406:, a beach resort ~10 km west of the peninsula. This was said at La Puntilla where many seafront houses and businesses are located. No distinguishable impacts were made as a result of the tsunami. In addition, many eyewitnesses from El Salvador were interviewed and they did not observe any tsunami activity. In Playa El Espino and Playa El Cuco, hotel workers and boat captains did not report any anomalies along the coast such as boats being moved significantly. A resident in El Retiro saw two people and a horse dragged down a nearby beach by the wave. Further surveys later showed evidence of tsunami inundation and overwash.
265:) and had a focal depth of 16.0 kilometres (10 mi). No deaths were reported, however more than 40 people were injured when they were caught in a tsunami generated by the earthquake. Waves from the tsunami were unusually large for an earthquake of this size. The large waves were attributed to the earthquake's unique rupture characteristic. In addition to the absence of fatalities, damage caused by the earthquake and tsunami was minimal as a result of the sparse population around the affected region and the slow rupture characteristic of the event.
30:
331:
37:
343:. The rate at which seismic energy was released in this event was at least 25 times smaller than earthquakes of similar magnitudes. However, with a rupture prolongation of 59 seconds, it was three times longer than usual. The rupture process of this event is reminiscent of the 1992 tsunami earthquake.
398:
Another survivor said three waves were seen, the first of which carried him hundreds of meters inland. After the tsunami, a local civil protection coordinator (who felt the earthquake for 20â30 seconds) arrived at the beach and described hearing gurgling noises, caused by water draining into sand. It
394:
An eyewitness at the beach during the time of the event recalled seeing three waves although researchers speculate that there was a confusion in distinguishing waves of a tsunami and those caused by wind. The same eyewitness said the waves penetrated at least 340 metres (1,115 ft) inland, where
369:
The slow rupture characteristic of the El
Salvador earthquake meant that it was an efficient tsunami generator. Field surveys conducted in September 2012 along the coast of El Salvador and Nicaragua showed that the tsunami had a maximum height of over 6 metres (20 ft) along a 25 km stretch
440:
off the west coast of
Guatemala killed at least 48 people, left 100 missing and caused 155 injuries. The earthquake was considered typical for most similar-sized subduction earthquakes, only rupturing the fault interface at 15â35 km depth. It did not share the slow rupture characteristic like
338:
The earthquake was associated with rupture on the subduction zone. It produced slip of up to 1.2 m (4 ft) on the first 4â20 km (2.5â12.4 mi) section of the megathrust along a 50 km (31 mi) length. The source region of this earthquake was the shallow section of the
385:
Many workers involved in conservation efforts were collecting sea turtle eggs along beaches at night when the tsunami struck. The waves engulfed many workers and dragged them at least 90 metres (295 ft) inland, with some left hanging on trees a few meters above the ground. A
350:, the earthquake was not perceived at all, or that shaking was very weak, only reaching level II on the Mercalli intensity scale. Even at the coast, light shaking was reported by many residents for as long as three minutes. No damage was reported due to weak shaking.
390:
purposed for a hatchery located 70 metres (230 ft) from the shore had its walls torn off and posts knocked down (but not pulled from the sand) by the waves. More than 40 people were injured, with at least three being serious and needing medical treatment.
366:". The PTWC issued the first bulletin material, a tsunami advisory, eight minutes after the event to the coasts of Central America. After receiving strong evidence that the event was a tsunami earthquake, they raised the advisory to a tsunami warning.
339:
subduction zone. The rupture propagated with an estimated velocity of 2 km (1.2 mi)/s, which is unusually slow for most subduction zone earthquakes. In addition, the release of seismic energy occurred in long periodsâa characteristic of
309:
data collected over a period of two decades showed that the Cocos Plate is moving towards
Central America at a rate of 8.23 ± 0.22 cm (3.240 ± 0.087 in)/year. Seismic activity on the
346:
Given the earthquake released long-period seismic energy, shaking was relatively mild and in many parts of the coast, undetected by people present at the time. According to many residents living in
429:, killing two and injuring at least 20. This earthquake was located 450 km southeast of the August 27 earthquake, on the same subduction zone. It was preceded by a sequence of
935:
557:Ălvarez-GĂłmez, JosĂ© A.; VĂĄzquez, Alejandra Staller; MartĂnez-DĂaz, JosĂ© J.; Canora, Carolina; Alonso-Henar, Jorge; Insua-ArĂ©valo, Juan M.; BĂ©jar-Pizarro, Marta (1 August 2019).
433:
that began after the August 27 event. Further research suggest the former event triggered an uptick in seismic activity on the Nicoya
Peninsula section of the megathrust.
29:
1149:
1502:
1058:
Ellis, Andria P.; DeMets, Charles; Briole, Pierre; Molina, Enrique; Flores, Omar; Rivera, Jeffrey; Lasserre, CĂ©cile; Lyon-Caen, HĂ©lĂšne; Lord, Neal (2015).
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In
Nicaragua, the tsunami, with an estimated height of 0.5 metres (2 ft) or more caused moderate inundations in some coastal settlements.
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985:"Far-field triggering of foreshocks near the nucleation zone of the 5 September 2012 (MW 7.6) Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica earthquake"
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has been responsible for large and tsunamigenic earthquakes caused by the rupture of the fault. Many large earthquakes including the M
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1060:"Geodetic slip solutions for the Mw = 7.4 Champerico (Guatemala) earthquake of 2012 November 7 and its postseismic deformation"
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559:"Push-pull driving of the Central America Forearc in the context of the Cocos-Caribbean-North America triple junction"
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Walter, Jacob I.; Meng, Xiaofeng; Peng, Zhigang; Schwartz, Susan Y.; Newman, Andrew V.; Protti, Marino (2015).
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784:"Observations and Modeling of the August 27, 2012 Earthquake and Tsunami affecting El Salvador and Nicaragua"
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902:"Field survey report of tsunami effects caused by the August 2012 offshore El Salvador earthquake"
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936:"Experts confirm that there was a tsunami in El Salvador after the August earthquake"
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A USGS ShakeMap showing varying intensities of shaking caused by the earthquake.
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took roughly 20 minutes for the tsunami water to retreat and completely drain.
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726:"Large earthquake rupture process variations on the Middle America megathrust"
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866:"A 7.4 magnitude earthquake shakes El Salvador; tsunami warning is canceled"
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843:"A strong 7.4 magnitude earthquake shakes the coast of El Salvador"
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Surveyors did not report same effects from the tsunami at
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where
Central America sits on continental crust. The two
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289:, made of oceanic crust moves northeast, towards the
1442:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
782:
Borrero, J.C.; Kalligeris, N.; Lynett, P.J. (2014).
675:"Mechanism of the 1992 Nicaragua Tsunami Earthquake"
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are associated with rupture on the subduction zone.
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248:occurred on 26 August 2012 at 22:37 local time (
1448:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
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938:(in Spanish). San Salvador, El Salvador. Emol
8:
256:measured 7.3 on the moment magnitude scale (
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395:the flow depth was less than a meter high.
362:(PTWC) characterized the event as being a "
358:In just ten minutes of the earthquake, the
252:). The earthquake located off the coast of
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1261:(6.1, May 20 â 5.8, May 29 â 5.1, June 3)
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845:(in Spanish). elmundo.es. 27 August 2012
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417:Just nine days after the earthquake, a
285:where two tectonic plates collide. The
506:"M 7.3 - off the coast of El Salvador"
370:of coastline on the San Juan del Gozo
301:, where the Cocos Plate being denser,
1104:El Salvador Tsunami, August 27, 2012
1095:El Salvador Tsunami, August 27, 2012
480:
478:
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7:
864:Juan Andrés Muñoz (27 August 2012).
1503:August 2012 events in North America
989:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
733:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1114:International Seismological Centre
673:Satake, Kenji (15 November 1994).
616:Zamora, N.; Babeyko, A.Y. (2016).
484:
456:List of earthquakes in El Salvador
441:that seen in the August 27 event.
14:
1064:Geophysical Journal International
900:Francisco Gavidia-Medina (2015).
461:List of earthquakes in Nicaragua
35:
28:
436:In November, the magnitude 7.4
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16:Natural disaster in El Salvador
360:Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
1:
1351:Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica
1033:"M 7.4 - offshore Guatemala"
679:Geophysical Research Letters
277:, including El Salvador and
791:Pure and Applied Geophysics
532:"Tsunami Event Information"
451:List of earthquakes in 2012
305:under the Caribbean Plate.
20:2012 El Salvador earthquake
1519:
1488:Earthquakes in El Salvador
1010:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.017
909:Science of Tsunami Hazards
753:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.042
584:10.1038/s41598-019-47617-3
124:16.0 km (10 mi)
1435:
1302:North Island, New Zealand
934:DPA (11 September 2012).
868:(in Spanish). CNN Español
811:10.1007/s00024-014-0782-2
645:10.1007/s11069-015-2004-3
320:1992 Nicaragua earthquake
24:
1493:Earthquakes in Nicaragua
419:magnitude 7.6 earthquake
214:6.3 m (21 ft)
1205:GuerreroâOaxaca, Mexico
1001:2015E&PSL.431...75W
745:2013E&PSL.381..147Y
283:convergent plate margin
1278:(5.4 and 5.7, June 11)
335:
273:Off the west coast of
1328:UsulutĂĄn, El Salvador
1319:East Azerbaijan, Iran
1259:Emilia-Romagna, Italy
438:Champerico earthquake
333:
299:Middle America Trench
250:Central Standard Time
1285:Gippsland, Australia
1276:Baghlan, Afghanistan
1179:Visayas, Philippines
958:"M 7.6 - Costa Rica"
1483:Tsunami earthquakes
1478:2012 in El Salvador
1377:Haida Gwaii, Canada
1162:Earthquakes in 2012
1037:earthquake.usgs.gov
962:earthquake.usgs.gov
803:2014PApGe.171.3421B
691:1994GeoRL..21.2519S
637:2016NatHa..80..901Z
575:2019NatSR...911164A
510:earthquake.usgs.gov
404:Playa Costa del Sol
341:tsunami earthquakes
146: /
55:2012-08-27 04:37:19
21:
1334:Samar, Philippines
1122:authoritative data
1077:10.1093/gji/ggu484
563:Scientific Reports
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1498:2012 in Nicaragua
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797:(12): 3421â3435.
699:10.1029/94GL02338
685:(23): 2519â2522.
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150:12.139°N 88.590°W
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1228:Indian Ocean
1211:Talca, Chile
1199:Chiba, Japan
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1118:bibliography
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915:(4): 231â255
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348:San Salvador
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318: 7.6
297:meet at the
295:lithospheres
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1420:Zohan, Iran
739:: 147â155.
421:struck the
287:Cocos Plate
254:El Salvador
227:Aftershocks
180:El Salvador
153: /
63: event
1462:Categories
467:References
431:foreshocks
427:Costa Rica
326:Earthquake
246:earthquake
235:Casualties
219:Foreshocks
141:88°35âČ24âłW
138:12°08âČ20âłN
52: time
1394:Guatemala
1344:September
1236:Indonesia
1019:0012-821X
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653:130969961
489:601626911
372:Peninsula
281:, lies a
279:Nicaragua
193:intensity
184:Nicaragua
129:Epicenter
105:Magnitude
67:601626911
1413:December
1387:November
1172:February
1043:21 April
968:21 April
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919:22 April
872:21 April
849:21 April
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758:21 April
704:21 April
658:21 April
603:31371752
542:21 April
516:21 April
445:See also
380:UsulutĂĄn
303:subducts
199:MMI II (
1370:October
1232:Sumatra
1120:and/or
997:Bibcode
819:1554690
799:Bibcode
741:Bibcode
687:Bibcode
633:Bibcode
594:6671955
571:Bibcode
354:Tsunami
211:Tsunami
1312:August
1116:has a
1109:(NOAA)
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1039:. USGS
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538:. NCEI
512:. USGS
495:].
487:Event
485:ISC-OB
388:ramada
170:Thrust
97:22:37
80:ComCat
1230:(off
1221:April
1192:March
905:(PDF)
815:S2CID
787:(PDF)
729:(PDF)
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621:(PDF)
491:[
121:Depth
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1295:July
1269:June
1112:The
1045:2021
1015:ISSN
970:2021
944:2021
921:2021
874:2021
851:2021
826:2021
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706:2021
660:2021
599:PMID
544:2021
518:2021
493:IRIS
230:Yes
222:Yes
201:Weak
191:Max.
182:and
166:Type
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