Joseph Gallieni - Knowledge (XXG)

746:, which was retreating down from the Amiens area, under Gallieni's direct command as the "Armies of Paris." Gallieni at once drove out to inspect his new command—he was horrified by the sight of the refugees—and to visit Maunoury. Gallieni had four territorial divisions and the 185th Territorial Brigade. He soon received a Marine Artillery Brigade (mostly Breton reservist sailors) and the 84th Territorial Division. Sixth Army was soon augmented by IV Corps from Third Army. Maunoury had an active division of VII Corps, a 5,000 strong native Moroccan brigade, and four reserve divisions: 61st and 62nd under Ebener, and 55th and 56th which had fought in Lorraine. Joffre also added Drude's 45th Division of Zouaves from Algeria, who made a huge impression marching through Paris, and IV Corps from Third Army. The Prefect of Police had resigned "on grounds of health" on being ordered to remain at his post. Gallieni stayed up with his staff all night drawing up plans for Sixth Army to give battle between the Oise and Pontoise. Joffre had Millerand place Gallieni under his own command on 2 September. 1026: 1184:(21 February). Rumours circulated in Paris that Joffre had ordered the abandonment of Verdun at the end of February 1916 when the Germans first attacked. Gallieni demanded to see all paperwork from the period, but Joffre had made no such order in writing, merely despatching de Castelnau to assess the situation. Gallieni launched an angry report at the Council of Ministers on 7 March—read in his usual precise way—criticising Joffre's conduct of operations over the last eighteen months and demanding ministerial control, then resigned. Gallieni was falsely suspected of wanting to launch a military takeover of the government. Poincare wrote that Gallieni was trying to force Joffre's resignation, although it is unclear whether he was specifically trying to do so. Briand knew that publication of the report would damage morale and might bring down the government. Gallieni was persuaded to remain in office until a replacement had been designated and approved. 247: 236: 1040: 1097:

Poincare and Briand both before and after the meeting to discuss the issue. Gallieni complained bitterly in his diary about the politicians’ unwillingness to stand up to Joffre. On 1 December Poincare and Briand met with Gallieni. They rejected the proposal prepared by his staff to vest authority in the Minister of War, Briand objecting that he would be obliged to answer questions in the Chamber about operational matters. Gallieni agreed that Joffre be commander-in-chief, with de Castelnau—who was soon sidelined—as his chief of staff, and under the War Minister's orders. A Presidential Decree of 2 December 1915 made Joffre "Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies" (

1359: 1326: 457: 3181: 49: 1344: 449: 1290: 1308: 1125:’s military abilities. On 12 November Gallieni ordered Sarrail to retreat to Salonika with as much of the Serb Army as he could gather. After Sarrail lobbied politicians for reinforcements Gallieni wrote back to 19 November telling him that he was not going to receive the four corps he wanted, although on 20 November he sent Sarrail (whom he thought "indecisive and not up to the task") a telegram giving him a free choice as to whether to assist the latest Serb attack and when to fall back on Salonika. 380: 907:

movement of Maunoury's Army. Joffre agreed to bring forward the Allied offensive to 6 September and to have Sixth Army attack north of the Marne instead, later writing that he had done so reluctantly as Maunoury would probably make contact with the Germans on 5 September, but that an extra day would have left the Germans in a more "disadvantageous" position. Tuchman argues that he may simply have been swayed by the dominant personality of Gallieni, his former superior. At 8:30

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7/8 September, in taxicabs commandeered the previous evening. The division's attack failed completely so the taxicab troops had even less impact than sometimes supposed. Although "great publicity for Gallieni; militarily it was insignificant" in Herwig's view. Upon seeing the "taxicab army" ferrying troops to the front, Gallieni made one of the most oft-quoted remarks of the First World War: "

4242: 1161:, to be accompanied by Italian and Russian offensives, as floated at the Chantilly meeting in 6–8 December 1915. There was also friction over Gallieni's assertion of his right to appoint generals, Joffre's practice of communicating directly with the British generals rather than going through the War Ministry, and Gallieni's maintaining contacts with generals whom Joffre had replaced. 4276: 4197: 4225: 977:

September Gallieni ordered Maunoury, under heavy pressure from von Kluck, to hold his ground. Joffre gave permission for Maunoury to pull back his left if necessary. The Germans, concerned at the gap between their First and Second Armies, began to pull back on 9 September, giving the Allies a strategic victory in the Battle of the Marne.

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in 1914. Churchill commends him for seeing the opportunity to outflank the German Army, using Manoury's Sixth Army, and for persuading the defeatist Joffre. "He is not thinking only of the local situation around Paris. He thinks for France and he behaves with the spontaneous confidence of genius in

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Gallieni made an effort to unite soldiers and politicians, and to establish a working relationship in which he concentrated on supplying resources (not dissimilar to the role to which Kitchener was restricted in the UK from the end of 1915). However, Gallieni had prostate cancer, with pain making him

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French forces, including those at the Dardanelles and Salonika. By November 1915 President Poincare was persuaded, and Briand, initially reluctant because of the difficulty of defending Gallieni's inclusion in his new ministry, agreed and on his first day in office asked Poincare to help him persuade

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and the police to find "emergency locations" for them. That day Gallieni was ordered not to communicate directly with the government. This left Joffre "all-powerful" (in Gallieni's description), as he had sacked so many generals and Gallieni was his only serious rival. The same day, frustrated at the

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today—on foot as usual—how fat and heavy he is; he will hardly last out his three years." He warned Joffre, correctly as it would turn out, that the Germans would come west of the Meuse in strength (i.e. make an enveloping move deep into Belgium, rather than a shallow incursion through the south-east

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to draft orders for Maunoury to attack south of the Marne on 7 September. That evening Gallieni, who returned to Paris find Joffre's message from earlier in the day and a message from Wilson, insisted on speaking to Joffre personally on the telephone, informing him that it was too late to cancel the

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am he had the first of a series of telephone calls, conducted through aides, as Joffre would not come to the phone, and Gallieni refused to speak to anyone else. Gallieni would later write that "the real Battle of the Marne was fought on the telephone." He proposed, depending on how much further the

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It was Gallieni's decision to send 103rd and 104th Infantry Regiments (5 battalions, part of Trentinian's 7th Infantry Division, itself part of IV Corps; most of 7th Infantry Division, including artillery, had been sent to the front by rail and truck the previous night) to the front on the night of

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Clayton describes him as a dry precise man, a secular republican (views which influenced his colonial policy) but one who kept aloof from politics. Herwig describes him as "formidable" and "France’s most distinguished soldier" whose "physical appearance alone commanded respect": he was of straight

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Gallieni decided that it was "vital to act quickly" so as not to leave Paris uncovered. At 09:10 on 4 September, based on the previous day's reports of Paris aviators, which he had passed on to Joffre, and on his own authority, he sent orders to Maunoury to be ready to move his army that afternoon

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was prepared for demolition. Paris had 2,924 guns, ranging from 155mm to 75mm. Hospitals and fire departments put on alert. Gas for three months of electricity was stockpiled, along with bread for 43 days, salt for 20 days and meat for 12 days. Pigeons were brought under state control for carrying

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At the 1911 manoeuvres Gallieni used air reconnaissance to capture a colonel of the Supreme War Council and his staff. He expressed reservations about the limited offensive strategy. His views on fortifications, artillery, and use of information obtained from aviation and intelligence were seen as

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repeating the order when Gallieni explained that it meant destroying buildings and bridges. Gallieni later recorded that he had been certain that he was remaining behind to die. That day Gallieni told Joffre that without the three corps it would be "absolutely impossible to resist." Joffre placed

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At the meeting of the Superior Council of Defence (24 November 1915) Joffre had Briand address the demarcation of his own and Gallieni's authority, and objected to the Council discussing operational matters, threatening to resign if they attempted to interfere with his "liberty." Joffre met with

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Gallieni believed that Joffre's strategy of retreating behind the Seine was "divorced from reality" as the Germans would not allow his forces enough time to rally. He spent the night of 2/3 September at his new HQ at Lycee Victor-Duruy, expecting a German attack the next day. On the morning of 3

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Learning of Gallieni's contingency plans to evacuate Paris the previous day, Joffre telegraphed Millerand (8 September) demanding that he cancel Gallieni's "dangerous" message, and insisting that Gallieni was under his orders and had no business communicating directly with the government. On 8

1177:. The Council of Ministers discussed his reports and President Poincare asked Gallieni to investigate. Gallieni wrote to Joffre (16 or 18 December 1915) expressing concern at the state of trenches at Verdun and elsewhere on the front—in fact matters were already being taken in hand at Verdun. 803:

was marching southeast across Paris, offering his flank to a French counterattack. The first public proclamation on the morning of 3 September promised to defend Paris "to the last extremity." That morning Gallieni set engineers and civilian labourers to work cutting down woods and trees, and

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brigade, complained to Gallieni of how Joffre had been removing guns and garrisons from Verdun and even preparing some forts for demolition. Joffre was furious and disputed Gallieni's right to comment. Driant, who had served at Verdun, was a member of the Army Commission of the

597:, declined the job of Army Chief of Staff. This was partly because of scruples after having forced Michel out, partly because of age—he was two and a half years away from retirement—and partly because the Metropolitan Army might resent a colonial soldier getting the job ( 548:(the right of French officials to mete out summary punishment, including corporal punishment and confiscation of property, to individuals and to entire villages), as it administered punishment more arbitrarily and swiftly than would be possible under due legal process. 626:(red trousers worn by French soldiers, allegedly as a boost to morale) and adopt a less conspicuous uniform. This was vetoed on the grounds that dull uniforms might be confused with those of the enemy and might turn the army into a citizen militia like the Boers. 700:’s planned offensive against the German west flank near Amiens, leaving Gallieni with only territorial troops. Already in poor health, Gallieni was appointed on 26 August, not yet knowing that he did not have the resources he had demanded. However, on that day 1137:), Kitchener (British War Secretary), Joffre and Briand) at which it was decided to maintain an Allied presence in Salonika, although it was unclear for how long. He later ordered Joffre to send an extra French division, although not the two Sarrail demanded. 541:(literally, racial policy; i.e., eliminating the racial hierarchy that had prevailed and suppressing tribes that resisted French rule). Initially military, his role became more administrative, building roads, a railway, markets, medical services and schools. 938:

On 7 September Gallieni, concerned that with Maunoury's Sixth Army fighting out in the open, Paris was now vulnerable, telegraphed the government in Bordeaux to discuss the possible evacuation of the civilian population from the Paris suburbs, and ordered

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on the west flank. A provisional agreement was drawn up, with copies kept by Maunoury, Gallieni, and Lt-Col Brecard to take to GQG for Joffre's approval. The French came away with the impression that the British would not cooperate and that Murray had

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ordered Joffre to provide them on 25 August but Joffre, regarding this as interference with strategy, ignored the order. Gallieni learned from Messimy that 61st and 62nd Infantry Divisions, formerly the Paris Garrison, were being ordered north for

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flank to keep contact between the BEF and Franchet d’Esperey's Fifth Army (the French and British generals of 1914 were extremely concerned at the prospect of armies being encircled and besieged, after what had happened to the French Armies at

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am Gallieni held his one and only Council of Defence, at which his military and civil cabinets, standing up and without discussion, were made to sign the order placing Paris in a state of defence. He sacked two generals in his first two days.

1007:(Justice Minister) for an expedition to Salonika, which he hoped would detach first Turkey then Austria-Hungary, leaving Germany "doomed." President Poincare came out in favour of such a scheme, over Joffre's opposition, on 7 January 1915. 440:, scene of the stand of the colonial marines. He learned German whilst a prisoner there, and later kept a notebook in German, English and Italian called "Erinnerungen of my life di ragazzo" ("Memories of my life from boyhood "). 579:(taking the offense to the limit). He also wanted to thrust into Belgium in the event of war, and to increase the size of the army by attaching a regiment of reservists to each regular regiment to form demi-brigades. Along with 1128:

With evacuation of the Gallipoli bridgeheads under discussion, Gallieni was willing to divert troops there from Salonika for one last attempt. On 9–11 December Gallieni took part in the Anglo-French talks in Paris (along with

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On the night of 3–4 September Joffre sent a handwritten note to Gallieni, wanting Maunoury's Sixth Army to push east along the north bank of the Marne, although not specifying a date. This was in line with his modification of

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to cross to south of the Marne, but would allow Sixth Army and the BEF to not be separated by the river), arrived too late to reach Gallieni. To ensure British cooperation Gallieni, accompanied by Maunoury, left Paris at

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Gallieni cleared out soldiers from cushy jobs—three Paris theatres had been directed by Army officers. He authorised the renewed use of black African troops—50,000 in total—on the Western Front. He introduced

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Gallieni to accept Joffre's enhanced role. Gallieni agreed and wrote to Joffre—having first shown the letter to Briand—assuring him that "you can count on me." Briand had the two men meet and shake hands.

874:, was to return and was unwilling to make any decision in his absence. In a three-hour meeting, the French generals proposed that Sixth Army was to move that afternoon, then on 5 September was to strike 675:, who felt intimidated by Joffre. Messimy imagined that Joffre would be more likely to listen to his former superior, but he was quickly palmed off onto the staff officer General Belin and his deputy 663:

Gallieni was designated as Joffre's successor "in case of emergency" on 31 July. Joffre refused to have him at his headquarters, saying "He is difficult to place. I have always been under his orders.

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served under him there. In August 1896 Gallieni reorganised French forces, captured and executed several rebel leaders. Early in 1897 he abolished the Malagasy monarchy and exiled Queen

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pm to drive to BEF GHQ at Melun, driving past lines of southbound cars leaving Paris. He had already received advice from the liaison officer Victor Huguet that BEF Commander-in-Chief

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In 1896 he was promoted to General and made Governor of Madagascar, then a new French possession. He stayed in Madagascar with one brief interruption until 1905; his future commander

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In the same year, Gallieni was considered the logical choice for supreme commander of the French Army, but because of advanced age and poor health, he declined in favour of Joffre.

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in 1938. Ian Senior describes "Gallieni's claims" as "absolute nonsense" and Lyet's book as "an excellent analysis which convincingly refutes" them. Joffre himself once remarked:

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was appointed as his successor after it had been ensured that Joffre had no objections. This would be the last attempt to assert ministerial control over the army until

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By the time Gallieni complained about Joffre's handling of Verdun, there was already public debate, much of it politically motivated, about which of them had "won" the

1081:. Joffre replied "perhaps," then after a pause for thought "maybe." Although Gallieni agreed, in the event other French leaders refused to join Viviani's government so 4341: 1000:

By early December 1914 some of Gallieni's supporters were suggesting that he be appointed Commander-in-Chief in Joffre's place, or be made Minister of War, or both.

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slowness at which the British were advancing into the gap between the German First and Second Armies, Gallieni sent Lartigue's 8th Infantry Division to the BEF's

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On 5 September Gallieni informed Maunoury that there was to be no retreat and issued secret orders for the destruction of important parts of Paris, including the

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until his retirement, and protested that it was not strong enough to advance into Belgium, and that Maubeuge should be fortified more strongly. His successor

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Gallieni was an early supporter of some kind of expeditionary force to the Balkans. Early in 1915 Gallieni supported the proposal of Franchet d’Esperey and

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From October 1915 he served as Minister of War, resigning from that post in March 1916 after criticizing the performance of the French Commander-in-Chief,

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preparing bridges and buildings for demolition to clear lines of sight for guns. For three days concrete was poured and barbed wire strung up. Even the

356:, which was under his command, attacked the German west flank. A small portion of its strength was rushed to the front in commandeered Paris taxicabs. 4366: 4361: 3255: 575:, i.e. Commander-in-Chief designate of the northeast front, and vice-president of the Superior War Council), was critical of the tactical doctrine of 1073:, he asked Joffre, who had told him that nine out of ten generals would make poor ministers of war, whether Gallieni would be a good replacement for 3440: 3103: 556:

In 1905 Gallieni was appointed Military Governor of Lyon and commandant of the Army of the Alps (XIV Corps). Also in 1906 he became a member of the

3670: 3633: 4331: 333:(24 April 1849 – 27 May 1916) was a French military officer, active for most of his career as a military commander and administrator in the 3476: 1343: 1307: 1101:) over all theatres apart from North Africa. After considerable discussion this was approved by the Chamber of Deputies by 406–67 on 9 December. 1085:

formed a new government on 29 October 1915, with Viviani as vice-president of the Council of Ministers (Deputy PM) and Gallieni as War Minister.

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Roland, Oliver; Fage, John; Sanderson, G.N. (1985). The Cambridge History of Africa 6. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

456: 3975: 3772: 3204: 884: 875: 3952: 3609: 3597: 3434: 834:(now reinforced with Drude's 45th Infantry Division) and to be ready to come to Paris for a conference. Having first informed 733:, the government left Paris for Bordeaux, with the evacuation continuing through the night of 2/3 September. Paris was made a 3335: 859: 3778: 3760: 3329: 3160: 402: 216: 1271:

From the beginning of his colonial career he became interested in ethnology. He amassed a large collection of objects from

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Germans were to be allowed to advance, to attack north of the Marne on 6 September or south of the Marne on 7 September.

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A Progressive Occupation?: The Gallieni-Lyautey Method and Colonial Pacification in Tonkin and Madagascar, 1885-1900

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and concerned about his supply lines along the lower Seine, was unlikely to join in any offensive. They arrived at 3

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shared his concerns. After tours of the area Gallieni had failed to persuade the authorities to modernise Maubeuge.

3458: 3271: 3199: 2796: 1249:, and Henri Isselin credited him with being the guiding intelligence, a claim disputed by Captain Lyet in his book 1147: 1066: 962: 688: 518:, but further military action was overruled by colonial administrators after Đề Thám was accorded a local fiefdom. 3452: 1224:

was named after him. There is also a Camp Galieni in Abidjan that serves as the Ivorian Arms forces Headquarters

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The strain of high office having broken his already fragile health, Joseph Gallieni died in May 1916.

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Joffre's reply, saying he preferred the southern option (which would take a day longer as it forced

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in 1870). Joffre, concerned that Gallieni might arouse Sir John's "touchiness," sent a telegram to

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Like a number of officers with colonial experience, Gallieni wanted the French army to give up the

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Rapport d’ensemble sur la pacification, l’organisation et la colonisation de Madagascar, 1896-1899

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less tolerant of criticism at a time when political disquiet was growing after the failure of the

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pm and with some difficulty located Murray, who had no idea when Sir John, who was out visiting

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His date of retirement is given as February or April 1914. His wife died in early summer 1914.

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pm Gallieni ordered the attack by Maunoury's Army, which was in fact already under way. At 10

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action.". In his memoirs Gallieni claimed credit for that victory, and historians such as

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for them, but he did in fact pass the plans along to Sir John. Whilst this was going on,

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Since July 1915 Joffre had been demanding that he be appointed commander-in-chief over

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Before the war he wrote of Joffre in his diary, "When I was riding I passed him in the

622: 580: 526: 496: 394:, in the central Pyrenees. He was of Corsican and Italian descent. His father, born in 4295: 4201: 4011: 3910: 3664: 3652: 3591: 3209: 3135: 1942:"Joseph-Simon Gallieni | Colonial administrator, Governor of Madagascar | Britannica" 1801: 1242: 1187: 522: 391: 387: 360: 149: 121: 3999: 3790: 1780:

Thomas Rid (2010). "The Nineteenth Century Origins of Counterinsurgency Doctrine".

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On 28 August the "Zone of Armies" was extended to cover the Paris suburbs. From 10

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In Clayton's view, Gallieni may well have been sceptical of Joffre's plans for a

537:" method, which continues to influence counterinsurgency theory to this day) and 502:

In 1888 he was appointed to the War College. In 1892-6 he served as a colonel in

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in 1878. He led an expedition to the upper Niger. He also served in Reunion and

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Mémoires du Général Galliéni - Défense de Paris (25 août - 11 septembre 1914)

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Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers

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The North African soldiers, once under Gallieni's command, at his funerals

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in 1873. His colonial career began in 1876 in Senegal. He was promoted to

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went to Constantinople, Gallieni proposed attacking the Turkish straits.

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was beginning, Gallieni visited Joffre at the insistence of War Minister

514:. In 1894 he led successful French action against the nationalist leader 691:, Gallieni demanded three active corps to defend the city. War Minister 17: 1255:"Je ne sais pas qui l'a gagnée, mais je sais bien qui l'aurait perdue." 590:

Following Michel's removal Gallieni, who was the preferred choice of

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They Shall Not Pass: The French Army on the Western Front 1914-1918

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Execution of two Malagasy officials under order of General Gallieni

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Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire

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were encouraged to leave and reconnaissance patrols were set up.

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As a student, he was educated, hard-working, and studious at the

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The political atmosphere was poisonous after the opening of the

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and Pol Durand, Gallieni was one of those who told War Minister

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In the absence of news from Franchet d'Esperey, Joffre ordered

737:. Before departing, Millerand ordered Gallieni to defend Paris 895:, on the British right), which envisaged Sixth Army attacking 4207: 2654:"Locating Colonial Histories: Between France and West Africa" 2020:

Tuchman 1962, p. 184 literally: "he has always made me froth"

1368:). It was exhibited at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 973:" ("Well, here at least is something out of the ordinary!"). 887:(BEF Sub Chief of Staff) was negotiating separate plans with 841:

in Bordeaux—in Tuchman's view, to force Joffre's hand—at 9:45

2688:"Ministère de la défense | République de Côte d'Ivoire" 1788:(5). Journal of Strategic Studies, 33(5): 727–758: 727–758. 1114:—waiting rooms for soldiers in transit at railway stations. 3065:

of the British Pathé: Gallieni visits a hospital (c. 1914)

1430:, publiés par son fils Gaëtan Galliéni, avec des notes de 1168:, a member of the Chamber of Deputies and commander of a 601:). His former subordinate Joffre was appointed instead. 340:

He was recalled from retirement at the beginning of the

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Coetzee, Daniel; Eysturlid, Lee W. (21 October 2013).

1061:’s government in trouble following the resignation of 4173: 4327:

French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War

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Funerals of general Joseph Gallieni (May 1st, 1916)

310: 290: 282: 274: 257: 229: 224: 203: 195: 187: 179: 159: 136: 131: 115: 103: 91: 81: 62: 34: 2747:Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée 1412:, Tananarive : Impr. officielle, 1905, 2 vol. 644:corner of Belgium and down through the Ardennes). 337:where he wrote several books on colonial affairs. 1584:African Proconsuls: European Governors in Africa 761: 2832:Marshal of France is a dignity and not a rank. 491:, during which time he successfully quelled a 3256: 3097: 8: 4357:French colonial governors and administrators 4352:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni 1392:Deux campagnes au Soudan français, 1886-1888 1233:bearing and always wore full dress uniform. 971:Eh bien, voilà au moins qui n'est pas banal! 398:, had risen from the ranks to be a captain. 2727:Churchill, Winston. 1923. The World Crisis 2431:Doughty’s account is sourced to Gallieni’s 2104:and eventually taken by the Germans in the 1453:"Gallieni, Joseph Simon | Encyclopedia.com" 1159:massive Anglo-French offensive on the Somme 776:This mandate, I shall carry out to the end. 771:I have received the mandate to defend Paris 3263: 3249: 3241: 3104: 3090: 3082: 2797:"Mémoires du Maréchal Galliéni - Galliéni" 1632:Singer, Barnett; Langdon, John W. (2004). 1611:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 381. 487:, and was later appointed governor of the 47: 31: 3069:Newspaper clippings about Joseph Gallieni 1571:(in French). Charpentier. pp. 12–13. 710:), and on 27 August the new War Minister 1636:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 118. 923:Taxicab Army and the Battle of the Ourcq 413:. He was also gifted and outstanding in 77:29 October 1915 – 16 March 1916 4342:Colonial governors of French Madagascar 4220: 4180: 2927:The French Army and the First World War 2825: 1702:Finch, Michael P. M. (15 August 2013). 1444: 1285: 965:) thanking him for Sir John's efforts. 919:, ordering a General Allied Offensive. 766:of the Republic have left Paris to give 729:On 2 September, the anniversary of the 483:. In 1886, he had risen to the rank of 367:. He died later that year and was made 768:a new impulse to the national defense. 630:unusual views for a colonial soldier. 1209:were published posthumously in 1920. 1031:Decorations and medals of the general 411:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr 7: 1383:Voyage au Soudan Français, 1879-1881 1194:became Prime Minister late in 1917. 1121:, he shared Joffre's low opinion of 4347:People of the French Third Republic 3003:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 1542:"Joseph Simon Gallieni (1849-1916)" 1540:PenseeCourtemanche (12 June 2017). 1398:Trois colonnes au Tonkin, 1894-1895 862:, influenced by BEF Chief of Staff 529:to Reunion. Gallieni practised the 1567:Gheusi, Pierre-Barthélemy (1922). 1150:, especially the failed attack on 25: 3471:Ambroise-François de Bournonville 1406:, Paris, Charles-Lavauzelle, 1900 813:rejoined the artillery. Civilian 417:and languages. He later became a 199:Théodore François Gaëtan Gallieni 4367:French people of Lombard descent 4362:French people of Italian descent 4274: 4257: 4240: 4223: 4195: 4183: 3365:Guillaume de Poitiers: 1478–14.. 3205:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque 3179: 1519:. Vagney: G. Louis. p. 16. 1357: 1342: 1324: 1306: 1288: 1117:Although Gallieni supported the 1038: 1024: 245: 234: 3725:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 2950:Arms and Armour Press, London. 1251:"Joffre et Gallieni a la Marne" 1154:and its subsequent total loss. 786:The Military Governor of Paris, 4332:French generals of World War I 3544:Louis-Auguste-Augustin d'Affry 2929:. Cambridge University Press. 2925:Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2014). 2910:. Cambridge University Press. 2906:Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2005). 2658:The American Historical Review 2615:Doughty 2005, pp. 272, 284–285 2489:Doughty 2005, pp. 226–227, 232 2116:Tuchman 1962, pp. 392–394, 397 1071:entry of Bulgaria into the war 558:Conseil Superieur de la Guerre 544:In 1905 Gallieni defended the 1: 3773:François Certain de Canrobert 2984:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2948:The World War One Sourcebook. 2350:Senior 2012, pp. 253–254, 375 1349:Ankle bracelets. Culture Dan 1067:unsuccessful autumn offensive 788:Commanding the Army of Paris, 764:The members of the Government 587:that Michel must be removed. 495:by Sudanese insurgents under 386:Gallieni was born in 1849 at 4337:People of French West Africa 3967:Military governors of Paris 3953:Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel 3939:Military governors of Paris 3644:Military governors of Paris 3610:Barthélemy Catherine Joubert 3537:of the Armed Forces in Paris 2891:. Harvard University Press. 2848:Lloyd George at War, 1916-18 2718:Greenhalgh 2014, pp. 131–132 2652:Mann, Gregory (April 2005). 1794:10.1080/01402390.2010.498259 1782:Journal of Strategic Studies 1516:Gallieni: le destin inachevé 1216:, in 1921. He was buried in 750:MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF PARIS 665:Il m’a toujours fait mousser 460:Frieze of Gallieni near the 423:3rd Marine Infantry Regiment 4307:Military governors of Paris 3941:under the German occupation 3779:Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers 3761:Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers 3646:after the French Revolution 3393:Antoine de La Rochefoucauld 3272:Military governors of Paris 3073:20th Century Press Archives 1434:, Paris, Albin Michel, 1932 1424:, Paris, Payot et Cie, 1920 687:As a condition of becoming 4388: 4372:Ministers of war of France 3429:Charles-Emmanuel de Savoie 3200:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 3001:Strategy And Command, 1914 2944:Haythornthwaite, Philip J. 2846:Cassar, George H. (2011). 2597:Doughty 2005, pp. 264, 266 2092:Greenhalgh 2014, pp. 44–46 2083:Greenhalgh 2014, pp. 44–46 1586:. Free Press. p. 81. 1513:Bernhard, Jacques (1991). 1279:, which he donated to the 1264: 1148:Second Battle of Champagne 821:Planning the counterattack 799:September he learned that 735:"camp militaire retranché" 689:Military governor of Paris 683:Military Governor of Paris 656: 436:and was taken prisoner at 4322:People from Haute-Garonne 3845:Paul-Vincent Faure-Biguet 3839:Georges-Auguste Florentin 3562:Jacques-François de Menou 3550:Jacques-François de Menou 3300:Waléran III de Luxembourg 3177: 3037:Tuchman, Barbara (1962). 2908:Victory Through Coalition 2865:Clayton, Anthony (2003). 2776:www.peuterey-editions.com 2700:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 2552:Doughty 2005, pp. 284–285 2525:Doughty 2005, pp. 236–237 2453:Doughty 2005, pp. 231–232 2444:Doughty 2005, pp. 229–231 2422:Doughty 2005, pp. 226–229 2359:Herwig 2009, pp. 248, 262 2269:Tuchman 1962, pp. 416–417 2251:Tuchman 1962, pp. 411–412 2206:Tuchman 1962, pp. 408–409 2074:Tuchman 1962, pp. 364-365 1984:Tuchman 1962, pp. 339–340 1975:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1931:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1850:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1823:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1735:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1726:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1706:. OUP Oxford. p. 2. 1692:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1683:Tuchman 1962, pp. 339–340 1674:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1656:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1503:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1494:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1476:Clayton 2003, pp. 215–216 1410:Madagascar de 1896 à 1905 1238:First Battle of the Marne 1212:He was posthumously made 1065:as Foreign Minister, the 985:When the German warships 704:formed a new government ( 659:First Battle of the Marne 346:First Battle of the Marne 324: 127: 70: 58: 46: 3689:Louis Sébastien Grundler 3622:François Joseph Lefebvre 3435:Jean-Francois de Faudoas 3161:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 2850:. Anthem Press, London. 2709:Herwig 2009, pp. 136–137 2296:Senior 2012, pp. 190–191 2188:Herwig 2009, pp. 226–227 2143:Herwig 2009, pp. 226–227 2002:Herwig 2009, pp. 136-137 1868:Herwig 2009, pp. 136–137 1859:Doughty 2005, pp. 10, 14 1841:Herwig 2009, pp. 136–137 1744:Herwig 2009, pp. 136–137 1485:Herwig 2009, pp. 136–137 1432:Pierre-Barthélemy Gheusi 1377:Works by Joseph Gallieni 828:Instruction General No 4 779:Paris, 3 September 1914 667:." On 14 August, as the 599:"une question de bouton" 212:École Spéciale Militaire 4006:Louis-Constant Morlière 3483:Gabriel de Rochechouart 3411:François de Montmorency 3281:under the Ancien Régime 2961:Herwig, Holger (2009). 2745:André Adamlien (1966). 2633:Clayton 2003, pp. 97–98 2606:Clayton 2003, pp. 97–98 2588:Clayton 2003, pp. 97–99 2570:Clayton 2003, pp. 97–98 2561:Clayton 2003, pp. 82–83 2543:Clayton 2003, pp. 97–98 2507:Clayton 2003, pp. 82–83 2471:Clayton 2003, pp. 82–83 2462:Clayton 2003, pp. 82–83 2341:Clayton 2003, pp. 53–57 2287:Doughty 2005, pp. 87–90 2242:Doughty 2005, pp. 87–89 2215:Doughty 2005, pp. 86–89 2170:Clayton 2003, pp. 53–57 2161:Clayton 2003, pp. 53–57 2102:Paris had been besieged 2056:Clayton 2003, pp. 53–57 2047:Doughty 2005, pp. 82–84 1886:Doughty 2005, pp. 14–15 1582:Gann, Lewis H. (1978). 1428:Les Carnets de Galliéni 1394:, Paris, Hachette, 1891 1182:German attack at Verdun 881:"une grande repugnance" 876:German IV Reserve Corps 390:, in the department of 365:German attack on Verdun 3881:Michel-Joseph Maunoury 3869:Victor-Constant Michel 3863:Michel-Joseph Maunoury 3857:Jean-Baptiste Dalstein 3821:Félix-Gustave Saussier 3525:Louis de Cossé-Brissac 3513:Charles Louis d'Albert 3465:François de L'Hospital 3381:Gilbert de Montpensier 3171:Michel-Joseph Maunoury 3041:. Constable & Co. 782: 569:Victor-Constant Michel 506:commanding the second 468: 453: 425:before serving in the 383: 371:posthumously in 1921. 4212:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 3958:Dietrich von Choltitz 3899:Charles Emile Moinier 3767:Bernard Pierre Magnan 3731:Nicolas-Joseph Maison 3713:Nicolas-Joseph Maison 3701:Pierre-Augustin Hulin 3695:Nicolas-Joseph Maison 3683:Louis de Rochechouart 3677:Pierre-Augustin Hulin 3580:Jacques Maurice Hatry 3519:Jean de Cossé-Brissac 3489:Charles III de Créquy 3306:Jean II de Luxembourg 2980:Palmer, Alan (1998). 2801:peuterey-editions.com 2125:Clayton 2003, pp. 537 1416:Neuf ans à Madagascar 1313:Saber and its sheath 963:British War Secretary 459: 451: 382: 375:Early life and career 331:Joseph Simon Gallieni 275:Years of service 3598:Jean-François Moulin 3387:Charles II d'Amboise 3375:Antoine de Chabannes 3360:Antoine de Chabannes 3018:Sumner, Ian (2012). 2676:on 21 November 2013. 2624:Doughty 2005, p. 285 2498:Doughty 2005, p. 232 2404:Doughty 2005, p. 204 2395:Doughty 2005, p. 151 2386:Tuchman 1962, p. 161 2323:Doughty 2005, p. 111 2305:Tuchman 1962, p. 419 2179:Tuchman 1962, p. 397 2152:Tuchman 1962, p. 399 2065:Tuchman 1962, p. 399 2029:Tuchman 1962, p. 233 1993:Tuchman 1962, p. 340 1966:Tuchman 1962, p. 181 1922:Tuchman 1962, p. 261 1904:Tuchman 1962, p. 181 1832:Aldrich 1996, p. 214 1814:Aldrich 1996, p. 106 1457:www.encyclopedia.com 773:against the invader. 577:offensive à outrance 510:of the territory in 462:Rova of Antananarivo 4138:Xavier de Zuchowicz 4096:Michel Fennebresque 3948:Otto von Stülpnagel 3755:Nicolas Changarnier 3743:Pierre-Claude Pajol 3616:Jean-Antoine Marbot 3535:General commanders 3441:Charles II de Cossé 3354:Charles de Gaucourt 3348:Charles I d'Amboise 3330:Jacques de Villiers 3324:Philippe de Ternant 3279:Governors of Paris 3118:of the 20th century 3022:. Pen & Sword. 2999:Prete, Roy (2009). 2869:. Cassell, London. 2761:Doughty 2005, p. 97 2736:Senior 2012, p. 379 2642:Senior 2012, p. 381 2534:Clayton 2003, p. 88 2480:Clayton 2003, p. 88 2377:Herwig 2009, p. 263 2368:Herwig 2009, p. 254 2332:Herwig 2009, p. 253 2314:Herwig 2009, p. 254 2278:Herwig 2009, p. 229 2260:Senior 2012, p. 188 2233:Herwig 2009, p. 228 2224:Herwig 2009, p. 227 2197:Doughty 2005, p. 87 2134:Doughty 2005, p. 85 2106:Franco-Prussian War 2038:Clayton 2003, p. 47 2011:Doughty 2005, p. 82 1895:Doughty 2005, p. 41 1877:Tuchman 1962, p. 48 1770:Aldrich 1996, p. 63 1665:Herwig 2009, p. 226 1569:Gallieni, 1849-1916 1220:. Camp Gallieni in 1175:Chamber of Deputies 1152:Hartmannswillerkopf 1119:Salonika expedition 758:Residents of Paris, 609:Gallieni commanded 546:code de l’indigenat 539:politique des races 471:He was promoted to 432:Gallieni fought at 427:Franco-Prussian War 315:Franco-Prussian War 110:Alexandre Millerand 27:French Army general 4302:Marshals of France 3988:Paul Legentilhomme 3982:Marie-Pierre Kœnig 3893:Adolphe Guillaumat 3797:Paul de Ladmirault 3785:Louis-Jules Trochu 3749:Tiburce Sébastiani 3737:Auguste de Marmont 3719:Hyacinthe Despinoy 3671:Jean-Andoche Junot 3634:Jean-Andoche Junot 3574:Napoléon Bonaparte 3453:Charles du Plessis 3417:René de Villequier 3230:Marie-Pierre Kœnig 3114:Marshals of France 2885:Doughty, Robert A. 2579:Sumner 2014, p. 97 2516:Palmer 1998, p. 47 2413:Palmer 1998, p. 29 1946:www.britannica.com 1281:Museum de Toulouse 1247:Basil Liddell Hart 933:Pont Alexandre III 917:General Order No 6 889:Franchet d’Esperey 669:Lorraine offensive 485:lieutenant-colonel 469: 454: 403:Prytanée Militaire 384: 217:Prytanée Militaire 4171: 4170: 4150:Hervé Charpentier 4042:Philippe de Camas 3815:Alphonse Lecointe 3238: 3237: 3048:978-0-333-30516-4 3029:978-1-848-84209-0 3010:978-0-7735-3522-0 2972:978-0-8129-7829-2 2936:978-1-107-60568-8 2917:978-0-521-09629-4 2898:978-0-674-02726-8 2857:978-0-857-28392-4 1759:978-0-521-22803-9 1713:978-0-19-166209-6 1643:978-0-299-19904-3 1618:978-0-313-07033-4 1593:978-0-02-911190-1 1364:Pair of sandals ( 1214:Marshal of France 1166:Lt-Colonel Driant 1135:Foreign Secretary 915:pm Joffre issued 809:messages. Lt-Col 508:military division 419:second lieutenant 396:Pogliano Milanese 369:Marshal of France 328: 327: 16:(Redirected from 4379: 4287: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4253: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4216: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4179: 4126:Pierre Costedoat 4072:Jacques de Barry 3976:Philippe Leclerc 3905:Pierre Berdoulat 3809:Justin Clinchant 3477:Antoine d'Aumont 3459:Hercule de Rohan 3405:Charles de Cossé 3342:Charles de Melun 3336:Charles d'Artois 3318:Jean de Villiers 3312:Jean de La Baume 3265: 3258: 3251: 3242: 3222: 3192: 3183: 3128: 3119: 3115: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3083: 3052: 3033: 3014: 2995: 2976: 2965:. Random House. 2940: 2921: 2902: 2880: 2861: 2833: 2830: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2672:. 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4215:sister projects 4214: 4210:Joseph Gallieni 4206: 4196: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4162:Christophe Abad 4132:Marcel Valentin 4054:Bernard Usureau 3968: 3962: 3940: 3934: 3917:Gaston Billotte 3887:Augustin Dubail 3875:Joseph Gallieni 3827:Émile Zurlinden 3659:Louis Bonaparte 3645: 3639: 3628:Édouard Mortier 3586:Pierre Augereau 3536: 3530: 3399:Paul de Thermes 3369:Louis d'Orléans 3288:Louis I d'Anjou 3280: 3274: 3269: 3239: 3234: 3220: 3214: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3151:Joseph Gallieni 3146:Philippe Pétain 3126: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3059: 3049: 3036: 3030: 3017: 3011: 2998: 2992: 2979: 2973: 2960: 2937: 2924: 2918: 2905: 2899: 2889:Pyrrhic Victory 2883: 2877: 2864: 2858: 2845: 2842: 2840:Further reading 2837: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 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