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officers and men. Commando soldiers received extra pay from which they had to find their own accommodation whenever they were in
Britain. They trained in amphibious and cliff assault, artillery observer, CQB/CQC, cold-weather warfare, combat and patrolling techniques in urban areas, commando style raids, counter-ambushes, demolition, gathering field intelligence, infiltrating, learning about the toxic environment from chemical weapons to protect when operations, marksmanship, motor vehicle operations, mountain warfare, orienteering, physical fitness, reconnaissance tactics, SERE, signalling, silent killing, tactical emergency medical, tracking tactics, use a map and compass, and weapons (including the use of captured enemy small-arms). Many officers,
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15,000 tons of shipping and all German installations were destroyed, as well as warehouses, dockyards and fish-oil processing plants. 98 Germans were taken prisoner along with 4 'Quislings', 77 Norwegians also decided to come with them back to
Britain. The German garrison had around 150 killed, the British lost 19 men and 57 wounded and the Norwegian force lost 1 man and 2 wounded. The after-effects of the raid had far reaching consequences, as the Germans took reprisals against the Norwegian population which prompted protests from the Norwegian King
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604:. The force made an unopposed landing and generally continued to meet no opposition. They achieved their objective of destroying fish-oil factories and some 3,600 tonnes (800,000 gallons) of oil and glycerine (some of the oil being destined for use in munitions) Through naval gunfire and demolition parties, 18,000 tons of shipping was sunk. Perhaps the most significant outcome of the raid, however, was the capture of a set of rotor wheels for an
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847:. No 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando was formed in January 1942 and included Nos 1 and 8 Troops (French), 4 Troop (Belgian), Dutch Troop, Norwegian Troop, Polish Troop, X Troop (German and Austrian, Hungarians and Greeks), Yugoslav Troop, which often served detached in other theatres. In August 1942 they were involved in the Dieppe raid. They also took part in the Normandy Landings and fought across North Western Europe.
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570:
29:
1067:. With complete disregard for his own safety, Cpl Harden rescued two of his wounded comrades from a field that was under heavy machine gun and mortar fire. During this action he was wounded himself a couple of times. In his attempt to rescue a third person, he was mortally wounded and died instantly. This all happened in the little town of Brachterbeek, in the province of
758:
the GOEBBELS Battery via
Bernevall and engaged their target with small-arms fire. Unable to destroy the guns, their sniping of the crews prevented the guns from firing effectively on the main assault. Thus, a handful of determined British soldiers neutralised the most dangerous German coastal battery in the area of the raid for the most critical period of the operation.
1151:, which resulted in some heavy fighting in the woods beyond. A serious situation was averted by a spirited counter-attack by No.6 Commando. When "...the hunting horns sounded and led by Lieut. Colonel A. C. Lewis, the Commando charged forward through the trees at a fast double and with bayonets fixed".
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1st
Special Service Brigade returned to England on 8–9 September 1944, landing at Southampton and Gosport. During this period new volunteers were recruited and trained. No.4 Commando was later sent back to the continent to take over from the shattered 46 (RM) Commando, which was down to a strength of
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island. The commandos were split into five groups, one landed to the west of South Vågsøy to secure the area and then moved up to the town. The second group landed to the north of the town to prevent German reinforcements getting in. The third group landed on Måløy to deal with the guns and garrison
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searchlights and tracer fire from machine guns. General Patton had earlier put the US 5th
Infantry Division across the Rhine by initiating an amphibious crossing near Oppenheim, south of Mainz—a day earlier than planned—thus drawing off German reinforcements and reducing the opposition to the main
757:
1 combined to drive off the German boats, but the Group was dispersed, with some losses. The enemy's coastal defences were also alerted. Only a handful of commandos under the Second in
Command, Major Peter Young, landed and scaled the barbed wire-laced cliffs. 18 Commandos reached the perimeter of
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No. 4 Commando was tasked with landing on the extreme right flank; they landed in force and destroyed their targets, providing the only big success of the operation. Most of No 4 returned safely to
England. This portion of the raid was considered a model for future commando operations. Lord Lovat
422:
Initially, each 'Commando' was to consist of a headquarters plus ten troops of 50 men each, including three officers; this changed in 1941 to six troops of 65 men per
Commando, including a Heavy Weapons Troop. Each Commando unit was initially responsible for the selection and training of its own
677:
The German garrison in the town was larger than expected and reinforcements had to be requested from the group to the west, from the floating reserve and from elements of the group on Måløy. House-to-house fighting ensued, but by 1345 hours it was over and the force re-embarked soon afterwards;
886:
The 1st
Special Service Brigade, under the command of Brigadier Lord Lovat, were piped ashore in the second wave led by No 4 Commando with the two French Troops first, as agreed amongst themselves. The British and French personnel of No. 4 Commando had separate targets in
724:'s mission, with No. 3 Commando, was to neutralize a German coastal battery (code named GOEBBELS), near Berneval on the extreme left flank. This battery could engage the landing at Dieppe, some six kilometres to the west. The three 170 mm and four 105 mm guns of
414:
Divisions would be disbanded and used to raise the new
Commando units along with other men who had seen service in Norway and elsewhere. Subsequent recruiting for the Commandos was also conducted in the various theatres of war and among foreign nationals joining the
915:
tank. The British Commandos achieved both battery objectives only to find that the guns had been removed. Leaving the mopping-up to the infantry, the Commandos withdrew from Ouistreham to join other units in their brigade, moving inland to join-up with the
1024:, by 6th Airborne Division. No.4 Commando led with Nos.3, 45 and 6 following. The Brigade infiltrated the enemy line and reached their objective before the Germans realized it. There were four counter-attacks throughout the day but the brigade held firm.
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The Brigade's next large-scale operation was the crossing of the river Rhine at Wesel. Intensive training and detailed planning were the keys to the remarkable success of Operation Plunder on 23 March, which incurred less than 100 casualties.
946:, which had been obstinately defended by men of the British 6th Airborne Division who had landed in the early hours. The commandos arrived later than expected by about an hour and a half, for which Lord Lovat apologised to Lieutenant Colonel
962:. Despite rushing across in small groups, twelve men were killed by sniper fire, mostly shot in the head; the men crossing the bridge wore helmets rather than berets from then on. They went on to establish defensive positions around
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there, but the Navy had done their job well, the guns were silent. The fourth group landed in the town itself, which proved to be the main centre of resistance, the last group was kept on board ship to act as a floating reserve.
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began at about 03:00 with an aerial bombardment of the German coastal defences and artillery sites. The naval bombardment began a few hours later. At 07:30, the first units reached the beach. These were the amphibious
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had to be put out of action by the time the main force approached the beach. The craft carrying No 5 group of No 3 Commando, approaching the coast to the east, were not warned of the presence of a German coastal
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About the same time there were plans to send 1 Commando Brigade to the Far East, but due to the German counter-offensive in the Ardennes over the New Year and in January, they returned to mainland Europe.
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Recruiting for the Commandos began in 1940 when a call was made for volunteers from certain formations that were still in Britain at the time. It was also decided that the Divisional
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and Allied air force contingents. The objective was to seize the port, gather intelligence and assess the German response. The raid was also intended to use air power to draw the
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led the river crossing at 2300 hours with the Canadians crossing later 6.5 km south of Rees, then the 1st Commando Brigade, 1.5 km north of Wesel. The assault craft—
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In December 1944 all Special Service Brigades were renamed Commando Brigades, but with the same Brigade number, so 1st Special Service Brigade was now 1st Commando Brigade.
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1063:. It was during this period of operations that Lance Corporal Henry Eric Harden, a medical orderly of the RAMC attached to 45 RM Commando, posthumously won the
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concentrations. The British experienced only one accidental injury and returned with some 228 German prisoners, 314 loyal Norwegian volunteers and a number of
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that had been attacked by the RAF by mistake whilst moored in the Bay of Lübeck. The following day, 4 May 1945, Brigadier Mills-Roberts took the surrender of
46:
1147:, where the brigade was to reinforce and exploit the bridgehead that had already been established. This operation was followed by the crossing of the river
661:. The naval part of the force consisted of one cruiser, four destroyers and two landing ships; the warships began the operation with a shore bombardment of
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Before the formation of the brigade, each Commando fought independently in various actions, being employed as directed by Combined Operations Headquarters.
1020:
On 1 August, the Brigade was ordered to seize and hold a section of high ground by dawn the following day. This was in support of a further advance to
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No. 3 Special Service Battalion was formed from Nos 4 and 7 Independent Companies in late October 1940. In February 1941 they were named No 4 Commando.
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Commandos of the 1st Special Service Brigade with captured Germans on the roof of their jeep at the glider landing grounds near Ranville, 7 June 1944.
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and the government-in-exile. The Germans also reinforced and strengthened their defences which tied down troops that could have been used elsewhere.
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891:: the French, a blockhouse and the Casino; the British, two batteries overlooking the beach. The blockhouse proved too strong for the Commandos'
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Lord Lovat reputedly waded ashore wearing a white pullover under his battledress, with "Lovat" inscribed on the collar, while armed with an old
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Operation Plunder started at 1800 hours on 23 March with a barrage of 5,500 guns along the 35 km front and a bomber raid on the city of
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1166:. Reaching there on 3 May, No.6 Commando was the first to arrive and began sorting out the dead and the survivors of the prison ship
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Commandos of the 1st Special Service Brigade digging in near Horsa gliders on the 6th Airborne Division's lodgement zone east of the
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Queen Red Beach, Sword Area; Lord Lovat, on the right of the column, wades through the water. The figure in the foreground, is Piper
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The final chapter concerning the Commandos, during the war, was written on 25 October 1945 with the announcement by Major General
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Commandos of the 1st Special Service Brigade aboard LCI (S) (Landing Craft Infantry (Small)) at Warsash, Southampton, 3 June 1944.
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No 4 Special Service Battalion was formed from Nos 3 and 8 Independent Companies in November 1940 and saw their first action in
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1203:) that the Commandos were to be disbanded. Army Commandos were disbanded in 1946 and the Commando role was taken over by The
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The brigade was assembled under one commander in 1943 and trained to operate as a formation in preparation for
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1195:(who had been one of the original volunteers for the Commandos in 1940 and had been promoted to succeed Lord
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649:, 3, 4 and 6 Commando with a small party of Norwegians. Its aim was to destroy the German installations at
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and trainee instructors initially attended various courses at the all forces Special Training Centre at
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970:. The bridges were relieved later in the day by elements of the British 3rd Infantry Division.
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sector (the most easterly). No 4 Commando were augmented by 1 and 8 Troops (both French) of
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Lovat's forces pressed on, Lovat himself advancing with parts of his brigade from Sword to
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439:, Combined Operations established a substantial all forces amphibious training centre at
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fell short of its target and landed amongst the officers, killing Lieutenant-Colonel
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Lt Col The Lord Lovat, CO of No 4 Commando, at Newhaven after returning from the raid
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1537:"The Wartime Memories Project - Special Service Battalions - The Commandos"
653:, supported by the RAF who provided air cover and attacked the airfield at
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The plan was for 1st Special Service Brigade comprising Nos 3, 4, 6 and
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372:(in France), before being combined under one commander for service in
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6th Commando personnel in a defensive position after capturing Wesel.
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623:, providing the intelligence needed to allow allied convoys to avoid
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were awarded to the British Commandos during the Second World War.
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1103:
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596:, on the 4 March 1941, by Nos 3 and 4 Commando, 52 Norwegians of
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became famous as an officer on Orange Beach (and was awarded the
537:. At the end of February 1941 they were designated No 3 Commando.
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and prepared for its final operation, the crossing of the river
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989:
on 12 June, Lord Lovat was seriously wounded while observing an
892:
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22:
364:. The brigade's component units saw action individually in
348:
was a commando (special operations capable) brigade of the
1469:. United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. p. 32 & 94.
356:, it consisted of elements of the British Army (including
1118:
carried the infantry; LCMs carried the armour, including
911:
ank) weapons, but the Casino was taken with the aid of a
451:. All field training was conducted with live ammunition.
546:
Nos 3 and 4 Commando were involved in the raid on the
745:
some of the landing craft and disabled the escorting
645:
Operation Archery was a raid in December 1941 by Nos
443:, and in 1942 a specific Commando Training Centre at
1969:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
863:; they were followed closely by the infantry of the
543:
No 6 Commando saw action in Norway in December 1941.
1900:
1864:
1819:
1803:
1787:
1766:
1710:
1609:
1549:"Crossfire Scenario: Rhine Crossing ala Rapid Fire"
380:. On 6 December 1944, the Brigade was redesignated
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53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1154:By 19 April, the 1st Commando Brigade had reached
1059:, and was temporarily placed under command of the
1964:Military units and formations established in 1941
1499:(Supplement). 2 October 1942. pp. 3825–4328.
1183:and all of the German troops under his command.
1047:Dispositions in the Roer Triangle, January 1945.
812:Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges
619:. This enabled German naval codes to be read at
1603:British Commando units of the Second World War
1143:The next obstacle to be tackled was the river
778:, attached to No. 4 Commando, was awarded the
600:and demolition teams from 55 Field Squadron,
1587:
8:
1959:1946 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1949:Special service brigades of the British Army
1173:
1697:No. 62 Commando (Small Scale Raiding Force)
1466:British Commandos 1940–46: Battle Orders 18
1594:
1580:
1572:
1055:in January 1945, the Brigade took part in
1954:1941 establishments in the United Kingdom
1455:
1453:
1122:DD tanks—were guided across the river by
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
1449:
700:on 19 August 1942, involved over 6,000
1561:"1944- Operation Overlord — Commandos"
124:
410:that had been originally raised from
7:
927:. He instructed his personal piper,
581:A wounded soldier is helped onto an
51:adding citations to reliable sources
1009:, and seriously wounding Brigadier
985:During an attack on the village of
733:that had been located by British "
328:Combined Operations Shoulder Patch
14:
1108:51st (Highland) Infantry Division
995:51st (Highland) Infantry Division
717:into a large, planned encounter.
1551:. 28 August 2009. Archived from
958:, to the sound of Bill Millin's
737:" radar stations at 2130 hours.
686:Operation Jubilee, (Dieppe raid)
467:, DSO, MC (wounded 12 June 1944)
331:
164:
147:
27:
1563:. 15 April 2010. Archived from
1345:North-West Europe 1942, 1944–45
598:Norwegian Independent Company 1
38:needs additional citations for
1758:No. 48 (Royal Marine) Commando
1753:No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando
1748:No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando
1743:No. 45 (Royal Marine) Commando
1738:No. 44 (Royal Marine) Commando
1733:No. 43 (Royal Marine) Commando
1728:No. 42 (Royal Marine) Commando
1723:No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando
1718:No. 40 (Royal Marine) Commando
1662:No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando
1539:. 18 July 2013. Archived from
1531:Museum article on Lofoten raid
816:Battle of Merville Gun Battery
573:Commandos in action in Norway.
515:No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando
1:
869:British 3rd Infantry Division
845:No 10 (Inter Allied) Commando
388:and its association with the
62:"1st Special Service Brigade"
1320:Middle East 1941, 1942, 1944
1005:, commanding officer of the
948:Richard Geoffrey Pine-Coffin
704:soldiers supported by large
1851:4th Special Service Brigade
1846:3rd Special Service Brigade
1841:2nd Special Service Brigade
1836:1st Special Service Brigade
1433:4th Special Service Brigade
1428:3rd Special Service Brigade
1423:2nd Special Service Brigade
1295:Landing at Porto San Venere
1112:Buffalo amphibious vehicles
954:. The commandos ran across
772:Distinguished Service Order
346:1st Special Service Brigade
128:1st Special Service Brigade
18:First Special Service Force
1985:
1856:Special Air Service Troops
1667:No. 11 (Scottish) Commando
1162:and the advance beyond to
1095:
805:
741:escorting a German tanker
689:
638:
562:
399:
15:
1923:No. 1 Demolition Squadron
1795:Royal Air Force Commandos
1918:Special Raiding Squadron
1779:British commando frogmen
1677:No. 14 (Arctic) Commando
1051:In the aftermath of the
1007:12th Parachute Battalion
786:Formation of the Brigade
776:Captain Patrick Porteous
608:and its code books from
16:Not to be confused with
1928:Long Range Desert Group
1831:Special Service Brigade
1652:No. 8 (Guards) Commando
952:7th Parachute Battalion
1901:Other Commando forces:
1174:
1140:
1084:
1048:
1015:6th Airlanding Brigade
982:
939:
883:
825:
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674:
586:
574:
250:Special reconnaissance
226:Long-range penetration
1913:Special Boat Squadron
1774:Royal Naval Commandos
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1082:
1061:7th Armoured Division
1046:
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937:
918:6th Airborne Division
877:
823:
806:Further information:
764:
672:
606:Enigma cypher machine
580:
572:
408:Independent Companies
384:, removing the title
206:Close-quarters combat
1702:Middle East Commando
1340:North Africa 1941–43
1176:Generalfeldmarschall
1114:, assault boats and
1069:Limburg, Netherlands
865:8th Infantry Brigade
722:John Durnford-Slater
535:Operation Ambassador
382:1st Commando Brigade
352:. Formed during the
274:Operation Ambassador
210:Cold-weather warfare
130:1st Commando Brigade
47:improve this article
1908:Special Air Service
1201:Combined Operations
1083:Crossing the Rhine.
1057:Operation Blackcock
1053:Battle of the Bulge
1039:Operation Blackcock
993:bombardment by the
720:Lieutenant Colonel
521:Independent actions
474:(from 12 June 1944)
472:Derek Mills-Roberts
317:Derek Mills-Roberts
1555:on 28 August 2009.
1524:2008-05-09 at the
1514:pegasusarchive.org
1496:The London Gazette
1405:Valli di Comacchio
1355:Pursuit to Messina
1141:
1131:Crossing the Weser
1085:
1075:Crossing the Rhine
1049:
983:
940:
884:
826:
792:Operation Overlord
767:
755:Landing Craft Flak
675:
673:Operation Archery.
592:was a raid on the
590:Operation Claymore
587:
575:
565:Operation Claymore
559:Operation Claymore
437:Scottish Highlands
402:British Commandos
378:Operation Overlord
290:Operation Overlord
282:Operation Claymore
246:Special operations
198:Artillery observer
190:Amphibious warfare
1936:
1935:
1567:on 15 April 2010.
1519:jamesgdorrian.com
1476:978-1-84176-986-8
1463:(10 March 2006).
1438:British Commandos
1300:Landing in Sicily
1197:Louis Mountbatten
1098:Operation Plunder
1092:Operation Plunder
861:13th/18th Hussars
808:Normandy landings
796:Normandy landings
641:Operation Archery
635:Operation Archery
358:British Commandos
339:
338:
294:Operation Plunder
286:Operation Jubilee
278:Operation Archery
222:Irregular warfare
194:Anti-tank warfare
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97:
1976:
1788:Royal Air Force:
1596:
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1582:
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1544:
1543:on 18 July 2013.
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1385:Steamroller Farm
1335:Normandy Landing
1179:
925:Winchester rifle
749:5. Subsequently
412:Territorial Army
354:Second World War
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230:Mountain warfare
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1811:No. 30 Commando
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1692:No. 52 Commando
1687:No. 51 Commando
1682:No. 50 Commando
1672:No. 12 Commando
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1526:Wayback Machine
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1011:Hugh Kindersley
850:The assault on
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774:for his part).
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631:collaborators.
602:Royal Engineers
594:Lofoten Islands
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867:, part of the
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64: –
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58:Find sources:
52:
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42:
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36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
1835:
1565:the original
1553:the original
1541:the original
1494:
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1465:
1461:Moreman, Tim
1325:Monte Ornito
1214:
1199:as Chief of
1190:
1181:Erhard Milch
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350:British Army
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170:British Army
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45:Please help
40:verification
37:
1892:Timberforce
1882:Layforce II
1872:Forfarforce
1767:Royal Navy:
1491:"No. 35729"
1410:Westkapelle
1380:Sicily 1943
1375:Sedjenane 1
1365:St. Nazaire
1350:Norway 1941
1245:Argenta Gap
1230:Alethangyaw
1187:Dissolution
929:Bill Millin
880:Bill Millin
835:to land at
698:Dieppe Raid
692:Dieppe Raid
481:(from 1945)
479:Peter Young
370:Dieppe Raid
270:Engagements
1943:Categories
1887:Northforce
1820:Brigades (
1444:References
1390:Syria 1941
1315:Madagascar
1169:Cap Arcona
1127:landings.
997:. A stray
979:River Orne
968:River Orne
889:Ouistreham
837:Ouistreham
735:Chain Home
680:Haakon VII
507:No.45 (RM)
477:Brigadier
470:Brigadier
465:Lord Lovat
455:Commanders
445:Achnacarry
429:Lochailort
360:) and the
315:Brigadier
310:Brigadier
307:commanders
300:Commanders
234:Patrolling
73:newspapers
1156:Lunenburg
1028:200 men.
991:artillery
950:, of the
899:rojector
841:Queen Red
833:Commandos
743:torpedoed
714:Luftwaffe
486:Formation
461:Brigadier
441:Inveraray
390:German SS
138:1941–1946
1877:Layforce
1522:Archived
1417:See also
1275:Flushing
1225:Adriatic
1164:Neustadt
987:Bréville
964:Ranville
960:bagpipes
903:nfantry
857:DD tanks
794:and the
753:346 and
702:Canadian
629:Quisling
531:Guernsey
510:Commando
433:Scotland
374:Normandy
368:and the
323:Insignia
180:Commando
103:May 2008
1395:Termoli
1370:Salerno
1120:Sherman
1013:of the
913:Centaur
859:of the
830:45 (RM)
739:S-boats
706:British
533:during
396:History
376:during
305:Notable
264:Brigade
238:Raiding
143:Country
87:scholar
1473:
1400:Vaagso
1330:Myebon
1310:Litani
1290:Kangaw
1260:Dieppe
1106:. The
1022:Dozule
814:, and
731:convoy
659:Bergen
655:Herdla
651:Vågsøy
625:U-boat
552:Norway
417:Allies
366:Norway
218:HUMINT
161:Branch
152:
135:Active
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
1360:Rhine
1305:Leese
1255:Crete
1240:Anzio
1235:Aller
1149:Aller
1145:Weser
1116:DUKWs
1104:Wesel
999:shell
852:Sword
709:naval
663:Måløy
657:near
617:Krebs
447:near
94:JSTOR
80:books
1822:List
1471:ISBN
1160:Elbe
907:nti
893:PIAT
696:The
463:The
425:NCOs
344:The
260:Size
186:Role
176:Type
66:news
1124:CDL
839:in
612:'s
583:LCA
550:in
431:in
49:by
1945::
1824:):
1493:.
1452:^
1207:.
1071:.
1017:.
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392:.
1595:e
1588:t
1581:v
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909:T
905:A
901:I
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895:(
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110:(
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101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
43:.
20:.
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