383:
175:
31:
109:
411:
who studied the private and state forests since 1950, Smetacek maintained forest fires did not occur naturally in the geographical topography of the region concerned. Natural fires are not seen anywhere in Indian forests, she added. The introduction of pine trees by the
British caused a more volatile
323:
Scientists of the Govind
Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development formed a team to survey the area and study the effects of the fires on the melting of glaciers. Ecologists suggested that clearing of forest floors of the fallen pine leaves, which are readily combustible, should
360:
Soaring temperatures reignited the forest fires on 18 May 2016 covering an area of nearly 180 hectares of green land spreading over 111 districts. Rangers and
Divisional Forest Officers rush to the spot and extinguish the fire as soon as possible to reduce the damage done. This was the result of the
262:
The campaign gathered widespread support from social media users and Indian media which led to a series of claims and counter-claims between the environment minister, the conservationist, and other activists ensued, as
Smetacek blamed the timber and builder mafia for the purposely-lit fires, stating
247:
Consequently, these fires went largely unchecked and spread from the pine forests on the slopes of the sub-Himalayan region to the oak and broadleaf forests which resulted in heavy clouds of smoke that changed the usually blue skies to grey. This smoke affected tourism within the state and fearing
227:
A major cause of the fires was attributed to the record high temperatures and severe lack of rainfall due to a dry winter. The
Uttarakhand forest fires also came as India suffered one of its worst droughts in years, with the government noting that over 330 million were affected by water shortages.
402:
blamed the television media for their "Delhi centrist world view" that disregarded the historical and ecological natural causes of fire, due to the high density of pine trees that increases the fire hazards. Various tourism-related associations suggested that the exaggerated representation of the
424:
of the rivers that are a source of water for human populations in northern India. The average temperature of northern India saw an increase of 0.2 °C. Concern over forest fires in
Uttarakhand has been increasing in the country and Indian Supreme Court took cognizance of the issue and issued
263:
that 1,300 fires could be seen from satellite pictures and that an arson attack across the state was evident. The post demanding the fires be recognized as a national emergency, and the need of immediate deployment of NDRF teams, led to the government taking action, deploying the
139:
Officials detected nearly 1,600 total fires, which were brought under control by 2 May, and as rain fell the following day, it reduced the impact of the wildfires. An initial report on 4 May noted that 3,500 hectares (8,600 acres) had been destroyed by the fire.
361:
temperatures of
Uttarakhand which were about 4 to 5 degrees higher than the average temperatures at this time of the year. According to government sources, the forest fires combined have destroyed nearly 4,048 hectares of land, in 1,857 incidents.
220:, a ban that prohibits the removal of pine trees in the areas where they are invading. Apart from accidental fires, several causes and motivations for setting fires have been noted, which include encroachment on forest lands and concealing
415:
Fires directly destroy biodiversity and have indirect long-term impacts, including the encouragement of fire and pioneer species. It has been suggested that the dark carbon dust emitted by the fires deposited on
340:
areas. Around 6,000 personnel from the Forest
Department were deployed. As of 30 April 2016, 922 incidences of fire were reported affecting around 2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) of forest area. The
795:
1213:
571:
1091:
216:
to remove the carpet of pine needles that come in the way of harvesting activity. In June 1981, a blanket ban was introduced against the felling of standing trees 1000 meters
1596:
1966:
932:
602:
1073:
1255:
513:
1181:
904:
1195:
743:
479:
1516:
1109:
1668:
353:
that developed in the area affected the aerial operations of the army. The affected area later increased to around 3,500 hectares (8,600 acres), extending into
136:
that spread across
Uttarakhand and were the worst recorded in the region, with a reported 4,538 hectares (11,210 acres) of forest burned and seven people dead.
665:
308:(US$ 35,000). The estimate is based on the standard rule book followed by the department with empirical formulae for such calculations. Various ecologists and
1840:
1563:
398:
Reports were published in the local media which variously blamed both the local people and timber companies for the forest fires. Environmental journalist
1830:
1694:
461:
156:
have been a regular event. Since the formation of the state in 2000, more than 44,518 hectares (110,010 acres) of forest land have been lost to fire.
963:
1772:
1589:
876:
1908:
1903:
633:
Replacing controlled burning practice by alternate methods of reducing fuel load in the
Himalayan longleaf pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests
1986:
1248:
1128:
533:
1825:
1156:
848:
1981:
1956:
1582:
1365:
631:
1506:
551:
328:
from these pine needles should be promoted, serving as a source of fuel as well as a solution to prevent wildfires. On 30 April, the
1976:
1971:
1241:
382:
324:
be undertaken by the forest department as well as locals on a grassroots level to prevent such major fire outbreaks. Production of
992:
821:
1946:
1630:
1316:
1311:
329:
297:
are tourist attractions in summer, and they now face heavy air pollution. The forest fires also disrupted the functioning of the
264:
160:
1285:
1712:
1636:
1293:
259:
was shared over 58,000 times as it showed the entire hillsides ablaze with walls of flames engulfing even the tallest trees.
251:
The conservationist Ela Smetacek started a public awareness campaign to highlight the damage from the fires calling on the
1913:
1662:
1524:
1477:
1046:
1765:
368:(US$ 75M) to the Uttarakhand forest department to research the cause of the forest fires, which was later increased by
1800:
1642:
1498:
1421:
1991:
1861:
1732:
1719:
1393:
1347:
1264:
439:
285:, a boarding school at Kasauli, was evacuated as fires had reached its compound walls. Tourism and wildlife at the
1820:
1795:
1540:
286:
298:
1898:
1706:
1648:
204:
174:
1961:
1951:
1882:
1758:
1426:
1398:
1383:
309:
1866:
1810:
1624:
1431:
217:
187:
1681:
1655:
1436:
1388:
30:
1092:"Uttarakhand to get Rs 600-Cr World Bank aid to bolster forest fire-fighting efforts - Times of India"
379:
50,000 crores (US$ 7.5B) to go towards afforestation across the state of Uttarakhand and the country.
1454:
1416:
357:. The regions saw rainfalls on 3 May ranging from 7mm to 11mm, which helped in controlling the fire.
290:
349:
with Helicopter bucket (bambi buckets) were used to douse the fires with water. However, the heavy
159:
Some fires during 1921, 1930, and 1942 have been associated with popular movements against the then
1835:
1375:
256:
252:
241:
236:
The forest fires began on February 2, 2016, and went initially unnoticed for several weeks, while
1446:
1339:
640:
518:
484:
387:
325:
224:. Major illicit timber trade relies on pine forests since they are often used for construction.
796:"Daily fire bulletin to be issued in Uttarakhand to keep fake news on forest fires under check"
1927:
1924:
1805:
1781:
1700:
1464:
1357:
1175:
909:
434:
403:
fires by the media could reduce tourism, a major part of the state economy. Part of a team of
275:
191:
1815:
1330:
1276:
404:
354:
346:
337:
294:
293:
regions were affected. Various other locations in these Himalayan states of Uttarakhand and
282:
268:
164:
62:
937:
333:
221:
36:
1726:
1408:
572:"Centre gives over Rs 47,000 cr to 27 states for green activities - The Economic Times"
213:
1940:
1738:
1688:
1607:
1017:
853:
717:
691:
301:
line. On 3 May, the forest department estimated the monetary losses at approximately
186:
itself is resistant to the fire. Instead of harming them, these fires help in their
769:
666:"Uttarakhand forest fires: IAF's chopper Mi-17 to spray water over burning forests"
163:
forestry policies and as a call for independence. Most of these fires occur in the
1074:"ADB's Rs 500 crore grant to help Uttarakhand fight forest fires - Times of India"
480:"Second-worst in 16 yrs, fires destroy 2,521 hectares forest cover in Uttarakhand"
375:
The Indian central government later announced a series of funds amounting to over
1268:
153:
125:
58:
1574:
877:"In Uttarakhand Fires, Devastating Impact On Glaciers, Birds: 10 Developments"
399:
317:
237:
1133:
1051:
607:
556:
425:
strict measures to be implemented by the centre and the state governments.
421:
417:
408:
342:
271:
195:
149:
133:
1233:
202:. The broad-leaved forest is dominated by oak species, including Banj oak (
320:
which holds rainfall, which might result in floods in the monsoon season.
1303:
822:"Forest Fires Reach Boarding School In Himachal's Kasauli, Children Safe"
312:
have disregarded the estimate, noting that it does not take into account
121:
933:"Uttarakhand forest fire: Loss much more than estimated, say ecologists"
1214:"Supreme Court's Tough Words For Centre, Uttarakhand Over Forest Fires"
514:"Uttarakhand forest fire: Rain brings relief, death toll reaches seven"
462:"Fresh forest fires in Uttarakhand destroy 180 hectares of green cover"
313:
968:
316:
and wildlife losses. They added that these fires have also destroyed
1750:
108:
420:
glaciers could hasten the glaciers' melting. This could affect the
1196:"Uttarakhand forest fires could melt glaciers faster, say experts"
381:
365:
209:
173:
129:
107:
66:
1018:"Uttarakhand fires: Battle to douse deadly blaze in Indian state"
692:"Uttarakhand fires: Battle to douse deadly blaze in Indian state"
1110:"It Took a Viral Facebook Post to Put Out the Uttarakhand Fires"
881:
350:
183:
1754:
1578:
1237:
281:
Seven fatalities were reported as of 4 May 2016. The
1022:
199:
744:"All you need to know about President's rule in Uttarakhand"
639:. 5th International Wildland Fire Conference. Archived from
718:"India fires: Rainfall douses deadly blazes in Uttarakhand"
1047:"Thick smog in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh fires spread"
386:
Vegetation destroyed in a forest near Dhaulinag Temple in
905:"Peak tourism season in Uttarakhand hit by forest fire"
473:
471:
1129:"How the media got the Uttarakhand fire story wrong"
770:"How India's 'tree hugger' is tackling forest fires"
630:
Chandran, Manoj; Sinha, A.R.; Rawat, R.B.S. (2011).
248:
bad publicity, the locals did not report the fires.
194:, which leads to an increase in the land covered by
132:, between April and May. The fires were caused by a
1891:
1875:
1849:
1788:
1553:
1533:
1515:
1497:
1490:
1463:
1445:
1407:
1374:
1356:
1338:
1329:
1302:
1284:
1275:
534:"Showers help in fighting Uttarakhand forest fires"
456:
454:
98:
90:
85:
77:
72:
54:
44:
23:
964:"The devastating effects of the Uttarakhand fires"
364:Subsequently, the World Bank granted 500 crores
1560:Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Authority
958:
956:
278:(bambi buckets) to douse the fires with water.
596:
594:
592:
1766:
1590:
1249:
8:
1180:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1155:Mehta, Mayank Aggarwal,Nikita (2 May 2016).
993:"Poor mgmt reason for forest fires: Experts"
552:"Uttarakhand forest fire controlled: Rijiju"
1157:"Understanding the Uttarakhand forest fire"
1773:
1759:
1751:
1597:
1583:
1575:
1494:
1335:
1281:
1256:
1242:
1234:
508:
506:
504:
502:
332:was deployed for rescue operations in the
29:
20:
1831:2016 Southeastern United States wildfires
450:
1173:
849:"Forest fires threaten tiger reserves"
244:which had been imposed on Uttarakhand
120:were a series of widespread, damaging
1967:History of Uttarakhand (1947–present)
478:Upadhyay, Vineet (12 February 2020).
148:Forest fires caused by humans in the
112:The state of Uttarakhand within India
7:
1841:2016 Western United States wildfires
1826:2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires
240:was in a state of outrage over the
212:is harvested from these pines, and
1909:2016–17 Australian bushfire season
1904:2015–16 Australian bushfire season
601:Upadhyay, Kavita (30 April 2016).
14:
603:"Uttarakhand battles fire crisis"
232:Early 2016 events and controversy
214:fires are often intentionally set
875:Ghosh, Deepshikha (3 May 2016).
394:Controversy and long term impact
330:National Disaster Response Force
265:National Disaster Response Force
931:Trivedi, Anupam (3 May 2016).
412:fuel to the (man-made) fires.
171:zone which is prone to fire.
1:
1987:Disasters in Himachal Pradesh
1914:2016 Waroona-Yarloop bushfire
1857:2016 Uttarakhand forest fires
1695:Air Force An-32 disappearance
1564:State Disaster Response Force
118:2016 Uttarakhand forest fires
81:4,538 hectares (11,210 acres)
24:2016 Uttarakhand forest fires
1045:Sharma, Mohit (3 May 2016).
1801:2016 Fort McMurray wildfire
991:Vibha Sharma (2 May 2016).
2008:
1982:Natural disasters in India
1957:April 2016 events in India
1862:November 2016 Israel fires
1720:Pukhrayan train derailment
1609:Disasters in India in 2016
1127:Dutt, Bahar (6 May 2016).
440:2019 Bandipur forest fires
255:to address the issue. Her
1922:
1821:2016 Washington wildfires
1796:2016 California wildfires
1637:Siachen Glacier avalanche
1618:
903:Modi, Ajay (3 May 2016).
287:Jim Corbett National Park
222:illegal timber extraction
28:
1977:May 2016 events in India
1972:Disasters in Uttarakhand
1899:2016 Tasmanian bushfires
1707:Bihar alcohol poisonings
1675:Uttarakhand forest fires
1649:Kolkata flyover collapse
274:helicopters fitted with
205:Quercus leucotrichophora
190:by reducing coverage of
1947:2016 disasters in India
1883:2016 Portugal wildfires
310:environmental activists
1867:2016 Javea forest fire
1811:Strawberry Fire (2016)
1114:The New Indian Express
390:
372:600 crores (US$ 90M).
179:
113:
1733:Kanpur train accident
1656:Puttingal temple fire
1643:Gujarat road accident
1629:January 22–24
385:
177:
111:
1669:National Museum fire
847:Jotirmay Thapliyal.
299:Kalka–Shimla Railway
291:Rajaji Tiger reserve
161:British government's
39:of Uttarakhand state
1836:Anderson Creek Fire
1731:December 28
1725:December 12
1717:November 20
1631:East Asia cold wave
345:helicopters of the
124:that took place in
1713:Myanmar earthquake
1663:Myanmar earthquake
1641:February 5
1635:February 3
1541:2023 tunnel rescue
1200:The Times of India
1096:The Times of India
1078:The Times of India
576:The Economic Times
519:The Indian Express
485:The Times of India
391:
388:Bageshwar district
326:biomass briquettes
267:and making use of
180:
144:History and causes
114:
99:Non-fatal injuries
1992:Wildfires in Asia
1934:
1933:
1806:Baker Canyon Fire
1782:Wildfires in 2016
1748:
1747:
1711:August 24
1705:August 16
1679:April–May
1673:April–May
1625:Imphal earthquake
1623:January 4
1572:
1571:
1549:
1548:
1525:2022 bus accident
1486:
1485:
1331:Natural disasters
1325:
1324:
1277:Disease outbreaks
910:Business Standard
435:List of wildfires
276:Helicopter bucket
253:Indian government
242:presidential rule
106:
105:
16:Wildfire in India
1999:
1816:Hayden Pass Fire
1775:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1682:Indian heat wave
1667:April 26
1661:April 13
1653:April 10
1647:March 31
1610:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1534:Tunnel collapses
1495:
1478:2020 Uttarakhand
1473:2016 Uttarakhand
1432:2021 Uttarakhand
1427:2013 North India
1389:1980 Pithoragarh
1366:2024 Uttarakhand
1348:2022 Uttarakhand
1336:
1282:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
960:
951:
950:
948:
946:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
818:
812:
811:
809:
807:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
766:
760:
759:
757:
755:
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
714:
708:
707:
705:
703:
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
662:
656:
655:
653:
651:
646:on 12 April 2016
645:
638:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
598:
587:
586:
584:
582:
568:
562:
561:
548:
542:
541:
530:
524:
523:
510:
497:
496:
494:
492:
475:
466:
465:
458:
405:conservationists
378:
371:
355:Himachal Pradesh
347:Indian Air Force
307:
305:
295:Himachal Pradesh
283:Pinegrove School
269:Indian Air Force
192:broad-leaf trees
167:Pinus roxburghii
63:Himachal Pradesh
50:
49:April – May 2016
33:
21:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1918:
1887:
1871:
1845:
1784:
1779:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1737:Ongoing
1693:July 22
1614:
1608:
1603:
1573:
1568:
1545:
1529:
1511:
1491:Other disasters
1482:
1459:
1441:
1417:1894 Gohna Lake
1403:
1394:1991 Uttarkashi
1370:
1352:
1321:
1298:
1271:
1262:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
990:
989:
985:
975:
973:
962:
961:
954:
944:
942:
938:Hindustan Times
930:
929:
925:
915:
913:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
874:
873:
869:
859:
857:
846:
845:
841:
831:
829:
820:
819:
815:
805:
803:
800:Hindustan Times
794:
793:
789:
779:
777:
768:
767:
763:
753:
751:
750:. 27 March 2016
748:Hindustan Times
742:
741:
737:
727:
725:
716:
715:
711:
701:
699:
690:
689:
685:
675:
673:
664:
663:
659:
649:
647:
643:
636:
629:
628:
624:
614:
612:
600:
599:
590:
580:
578:
570:
569:
565:
550:
549:
545:
532:
531:
527:
512:
511:
500:
490:
488:
477:
476:
469:
460:
459:
452:
448:
431:
396:
376:
369:
303:
302:
234:
218:above sea level
178:Burnt Chir Pine
146:
48:
40:
37:Almora district
35:Forest fire in
17:
12:
11:
5:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Fires in India
1959:
1954:
1952:2016 wildfires
1949:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1727:Cyclone Vardah
1723:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1687:May 17
1685:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1517:Road accidents
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1437:2023 Himalayan
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:2012 Himalayan
1419:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:2009 swine flu
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1294:2015 swine flu
1290:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1205:
1187:
1147:
1119:
1101:
1083:
1080:. 16 May 2016.
1065:
1037:
1009:
983:
952:
923:
895:
867:
839:
813:
787:
761:
735:
709:
683:
657:
622:
588:
563:
543:
525:
498:
467:
464:. 18 May 2016.
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1399:1999 Chamoli
1384:1803 Garhwal
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1269:Uttarakhand
1166:3 September
806:3 September
728:3 September
670:India Today
165:chir pine (
154:Uttarakhand
126:Uttarakhand
59:Uttarakhand
1941:Categories
1455:1998 Malpa
1447:Landslides
1340:Avalanches
941:. Dehradun
611:. Dehradun
446:References
409:biologists
400:Bahar Dutt
318:vegetation
314:ecological
238:Parliament
78:Total area
73:Statistics
1465:Wildfires
1358:Blizzards
1304:Pandemics
1286:Epidemics
1265:Disasters
1134:Live Mint
1052:Asian Age
780:25 August
754:23 August
608:The Hindu
581:25 August
557:The Hindu
538:The Hindu
491:25 August
422:hydrology
418:Himalayan
196:chir pine
152:state of
150:Himalayan
122:wildfires
1218:NDTV.com
1176:cite web
1161:Livemint
774:BBC News
722:BBC News
696:BBC News
429:See also
182:But the
134:heatwave
55:Location
1892:Oceania
1789:America
1554:Related
1223:15 July
338:Garhwal
306:29 lakh
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1876:Europe
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334:Kumaon
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650:4 May
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