1031:
1072:(AD 81–96). Domitian's aggressive claim to divinity would have been rejected and resisted by Christians. Biblical scholar Paul Achtemeier believes that persecution of Christians by Domitian would have been in character, but points out that there is no evidence of official policy targeted specifically at Christians. If Christians were persecuted, it is likely to have been part of Domitian's larger policy suppressing all opposition to his self-proclaimed divinity. There are other scholars who explicitly dispute the idea of contextualizing 1 Peter within Domitian's reign. Duane Warden believes that Domitian's unpopularity even among Romans renders it highly unlikely that his actions would have great influence in the provinces, especially those under the direct supervision of the senate such as Asia (one of the provinces 1 Peter is addressed to).
971:
1088:
biblical scholar John Knox, the use of the word "name" in 4:14–16 is the "crucial point of contact" with that in Pliny's letter. In addition, many scholars in support of this theory believe that there is content within 1 Peter that directly mirrors the situation as portrayed in Pliny's letter. For instance, they interpret the exhortation to defend one's faith "with gentleness and reverence" in 3:15–16 as a response to Pliny executing
Christians for the obstinate manner in which they professed to be Christians. Generally, this theory is rejected mainly by scholars who read the suffering in 1 Peter to be caused by social, rather than official, discrimination.
812:(5:12). John Elliot disagrees, suggesting that the notion of Silvanus as secretary or author or drafter of 1 Peter introduces more problems than it solves, and claims that the Greek rendition of 5:12 suggests that Silvanus was not the secretary, but the courier/bearer of 1 Peter. Like English translations generally, the more recent NRSV (2021) translation of this verse from the Greek does not exclude understanding Silvanus as secretary: "Through Silvanus, whom I consider a faithful brother, I have written this short letter to encourage you and to testify that this is the true grace of God. Stand fast in it." Some see Mark as a contributive
542:
1048:
author explicitly urges the addressees to respect authority (2:13) and even honor the emperor (2:17), strongly suggesting that they were unlikely to be suffering from official Roman persecution. It is significant to him that the author notes that "your brothers and sisters in all the world are undergoing the same kinds of suffering" (5:9), indicating suffering that is worldwide in scope. Elliott sees this as grounds to reject the idea that the epistle refers to official persecution, because the first worldwide
1990:
2002:
464:
1978:
730:
1966:
476:
1840:
66:
1107:. Though interpretations vary, some theologians see this passage as referring to Jesus, after his death, going to a place (neither heaven nor hell in the ultimate sense) where the souls of pre-Christian people waited for the Gospel. The first creeds to mention the harrowing of hell were Arian formularies of
1007:
The
Petrine author writes of his addressees undergoing "various trials" (1 Peter 1:6), being "tested by fire" (which isn't a physical reference but a metaphor for a spiritual warfare; 1:7), maligned "as evildoers" (2:12) and suffering "for doing good" (3:17). Based on such internal evidence, biblical
751:
The authorship of 1 Peter has traditionally been attributed to the
Apostle Peter because it bears his name and identifies him as its author (1:1). Although the text identifies Peter as its author, the language, dating, style, and structure of this letter have led most scholars to conclude that it is
1047:
Some scholars believe that the sufferings the epistle's addressees were experiencing were social in nature, specifically in the form of verbal derision. Internal evidence for this includes the use of words like "malign" (2:12; 3:16), and "reviled" (4:14). Biblical scholar John
Elliott notes that the
1087:
concerning the delation of
Christians reflects the situation faced by the addressees of this epistle. In Pliny's letter, written in AD 112, he asks Trajan if the accused Christians brought before him should be punished based on the name 'Christian' alone, or for crimes associated with the name. For
955:
The author counsels (1) to steadfastness and perseverance under persecution (1–2:10); (2) to the practical duties of a holy life (2:11–3:13); (3) he adduces the example of Christ and other motives to patience and holiness (3:14–4:19); and (4) concludes with counsels to pastors and people (chap. 5).
807:
Others argue that it makes little sense to ascribe the work to Peter when it could have been ascribed to Paul. Alternatively, one theory supporting legitimate
Petrine authorship of 1 Peter is the "secretarial hypothesis", which suggests that 1 Peter was dictated by Peter and was written in Greek by
948:
in Asia Minor. The order in which the provinces are listed may reflect the route to be taken by the messenger who delivered the circular letter. The recipients of this letter are referred to in 1:1 as "exiles of the
Dispersion". In 1:17, they are urged to "live in reverent fear during the time of
1019:
A number of verses in the epistle contain possible clues about the reasons
Christians experienced opposition. Exhortations to live blameless lives (2:15; 3:9, 13, 16) may suggest that the Christian addressees were accused of immoral behavior, and exhortations to civil obedience (2:13–17) perhaps
775:
in AD 81, which is when he believes widespread
Christian persecution began, which is long after the death of Peter. More recent scholars such as Travis Williams say that the persecution described does not appear to be describing official Roman persecutions after Peter's death, thus not directly
823:
are convinced that the language, dating, literary style, and structure of this text makes it implausible to conclude that 1 Peter was written by Peter. According to these scholars, it is more likely that 1 Peter is a pseudonymous letter, written later by an unknown
Christian in his name.
949:
your exile". The social makeup of the addressees of 1 Peter is debatable because some scholars interpret "strangers" (1:1) as Christians longing for their home in heaven, some interpret it as literal "strangers", or as an Old Testament adaptation applied to Christian believers.
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On the other hand, scholars who support the official persecution theory take the exhortation to defend one's faith (3:15) as a reference to official court proceedings. They believe that these persecutions involved court trials before Roman authorities, and even executions.
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1102:
The author refers to Jesus, after his death, proclaiming to spirits in prison (3:18–20). This passage, and a few others (such as Matthew 27:52 and Luke 23:43), are the basis of the traditional Christian belief in the descent of Christ into hell, or the
832:, allusions to several historical sayings of Jesus indicative of eyewitness testimony (e.g., compare Luke 12:35 with 1 Peter 1:13, Matthew 5:16 with 1 Peter 2:12, and Matthew 5:10 with 1 Peter 3:14), and early attestation of Peter's authorship found in
779:
Another dating issue is the reference to "Babylon" in chapter 5 verse 13, generally agreed to be a claim the letter was written from Rome. It is believed that the identification of Rome with Babylon, the ancient enemy of the Jews, only came after the
827:
On the other hand, some scholars argue that there is enough evidence to conclude that Peter did, in fact, write 1 Peter. For instance, there are similarities between 1 Peter and Peter's speeches in the Biblical
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While the new Christians have encountered oppression and hostility from locals, Peter advises them to maintain loyalty both to their religion and the Roman Empire (1 Peter 2:17).
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However, scholars differ on the nature of persecution inflicted on the addressees of 1 Peter. Some read the epistle to be describing persecution in the form of social
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Most scholars believe that 1 Peter is pseudonymous (written anonymously in the name of a well-known figure) and was produced during postapostolic times.
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Also often advanced as a possible context for 1 Peter is the trials and executions of Christians in the Roman province of Bithynia-Pontus under
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quoting 1 Peter 2:21 — "To this you were called, because Christ suffered for you, leaving you an example, that you should follow in his steps."
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pseudonymous. Many scholars argue that Peter was not the author of the letter because its writer appears to have had a formal education in
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1016:", is a continuing theme in Christianity, and one considered by most theologians to be enigmatic and difficult to interpret.
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840:(AD 70–140), all supporting genuine Petrine origin. Ultimately, the authorship of 1 Peter remains contested.
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scholar John Elliott summarizes the addressees' situation as one marked by undeserved suffering. Verse
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784:. Other scholars doubt Petrine authorship because they are convinced that 1 Peter is dependent on the
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1 Peter 3:1 instructs women to submit to their husbands, echoing the instructions in the
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The original manuscript of this letter is lost, as are several centuries of copies. The
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rejects Petrine authorship because 1 Peter was most likely written during the reign of
768:
710:. The ending of the letter includes a statement that implies that it was written from “
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944:. The five areas listed in 1:1 as the geographical location of the first readers were
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Persecution in 1 Peter: Differentiating and Contextualizing Early Christian Suffering
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2006:
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729:
468:
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1853:
1690:
Downing, F Gerald. "Pliny's Prosecutions of Christians: Revelation and 1 Peter".
852:. The oldest surviving manuscripts that contain some or all of this book include:
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643:
3092:
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2515:
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2342:
2118:
1661:
Warden, Duane. "Imperial Persecution and the Dating of 1 Peter and Revelation".
867:
532:
1977:
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The authenticity and authorship by Peter of the First Epistle of Peter defended
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1528:, New International Biblical Commentary (Peabody, MA: Henrickson, 1992), 1–3.
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1965:
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Ernst R. Wendland, “Stand Fast in the True Grace of God! A Study of 1 Peter"
1594:. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. University of Chicago.
793:
475:
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uses the following outline to structure the literary divisions of 1 Peter:
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officially meted by Rome did not occur until the persecution initiated by
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2673:
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2012:
1914:
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1 Peter is addressed to the "elect resident aliens" scattered throughout
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One common supposition is that 1 Peter was written during the reign of
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761:
711:
152:
1713:
Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church
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2963:
2347:
2212:
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Knox, John. "Pliny and I Peter: A Note on I Peter 4:14–16 and 3:15".
1084:
1053:
83:
1546:
Lane, Dennis; Schreiner, Thomas (2016). "Introduction to 1 Peter".
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2123:
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809:
792:'s ministry because it shares many of the same motifs espoused in
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imply that they were accused of disloyalty to governing powers.
715:
2216:
2016:
1641:. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 16–17.
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ruling out an early date for the composition of the epistle.
65:
1115:(360). It spread through the west and later appeared in the
1754:
1 Peter: a new translation with introduction and commentary
1639:
Reading 1–2 Peter and Jude : A Resource for Students
1524:(Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2011) 18. Norman Hillyer,
1079:. Scholars who support this theory believe that a famous
1898:
BibleProject Animated Overview (Evangelical Perspective)
1735:
Cross, F. L. 2005, ed. "Descent of Christ into Hell."
1468:: Anchor Bible Commentary. Yale University Press. 2001.
1447:
1445:
1620:"Preached to the spirits in prison: I Peter iii:18–20"
1602:
1600:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1954:
1368:
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1364:
36:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 26
3144:
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2472:
2456:
2254:
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2153:
2137:
2091:
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1027:, while some read them to be official persecution.
1413:
1806:Online translations of the First Epistle of Peter
30:"1 Pet." redirects here. For the first volume of
1709:"Persecution in the Early Church: Did You Know?"
1731:
1729:
1663:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
1146:Textual variants in the First Epistle of Peter
2228:
2028:
1871:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
1737:The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church
1673:
1671:
1207:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 1014.
1182:. It is most commonly abbreviated as "1 Pet."
1034:English translation of 1 Peter from the 1578
816:in the composition and writing of the work.
679:
501:
8:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1497:Mark As Contributive Amanuensis of 1 Peter?
2469:
2235:
2221:
2213:
2035:
2021:
2013:
1902:
1692:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
686:
672:
519:
508:
494:
42:
1404:
1402:
736:; the left page shows the end of 1 Peter.
1637:Mason, Eric F.; Martin, Troy W. (2014).
1577:, Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 316.
1477:
1389:
850:text of the surviving manuscripts varies
1961:
1772:Williams, Travis B. (1 November 2012),
1606:
1575:The Early Versions of the New Testament
1372:
1194:
1167:
819:On the one hand, some scholars such as
619:
548:
531:
54:
1550:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. p. 2401.
7:
1739:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1586:W. R. F. Browning. 10 May 2012. "
74:, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9
3167:Other books referenced in the Bible
3126:New Testament manuscript categories
1536:(Grand Rapids: Baker, 2005), 14–19.
1324:"24. Apocalyptic and Accommodation"
1043:Social discrimination of Christians
2697:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
1453:New Interpreter's Bible Commentary
1243:from the original on 21 April 2022
1060:Official persecution of Christians
782:destruction of the Temple in AD 70
747:Authorship of the Petrine epistles
718:. The letter is addressed to the "
25:
1814:1 Peter Bible Text, Study notes,
1262:Moyise, Steve (9 December 2004).
1221:from the original on 3 June 2021.
1174:The book is sometimes called the
726:suffering religious persecution.
706:. The author presents himself as
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1838:
1764:Eerdmans Commentary of the Bible
1129:First Epistle to the Corinthians
540:
474:
462:
64:
3182:Biblical and Quranic narratives
1564:, Vol. 50, Jude – 2 Peter, Waco
1455:, 1 Peter. Abingdon Press. 1998
720:chosen pilgrims of the diaspora
714:”, which may be a reference to
1679:Journal of Biblical Literature
1268:. A&C Black. p. 116.
995:Steadfast in Faith (4:12–5:11)
70:Papyrus 46, one of the oldest
1:
989:God's Holy People (1:13–2:10)
719:
1265:The Old Testament in the New
844:Oldest surviving manuscripts
1854:Multiple bible versions at
1846:public domain audiobook at
1522:First and Second Peter Jude
788:and thus was written after
3267:
3162:English Bible translations
2550:Song of the Three Children
1624:Christian Monthly Standard
1289:Stephen L. Harris (1992).
1233:"Bible Book Abbreviations"
1095:
744:
29:
3200:
2197:American Standard Version
1943:
1930:
1922:
1905:
1879:Easton's Bible Dictionary
1825:Early Christian writings:
1592:A Dictionary of the Bible
1335:. Accessed 22 July 2013.
1295:. Mayfield. p. 388.
1050:persecution of Christians
992:Life in Exile (2:11–4:11)
898:Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
428:New Testament manuscripts
27:Book of the New Testament
1762:Stanton, Graham (2003),
998:Final Greeting (5:12–14)
3024:Intertestamental period
1907:First Epistle of Peter
1756:, Yale University Press
1494:Moon, Jongyoon (2009).
1337:Lecture 24 (transcript)
1292:Understanding the Bible
1141:Second Epistle of Peter
1123:Submissiveness of women
1111:(359), Nike (360), and
481:Christianity portal
3236:First Epistle of Peter
3008:Apocalyptic literature
2645:Paralipomena of Baruch
2044:First Epistle of Peter
1883:First Epistle of Peter
1859:(NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
1752:Elliott, John (2000),
1588:Peter, first letter of
1358:. Fortress Press. 1996
1083:from Pliny to Emperor
1039:
986:Praise to God (1:3–12)
979:
767:New Testament scholar
737:
700:First Epistle of Peter
3246:Petrine-related books
3172:Additional Scriptures
3136:New Testament uncials
2202:World English Version
1562:Word Bible Commentary
1560:Bauckham, RJ (1983),
1176:First Letter of Peter
1092:The Harrowing of Hell
1033:
973:
732:
3157:Bible version debate
3131:New Testament papyri
3077:Samaritan Pentateuch
2702:Testament of Abraham
2640:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
1237:Logos Bible Software
836:(AD 60–160) and the
438:Johannine literature
139:Acts of the Apostles
72:New Testament papyri
3241:New Testament books
3099:Muratorian fragment
3034:New Testament canon
3029:Old Testament canon
2922:Chapters and verses
2540:Additions to Daniel
2506:Additions to Esther
1707:Ferguson, Everett.
1526:1 and 2 Peter, Jude
595:Incident at Antioch
423:New Testament canon
2712:Testament of Jacob
2707:Testament of Isaac
2592:Prayer of Manasseh
2555:Bel and the Dragon
2535:Letter of Jeremiah
2192:King James Version
1939:Books of the Bible
1573:Bruce M. Metzger,
1354:Achtemeier, Paul.
1040:
980:
974:Gravestone in the
892:Codex Alexandrinus
838:letters of Clement
738:
349:Book of Revelation
3251:Catholic epistles
3223:
3222:
3192:Textual criticism
2755:
2754:
2679:Psalms of Solomon
2622:Orthodox Tewahedo
2210:
2209:
2145:Spirits in prison
1953:
1952:
1944:Succeeded by
1936:
1834:at GospelHall.org
1785:978-90-04-24189-3
1507:978-3-643-10428-1
1451:Bartlett, David,
1435:978-0-06-201262-3
1356:Peter 1 Hermeneia
1302:978-1-55934-083-0
1275:978-0-567-08199-5
1214:978-1-4335-6343-0
1151:Spirits in prison
1105:harrowing of hell
1098:Harrowing of Hell
1077:Pliny the Younger
1014:Spirits in prison
870:(3rd/4th century)
864:(3rd/4th century)
802:Pastoral Epistles
708:Peter the Apostle
702:is a book of the
696:
695:
585:Vision of a sheet
518:
517:
448:Pastoral epistles
281:Catholic epistles
16:(Redirected from
3258:
3072:Dead Sea Scrolls
3054:Dating the Bible
2932:Historical books
2569:Eastern Orthodox
2482:Eastern Orthodox
2470:
2463:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2187:Wycliffe Version
2161:Textual variants
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2014:
2005:
2004:
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1923:Preceded by
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1850:Various versions
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1766:, Wm.B. Eerdmans
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1500:. Münster: LIT.
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983:Greeting (1:1–2)
886:Codex Sinaiticus
790:Paul the Apostle
786:Pauline epistles
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560:Walking on water
544:
520:
510:
503:
496:
479:
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469:Bible portal
467:
466:
465:
433:Synoptic Gospels
403:Petrine epistles
390:Pauline epistles
165:Pauline epistles
96:Four Evangelists
68:
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32:Peters's Reports
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3257:
3256:
3255:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3196:
3140:
3058:
3049:Christian canon
3012:
2947:Prophetic books
2910:
2841:2 Thessalonians
2836:1 Thessalonians
2751:
2718:
2683:
2654:
2616:
2575:
2561:
2489:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2211:
2206:
2165:
2149:
2133:
2087:
2046:
2041:
2011:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1937:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1866:
1839:
1808:
1803:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1548:ESV Study Bible
1545:
1544:
1540:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1410:Ehrman, Bart D.
1408:
1407:
1400:
1388:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1342:
1333:Yale University
1323:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1215:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1137:
1125:
1117:Apostles' Creed
1100:
1094:
1062:
1045:
1005:
962:
946:Roman provinces
926:
917:León palimpsest
880:Codex Vaticanus
846:
808:his secretary,
749:
743:
692:
514:
485:
473:
463:
461:
453:
452:
418:
417:
408:
407:
399:
383:
379:Johannine works
366:
365:
354:
353:
340:
337:
326:
305:
277:
269:
253:
237:
233:2 Thessalonians
228:1 Thessalonians
221:
205:
189:
160:
159:
144:
143:
128:
125:
91:
90:
75:
56:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3187:Synod of Hippo
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Masoretic Text
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2957:Minor prophets
2954:
2952:Major prophets
2944:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2730:Pseudepigrapha
2726:
2724:
2723:Classification
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Psalms 152–155
2665:
2663:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:1–2 Chronicles
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2252:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1884:
1875:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1844:Bible: 1 Peter
1836:
1828:
1822:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:External links
1799:
1798:
1797:
1784:
1769:
1759:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1725:
1699:
1683:
1667:
1654:
1647:
1629:
1611:
1596:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1538:
1530:Karen H. Jobes
1513:
1506:
1486:
1470:
1464:Elliot, John.
1457:
1441:
1434:
1398:
1377:
1360:
1340:
1311:
1301:
1281:
1274:
1254:
1224:
1213:
1193:
1191:
1188:
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1166:
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1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1113:Constantinople
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1061:
1058:
1044:
1041:
1025:discrimination
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
976:Czech Republic
965:David Bartlett
961:
958:
925:
922:
921:
920:
913:
912:
908:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
858:
857:
845:
842:
821:Bart D. Ehrman
769:Graham Stanton
745:Main article:
742:
739:
694:
693:
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690:
683:
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668:
665:
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663:
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582:
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567:
562:
554:
553:
546:
545:
537:
536:
529:
528:
527:of articles on
516:
515:
513:
512:
505:
498:
490:
487:
486:
484:
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471:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
445:
435:
430:
425:
419:
416:Related topics
415:
414:
413:
410:
409:
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386:
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329:
327:
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324:
319:
314:
308:
306:
304:
303:
298:
292:
290:
284:
283:
276:
275:
270:
268:
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262:
256:
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251:
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240:
238:
236:
235:
230:
224:
222:
220:
219:
214:
208:
206:
204:
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198:
192:
190:
188:
187:
182:
176:
174:
168:
167:
161:
151:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
135:
134:
127:
126:
124:
123:
118:
113:
108:
102:
99:
98:
92:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
69:
61:
60:
52:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3263:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:2 Corinthians
2802:
2800:
2799:1 Corinthians
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2761:New Testament
2758:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:New Testament
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2650:Broader canon
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:Song of Songs
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:Old Testament
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Latin Vulgate
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:Terms/Phrases
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:New Testament
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1856:Bible Gateway
1852:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
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1800:
1787:
1781:
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1776:
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1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:Williams 2012
1474:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:HarperCollins
1420:. HarperOne,
1418:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:Williams 2012
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1204:ESV Pew Bible
1198:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1002:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
981:
977:
972:
968:
966:
959:
957:
953:
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
919:(7th century)
918:
915:
914:
910:
909:
906:(7th century)
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
876:(4th century)
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
855:
854:
853:
851:
843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
825:
822:
817:
815:
811:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
777:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
748:
740:
735:
731:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:New Testament
701:
689:
684:
682:
677:
675:
670:
669:
667:
666:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
623:
618:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
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3110:Vetus Latina
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3044:Jewish canon
3039:Antilegomena
2941:Poetic Books
2937:Wisdom books
2915:Subdivisions
2875:
2828:
2533: /
2458:Deuterocanon
2378:Lamentations
2358:Ecclesiastes
2265:(protocanon)
2256:Hebrew Bible
2104:Jesus Christ
2043:
1971:Christianity
1947:Second Peter
1931:
1910:
1878:
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1855:
1832:Online Bible
1831:
1789:, retrieved
1774:
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1746:Bibliography
1736:
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1712:
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1607:Elliott 2000
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1245:. Retrieved
1236:
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927:
847:
830:book of Acts
826:
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766:
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642:
604:
535:in the Bible
295:
55:Books of the
40:
31:
3215:WikiProject
3093:Diatessaron
3064:Manuscripts
3017:Development
2819:Philippians
2689:Beta Israel
2607:4 Maccabees
2602:3 Maccabees
2516:2 Maccabees
2511:1 Maccabees
2293:Deuteronomy
1480:, pp.
1424:. pp.
1392:, pp.
1319:Dale Martin
1056:in AD 250.
868:Papyrus 125
764:fisherman.
580:Restoration
212:Philippians
3230:Categories
3152:Authorship
3082:Septuagint
2927:Pentateuch
2906:Revelation
2830:Laodiceans
2824:Colossians
2313:1–2 Samuel
2177:Greek Text
2073:Cappadocia
1995:Literature
1820:audio link
1718:8 February
1681:72:3. 1953
1665:34:2. 1991
1190:References
938:Cappadocia
904:Papyrus 74
874:Papyrus 81
862:Papyrus 72
814:amanuensis
800:, and the
798:Colossians
758:philosophy
741:Authorship
734:Papyrus 72
724:Asia Minor
655:In Judaism
644:Quo vadis?
590:Liberation
565:Confession
363:Authorship
343:Apocalypse
217:Colossians
157:Apocalypse
132:Lukan Acts
2991:Johannine
2851:2 Timothy
2846:1 Timothy
2814:Ephesians
2809:Galatians
2597:Psalm 151
2465:apocrypha
2443:Zechariah
2433:Zephaniah
2318:1–2 Kings
2283:Leviticus
1874:: 1 Peter
1812:NET Bible
1778:, Brill,
900:(ca. 450)
894:(400–440)
888:(330–360)
882:(325–350)
794:Ephesians
374:Luke-Acts
249:2 Timothy
244:1 Timothy
201:Ephesians
196:Galatians
18:1 Peter 5
3205:Category
3104:Peshitta
3001:Catholic
2996:Pastoral
2981:Epistles
2974:Synoptic
2861:Philemon
2674:2 Baruch
2661:Peshitta
2635:Jubilees
2587:2 Esdras
2582:1 Esdras
2477:Catholic
2428:Habakkuk
2373:Jeremiah
2353:Proverbs
2333:Nehemiah
2129:Silvanus
2068:Bithynia
1983:Religion
1848:LibriVox
1412:(2011).
1247:21 April
1241:Archived
1219:Archived
1135:See also
1070:Domitian
942:Bithynia
924:Audience
911:In Latin
856:In Greek
810:Silvanus
773:Domitian
762:Galilean
754:rhetoric
660:In Islam
600:Epistles
525:a series
523:Part of
442:epistles
265:Philemon
153:Epistles
48:a series
46:Part of
3177:Studies
3145:Related
3116:Vulgate
2986:Pauline
2964:Gospels
2881:2 Peter
2876:1 Peter
2866:Hebrews
2769:Matthew
2659:Syriac
2545:Susanna
2448:Malachi
2408:Obadiah
2383:Ezekiel
2288:Numbers
2273:Genesis
2246:of the
2170:Sources
2154:Related
2099:Abraham
2092:Persons
2078:Galatia
2063:Babylon
1957:Portals
1915:Epistle
1912:General
1892:1 Peter
1827:1 Peter
1818:, with
1791:1 April
1534:1 Peter
1466:1 Peter
1329:YouTube
1180:1 Peter
1109:Sirmium
1003:Context
960:Outline
934:Galatia
834:2 Peter
712:Babylon
650:Primacy
610:2 Peter
605:1 Peter
549:In the
395:Hebrews
301:2 Peter
296:1 Peter
273:Hebrews
106:Matthew
84:Gospels
3210:Portal
3087:Targum
2896:3 John
2891:2 John
2886:1 John
2794:Romans
2747:Jewish
2572:Others
2531:Baruch
2526:Sirach
2521:Wisdom
2501:Judith
2486:Others
2438:Haggai
2388:Daniel
2368:Isaiah
2348:Psalms
2338:Esther
2303:Judges
2298:Joshua
2278:Exodus
2083:Pontus
2051:Places
1782:
1697:. 1988
1645:
1504:
1432:
1416:Forged
1299:
1272:
1211:
1085:Trajan
1081:letter
1054:Decius
930:Pontus
575:Denial
322:3 John
317:2 John
312:1 John
172:Romans
34:, see
2871:James
2856:Titus
2630:Enoch
2496:Tobit
2423:Nahum
2418:Micah
2413:Jonah
2393:Hosea
2248:Bible
2244:Books
2124:Sarah
2119:Peter
2007:Books
1926:James
1881:1897:
1864:Other
1816:Greek
1426:65–77
1162:Notes
722:" in
633:Sword
628:Cross
620:Other
533:Peter
288:James
260:Titus
2969:List
2901:Jude
2789:Acts
2784:John
2779:Luke
2774:Mark
2735:list
2612:Odes
2403:Amos
2398:Joel
2328:Ezra
2308:Ruth
2114:Noah
2109:Mark
2058:Asia
1793:2013
1780:ISBN
1720:2024
1643:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1249:2022
1209:ISBN
1155:3:19
1010:3:19
756:and
716:Rome
698:The
638:Tomb
333:Jude
155:and
121:John
116:Luke
111:Mark
88:Acts
86:and
2462:and
2343:Job
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1482:25–
1394:28–
1327:on
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