309:
were swallowed up together with their inhabitants, and many men died of fright. This disaster, indeed, was worst in the cities of Asia; but Rome, too, was shaken and Libya also was shaken. In many places the earth yawned open, and salt water appeared in the fissures. Many cities were even overwhelmed by the sea. Therefore the favour of the gods was sought by consulting the
Sibylline Books, and, according to their command, sacrifices were made to Jupiter Salutaris. For so great a pestilence, too, had arisen in both Rome and the cities of Achaea that in one single day five thousand men died of the same disease.
27:
43:
50:
312:
While
Fortune thus raged, and while here earthquakes, there clefts in the ground, and in divers places pestilence, devastated the Roman world, while Valerian was held in captivity and the provinces of Gaul were, for the most part, beset, while Odaenathus was threatening war, Aureolus pressing hard on
303:
titled "The Two
Gallieni" and ascribed to Trebellius Pollio, likely a pseudonym. The writer appears to have been aiming to retrospectively malign the character of Gallienus. Among the descriptions of his frivolity and military defeats is a section that relates several natural disasters of the time.
308:
In the consulship of
Gallienus and Fausianus, amid so many calamities of war, there was also a terrible earthquake and a darkness for many days. There was heard, besides, the sound of thunder, not like Jupiter thundering, but as though the earth were roaring. And by the earthquake many structures
185:
purportedly written by
Trebellius Pollio. This source is problematic, as the veracity of much of its supposed biographical details is doubtful. However, there is some reason to give credence to the history's accounts of natural disasters. Trebellius's account also reports the southwest Anatolia
240:
reported the worst damage from the earthquake: "In many places the earth yawned open, and salt water appeared in the fissures. Many cities were even overwhelmed by the sea." He records that this damage occurred took place during the consulship of
272:, was also destroyed around the same date, although some sources attribute this to a Gothic invasion in 267 or 268. There is some archeological evidence at Ephesus supporting the date implied by Trebellius's account. Stefan Karwiese of the
31:
The contents of the
Library of Celsus at Ephesus were destroyed by a fire in 262 C.E. caused either by an earthquake or by an invasion. The façade was toppled in another earthquake centuries later and reerected in
283:
of
Damianus, Harbor Baths (also known as the Great Baths or Baths of Constantius), Baths of Varius and Scholastica Baths, Magnesian Gate, Medusa Gate, Lower Agora (also known as the Tetragonos Agora),
279:
A study of geological processes in Roman cities concludes that 11 major buildings at
Ephesus required rebuilding after the 262 earthquake: the terrace houses, Temple of Serapis (Serapeion),
179:, who performed the most comprehensive assessment of ancient earthquakes in the Mediterranean, traces the original source of most literary references to this quake to an account in the
220:, sometime before AD 30, c. AD 42, c. AD 46–47, c. 150–155, 358–366, 614, and the tenth or eleventh century. One fault in the southern part of the region stretches from the island of
190:
the same year. The two events appears to have been unrelated, but it has been difficult for historians to disentangle the exact effects of each based on the classical sources.
256:
at
Ephesus (including all the books) was destroyed by fire in or around 262. The cause of the fire has been attributed either to this earthquake or to an invasion by the
644:
1008:
928:
273:
42:
883:
216:. These faults result in frequent earthquakes. Ephesus, which sustained considerable damage in the 262 AD earthquake, was also struck by earthquakes in
1189:
913:
577:
1174:
933:
600:
567:
827:
953:
737:
1154:
637:
546:
269:
1123:
1149:
131:
1103:
1063:
1038:
908:
903:
82:
608:
585:
923:
918:
1179:
747:
727:
630:
339:
893:
702:
687:
653:
334:
822:
1098:
1068:
1184:
344:
988:
943:
938:
807:
1194:
1113:
1088:
1083:
1073:
873:
847:
837:
1108:
1058:
998:
983:
948:
832:
787:
777:
480:
1093:
1028:
958:
898:
863:
817:
757:
1118:
1048:
1043:
495:
276:
reports that ceramics found near the library and temple can be dated to the second half of the third century.
1023:
1013:
978:
812:
782:
762:
722:
712:
304:
Romans frequently saw these as omens and it was not unusual to conflate several events from the same year.
968:
878:
842:
752:
742:
732:
717:
707:
697:
692:
672:
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217:
1053:
1033:
993:
973:
963:
888:
802:
797:
772:
767:
536:
26:
1078:
1018:
1003:
868:
792:
677:
510:
538:
Earthquakes in the
Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900
532:
246:
176:
169:
in year 262, or possibly 261, on 21 December. The epicenter was likely located in the southern
563:
557:
542:
284:
265:
253:
518:
476:
320:
213:
181:
205:
514:
1169:
1164:
1159:
173:. Reports note that many cities were flooded by the sea, presumably due to a tsunami.
1138:
209:
187:
496:"Revision of the tsunami catalogue affecting Turkish coasts and surrounding regions"
1144:
199:
16:
Earthquake which devastated cities on the west and south coasts of Anatolia (262)
523:
237:
170:
97:
84:
300:
261:
242:
208:
in the Aegean Sea and the adjacent coastal areas of Anatolia, caused by the
313:
Illyricum, and Aemilianus in possession of Egypt, a portion of the Goths...
166:
622:
363:
361:
359:
162:
149:
225:
221:
117:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
257:
280:
626:
601:"Turkey: S Coasts; Libya: Comments for the Earthquake Event"
578:"South Coasts of Asia Minor: Comments for the Tsunami Event"
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
49:
403:
401:
399:
397:
367:
494:
Altınok, Y.; Alpar, B.; Özer, N.; Aykurt, H. (2011).
165:
along with cities along the west and south coasts of
388:
856:
660:
318:Trebellius Pollio (pseudonym), "The Two Gallieni",
144:
123:
113:
76:
61:
456:
440:
306:
559:Geology and Settlement: Greco-Roman Patternsvc
638:
8:
186:earthquake in conjunction with one that hit
19:
274:Austrian Archaeological Institute at Athens
645:
631:
623:
541:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
25:
18:
522:
503:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
428:
245:and Fausianus. The latter appears to be
224:in present-day Greece northeastwards to
355:
407:
260:(sometimes incorrectly identified as
7:
236:Trebellius wrote that the cities of
270:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
249:who was a consul in the year 262.
14:
159:262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake
20:262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake
609:National Geophysical Data Center
586:National Geophysical Data Center
148:Estimated at Intensity 4 on the
48:
41:
1190:Earthquakes in the Roman Empire
605:Significant Earthquake Database
200:Outer non-volcanic Hellenic arc
124:
340:List of historical earthquakes
291:Account by "Trebellius Pollio"
1:
1175:3rd-century natural disasters
335:List of earthquakes in Turkey
161:devastated the Roman city of
1124:2023 Gaziantep–Kahramanmaraş
929:1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik
582:Significant Tsunami Database
212:being subducted beneath the
562:. Oxford University Press.
345:List of historical tsunamis
1211:
1155:1st-millennium earthquakes
884:1935 Erdek–Marmara Islands
197:
524:10.5194/nhess-11-273-2011
65:21 December 262
37:
24:
1150:260s in the Roman Empire
556:Crouch, Dora P. (2003).
389:NGDC Earthquake Comments
299:contains a biography of
287:, theatre and stadium.
228:in present-day Turkey.
150:Sieberg-Ambraseys scale
1009:1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye
326:
1180:Earthquakes in Turkey
914:1943 Adapazarı–Hendek
654:Earthquakes in Turkey
457:Historia Augusta 395
441:Historia Augusta 395
748:1668 North Anatolia
728:1509 Constantinople
533:Ambraseys, Nicholas
515:2011NHESS..11..273A
368:Altınok et al. 2011
94: /
21:
1185:Tsunamis in Turkey
828:1899 Aydın–Denizli
703:557 Constantinople
688:447 Constantinople
247:Nummius Faustianus
177:Nicholas Ambraseys
1195:Temple of Artemis
1132:
1131:
1039:1998 Adana–Ceyhan
954:1953 Yenice–Gönen
909:1942 Niksar–Erbaa
738:1598 Amasya–Çorum
569:978-0-19-508324-8
489:] (in Latin).
285:Library of Celsus
266:Temple of Artemis
254:Library of Celsus
155:
154:
1202:
1064:2004 Doğubayazıt
934:1946 Varto–Hınıs
924:1944 Bolu–Gerede
919:1943 Tosya–Ladik
647:
640:
633:
624:
619:
617:
615:
596:
594:
592:
573:
552:
528:
526:
500:
490:
487:Augustan History
482:Historia Augusta
464:
454:
448:
438:
432:
426:
411:
405:
392:
386:
371:
365:
324:
321:Augustan History
297:Augustan History
214:Aegean Sea Plate
194:Tectonic setting
182:Augustan History
140:
138:
126:
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
99:
95:
92:
91:
90:
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72:
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52:
51:
45:
29:
22:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1114:2020 Aegean Sea
1089:2017 Aegean Sea
1084:2014 Aegean Sea
852:
683:262 SW Anatolia
656:
651:
613:
611:
599:
590:
588:
576:
570:
555:
549:
531:
498:
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406:
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387:
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234:
204:There are many
202:
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132:
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88:
85:
83:
81:
80:
68:
66:
62:Local date
57:
56:
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33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1006:
1001:
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991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
949:1952 Hasankale
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
904:1941 Van–Erciş
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
860:
858:
854:
853:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:1903 Manzikert
830:
825:
823:1898 Balıkesir
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
778:1856 Heraklion
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
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710:
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652:
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627:
621:
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597:
574:
568:
553:
548:978-0521872928
547:
529:
491:
471:
468:
466:
465:
449:
433:
431:, p. 138.
429:Ambraseys 2009
412:
410:, p. 275.
393:
372:
370:, p. 276.
354:
352:
349:
348:
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342:
337:
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327:
315:
292:
289:
233:
230:
195:
192:
153:
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146:
142:
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128:
121:
120:
115:
114:Areas affected
111:
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78:
74:
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63:
59:
58:
47:
46:
40:
39:
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35:
34:
30:
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1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
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1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:2019 Istanbul
1092:
1090:
1087:
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1080:
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1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:1992 Erzincan
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
989:1969 AlaĹźehir
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:1951 KurĹźunlu
942:
940:
939:1949 Karlıova
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:1939 Erzincan
897:
895:
894:1938 Kırşehir
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:1924 Pasinler
862:
861:
859:
855:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
818:1894 Istanbul
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
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771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:1766 Istanbul
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
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739:
736:
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731:
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659:
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629:
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583:
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561:
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525:
520:
516:
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508:
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483:
478:
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469:
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458:
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328:
323:
322:
314:
305:
302:
298:
290:
288:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
268:, one of the
267:
264:). Ephesus's
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
239:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:African Plate
207:
201:
193:
191:
189:
188:Cyrene, Libya
184:
183:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
129:
122:
119:
116:
112:
107:
98:36.5°N 27.8°E
79:
75:
64:
60:
44:
36:
28:
23:
1074:2011 KĂĽtahya
1024:1986 Malatya
1014:1983 Erzurum
979:1967 Mudurnu
959:1957 Fethiye
874:1929 SuĹźehri
857:Contemporary
848:1919 Ayvalık
838:1912 MĂĽrefte
813:1893 Malatya
793:1872 Antioch
783:1859 Erzurum
763:1766 Marmara
723:1269 Cilicia
713:847 Damascus
682:
612:. Retrieved
604:
589:. Retrieved
581:
558:
537:
506:
502:
486:
481:
460:
452:
444:
436:
319:
307:
296:
294:
278:
252:Much of the
251:
235:
203:
180:
175:
158:
156:
134:
1109:2020 Bingöl
1099:2020 Elazığ
1069:2010 Elazığ
1059:2003 Bingöl
999:1971 Bingöl
984:1968 Bartın
969:1964 Manyas
879:1930 Salmas
843:1914 Burdur
788:1866 Bingöl
753:1688 Smyrna
743:1653 Smyrna
733:1513 Marash
718:1114 Marash
708:840 Erzurum
698:528 Antioch
693:526 Antioch
673:115 Antioch
668:AD 17 Lydia
408:Crouch 2003
101: /
1139:Categories
1119:2022 DĂĽzce
1054:2002 Afyon
1049:1999 DĂĽzce
1044:1999 Ä°zmit
1034:1995 Dinar
994:1970 Gediz
974:1966 Varto
964:1957 Abant
889:1935 Digor
808:1883 Çeşme
803:1881 Chios
798:1875 Dinar
773:1855 Bursa
768:1840 Ahora
661:Historical
509:(2): 273.
479:(c. 395).
463:, 5.2–5.6.
447:, 5.4–5.5.
351:References
238:Roman Asia
198:See also:
171:Aegean Sea
103:36.5; 27.8
1019:1983 Biga
1004:1975 Lice
869:1926 Kars
678:141 Lycia
614:4 October
591:4 October
477:Anonymous
461:Gallienus
445:Gallienus
301:Gallienus
262:Scythians
243:Gallienus
127:intensity
77:Epicenter
69:262-12-21
1104:2020 Van
1079:2011 Van
535:(2009).
329:See also
316:—
167:Anatolia
133:MMI IX (
32:1970–78.
511:Bibcode
470:Sources
163:Ephesus
145:Tsunami
135:Violent
89:27°48′E
86:36°30′N
67: (
566:
545:
232:Damage
226:Burdur
222:Rhodes
206:faults
118:Turkey
1170:Lycia
1165:Caria
1160:Lydia
499:(PDF)
485:[
258:Goths
218:AD 17
616:2016
593:2016
564:ISBN
543:ISBN
295:The
281:Stoa
157:The
125:Max.
1145:262
519:doi
1141::
607:.
603:.
584:.
580:.
517:.
507:11
505:.
501:.
459:,
443:,
415:^
396:^
375:^
358:^
646:e
639:t
632:v
618:.
595:.
572:.
551:.
527:.
521::
513::
391:.
137:)
71:)
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