan
475:11:2–3
333:
311:land."
234:
230:
117:Tanakh
78:Yahweh
70:Hebrew
64:, the
2258:Moses
1938:Foods
1850:Songs
1799:Plate
1751:Seder
1483:(PDF)
1476:(PDF)
672:Moses
625:Films
588:Music
403:days.
335:The L
113:Torah
2058:Lamb
2033:Osem
1671:ISBN
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1491:2017
1456:help
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1314:OCLC
1304:ISBN
1206:2019
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1023:ISBN
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575:and
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102:Jews
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531:(
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