889:
734:
529:
451:
463:
1541:
824:, the 'testament' genre contains two main elements: ethical warnings to be followed after the death of the writer and revelations of the future. The significant fact about the 'testament' genre was not in its markers but in its nature; it is argued that a piece of 'testament' literature is meant to "be a completely transparent fiction".
977:, and the time of my departure is at hand. I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith: Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing."
53:
768:
Although the pastorals are written under Paul's name, they are different from his other epistles, and since the early 19th century, scholars have increasingly seen them as the work of an unknown student of Paul's doctrine, as they do not address Paul's common themes, such as the believers' unity with
910:
2:22). He was anticipating that "the time of his departure was at hand" (4:6), and he exhorts his "son
Timothy" to all diligence and steadfastness in the face of false teachings, with advice about combating them with reference to the teachings of the past, and to patience under persecution (1:6–15),
1331:
Justin Paley. (2017). Authorship of 2 Timothy: Neglected
Viewpoints on Genre and Dating. Duke University. pp 69-70. "That being said, it is important to note that there are other scholars who argue in favor of Pauline authorship and a farewell testament genre for 2 Timothy. For those that do argue
995:, "having loved this present world". In sharp contrast to his dispute with Barnabas over Mark (Acts 15:37–40), which resulted in the two parting ways, Paul now considered Mark to be "profitable to the ministry" (v. 11). Chapter 4 also features the only biblical mention of
1544:
1009:
2 Timothy 2:14-16 contains a number of commands addressed to Paul's co-worker (in the second person) about how one to teach or relate to those in disputes pertaining heresy. The teaching of Paul was regarded authoritative by
1303:
By the end of the twentieth century New
Testament scholarship was virtually unanimous in affirming that the Pastoral Epistles were written some time after Paul's death...As always some scholars dissent from the consensus
1332:
for the authenticity of 2 Tim, this is the majority opinion. Furthermore, even for those who argue against
Pauline authorship for 2 Tim, the majority opinion on genre stands with the farewell testament attribution."
972:
Paul is depicted in the letter, which may have been written after his death, as anticipating his being put to death and realities beyond in his valedictory found in 2 Timothy 4:6–8: "For I am now ready to be
2158:
904:
not to have a "spirit of timidity" and not to "be ashamed to testify about our Lord" (1:7–8). He also entreats
Timothy to come to him before winter, and to bring Mark with him (cf.
494:
1631:
1803:
839:
809:, especially the ones he wrote in captivity. This has led some scholars to conclude that the author of 2 Timothy is a different person from that of 1 Timothy and Titus.
911:
and to a faithful discharge of all the duties of his office (4:1–5), with all the solemnity of one who was about to appear before the Judge of the quick and the dead.
798:), were not written by Paul but by an anonymous author, sometime between 90 and 140 AD. Some scholars refer to the assumedly pseudonymous author as "the Pastor".
1843:
2775:
2657:
896:
translation: "Preach the word; be prepared in season and out of season; correct, rebuke and encourage—with great patience and careful instruction." (NIV)
816:
Most scholars, both those arguing for and against its authenticity, are of the opinion that 2 Timothy belongs to a pseudepigraphic genre known as the
1373:: sums the other theories, offers examples of different scholars who adhere to different theories, but presents a different option for consideration.
487:
381:
1107:
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830:, however, argued that 2 Timothy was written by Paul and that the other two pastoral epistles were written by someone else using it as a model.
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and anti-Gnostic groups alike in the second century, but this epistle stands out firmly and becomes a basis for anti-Gnostic positions.
592:
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761:, a fellow missionary, it is traditionally considered to be the last epistle Paul wrote before his death. The original language is
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1416:"2 Timothy 4:13 When you come, bring the cloak that I left with Carpus at Troas, and my scrolls, especially the parchments"
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Most modern critical scholars argue that 2 Timothy, as well as the other two so-called "pastoral letters" (
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Based on the traditional view that 2 Timothy was Paul's final epistle, chapter 4 talks (v. 10) about how
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838:
The original manuscript of this book is lost, as are about two centuries of the earliest copies. The
692:
424:
125:
58:
1363:
Reiher, Jim (July 2012), "Could
Philippians have been written from the Second Roman Imprisonment?",
528:
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2469:
2148:
1931:
1901:
1732:
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870:
813:
proposed that this letter was written by a follower of Paul who had knowledge of Paul's last days.
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1448:. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 514.
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In the epistle, Paul asks
Timothy to bring his coat and books to him next time he sees him.
864:
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82:
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2016:
1991:
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1469:
Drury, Clare (2007). "73. The
Pastoral Epistles". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.).
984:, also believed to have been written (with Timothy's help) near the time of Paul's death.
319:
776:
Nonetheless, a number of scholars still defend the traditional authorship of 2 Timothy.
1341:
Bauckham, RJ. (2010). The Jewish World Around the New
Testament. Baker Academic. pp. 144
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107:
102:
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1535:
EarlyChristianWritings.com further discussion of the
Pastorals (on the 1 Timothy page)
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2011:
2006:
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1722:
1038:
992:
647:
455:
842:. The oldest manuscripts containing some or all of the text of this book include:
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1121:
1091:
2701:
2297:
2215:
2210:
2124:
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999:(v. 21), who in Catholic tradition is listed as Peter's immediate successor as
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17:
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The language and ideas of 2 Timothy are notably different from the other two
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which is more organized and defined than the church was in Paul's time.
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1956:
1821:
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1517:(ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
931:
If we believe not, yet he abideth faithful: he cannot deny himself.
741:(5th century AD); the lower part shows text from 2 Timothy 1:10–12.
2535:
1856:
1777:
1737:
1709:
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988:
887:
732:
1000:
1825:
1613:
1396:. Vol. 9. New York, New York, USA: Robert Appleton Company
991:, formerly considered a "fellow worker", had deserted him for
52:
925:
For if we be dead with him, we shall also live with him:
951:
If we have died with him, we will also live with him;
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1530:EarlyChristianWritings.com discussion of 2 Timothy
1158:The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha
1044:Textual variants in the Second Epistle to Timothy
1202:
1200:
1198:
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1507:English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
946:
920:
1223:
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1837:
1625:
1231:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, pp. 356–359.
1070:. It is most commonly abbreviated as "2 Tim."
714:
488:
8:
1096:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 995.
1156:May, Herbert G.; Metzger, Bruce M. (1977),
927:If we suffer, we shall also reign with him:
2078:
1844:
1830:
1822:
1632:
1618:
1610:
1554:
1291:, Westminster John Knox Press, p. 4,
953:if we endure, we will also reign with him;
721:
707:
506:
495:
481:
29:
1475:. Oxford University Press. p. 1229.
1289:1 & 2 Timothy and Titus: A Commentary
957:if we are faithless, he remains faithful—
1177:The First and Second Letters to Timothy
1083:
1055:
518:
41:
1442:(2006). Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (ed.).
1320:, New York: Doubleday, pp. 672–75
1214:, Palo Alto: Mayfield, pp. 340–45
955:if we deny him, he also will deny us;
929:if we deny him, he also will deny us:
7:
1318:An Introduction to the New Testament
1170:
1168:
900:According to the letter, Paul urges
840:text of surviving manuscripts varies
61:, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9
2776:Other books referenced in the Bible
2735:New Testament manuscript categories
1132:from the original on April 21, 2022
980:Portions of 2 Timothy parallel the
914:This letter contains one of Paul's
2306:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
1110:from the original on June 3, 2021.
786:Authorship of the Pauline epistles
769:Christ, and they reflect a church
25:
1210:(1985), "The Pastoral Epistles",
1062:The book is sometimes called the
1810:Apocryphon of Jannes and Jambres
1539:
1445:The Letters to Timothy and Titus
1270:"New Testament Letter Structure"
1064:Second Letter of Paul to Timothy
527:
461:
449:
51:
2791:Biblical and Quranic narratives
949:The saying is trustworthy, for:
1175:Johnson, Luke Timothy (2001).
57:Papyrus 46, one of the oldest
1:
688:Apostles in the New Testament
1287:Collins, Raymond F. (2004),
1241:Wright, N. T. (2018-02-27).
959:for he cannot deny himself.
892:Quotation from 2 Timothy in
834:Oldest surviving manuscripts
753:traditionally attributed to
2850:2nd-century Christian texts
1547:public domain audiobook at
1521:Multiple bible versions at
1472:The Oxford Bible Commentary
2881:
2771:English Bible translations
2159:Song of the Three Children
1559:Second Epistle to Timothy
1316:Brown, Raymond E. (1997),
1122:"Bible Book Abbreviations"
982:Epistle to the Philippians
783:
2845:Second Epistle to Timothy
2809:
1641:Second Epistle to Timothy
1598:
1585:
1577:
1557:
1179:. Yale University Press.
859:Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
805:yet similar to the later
747:Second Epistle to Timothy
643:Coptic Apocalypse of Paul
415:New Testament manuscripts
27:Book of the New Testament
1227:Jerome Murphy-O'Connor,
1160:, pp. 1440, 1446–49
1034:First Epistle to Timothy
966:English Standard Version
923:It is a faithful saying:
2633:Intertestamental period
1212:Understanding the Bible
468:Christianity portal
2617:Apocalyptic literature
2254:Paralipomena of Baruch
1526:(NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
970:
942:
897:
828:Jerome Murphy-O'Connor
742:
2781:Additional Scriptures
2745:New Testament uncials
1393:Catholic Encyclopedia
1365:Evangelical Quarterly
1229:Paul: A Critical Life
891:
736:
2766:Bible version debate
2740:New Testament papyri
2686:Samaritan Pentateuch
2311:Testament of Abraham
2249:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
1384:Kirsch, Johann Peter
1353:: King James Version
1126:Logos Bible Software
1024:Biblical inspiration
749:is one of the three
693:Pauline Christianity
425:Johannine literature
126:Acts of the Apostles
59:New Testament papyri
2860:New Testament books
2708:Muratorian fragment
2643:New Testament canon
2638:Old Testament canon
2531:Chapters and verses
2149:Additions to Daniel
2115:Additions to Esther
1351:2 Timothy 4:6–8:KJV
871:Codex Claromontanus
410:New Testament canon
2855:Canonical epistles
2321:Testament of Jacob
2316:Testament of Isaac
2201:Prayer of Manasseh
2164:Bel and the Dragon
2144:Letter of Jeremiah
1594:Books of the Bible
1274:Catholic Resources
1208:Harris, Stephen L.
938:King James Version
918:hymns in 2:11–13:
898:
877:Codex Coislinianus
853:Codex Alexandrinus
822:farewell discourse
818:testamentary genre
743:
737:Fragment from the
638:Apocalypse of Paul
626:Related literature
540:Pauline literature
336:Book of Revelation
2865:Pastoral epistles
2832:
2831:
2801:Textual criticism
2364:
2363:
2288:Psalms of Solomon
2231:Orthodox Tewahedo
1819:
1818:
1608:
1607:
1599:Succeeded by
1591:
1515:at GospelHall.org
1440:Towner, Philip H.
1254:978-0-06-219827-3
1247:. HarperCollins.
1244:Paul: A Biography
1103:978-1-4335-6343-0
803:pastoral epistles
751:pastoral epistles
731:
730:
505:
504:
435:Pastoral epistles
268:Catholic epistles
16:(Redirected from
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2681:Dead Sea Scrolls
2663:Dating the Bible
2541:Historical books
2178:Eastern Orthodox
2091:Eastern Orthodox
2079:
2072:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1804:Textual variants
1634:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1587:
1578:Preceded by
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1551:Various versions
1545:Bible: 2 Timothy
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1111:
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1029:Epistle to Titus
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940:
865:Codex Freerianus
847:Codex Sinaiticus
811:Raymond E. Brown
807:Pauline epistles
755:Paul the Apostle
739:Codex Freerianus
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683:Paul the Apostle
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507:
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456:Bible portal
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420:Synoptic Gospels
390:Petrine epistles
377:Pauline epistles
152:Pauline epistles
83:Four Evangelists
55:
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2450:2 Thessalonians
2445:1 Thessalonians
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782:
757:. Addressed to
727:
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653:Paul and Thecla
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593:2 Thessalonians
588:1 Thessalonians
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215:1 Thessalonians
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2730:Masoretic Text
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2332:Classification
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2278:Psalms 152–155
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40:
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19:
2719:Vetus Latina
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2653:Jewish canon
2648:Antilegomena
2550:Poetic Books
2546:Wisdom books
2524:Subdivisions
2459:
2437:
2142: /
2067:Deuterocanon
1987:Lamentations
1967:Ecclesiastes
1874:(protocanon)
1865:Hebrew Bible
1808:
1640:
1586:
1562:
1522:
1513:Online Bible
1512:
1486:. Retrieved
1471:
1464:
1444:
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1423:. Retrieved
1420:biblehub.com
1419:
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1398:. Retrieved
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1134:. Retrieved
1125:
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1066:, or simply
1063:
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1039:Itching ears
1008:
1005:
993:Thessalonica
986:
979:
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849:(AD 330–360)
837:
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789:
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767:
746:
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648:Acts of Paul
602:
522:in the Bible
235:
42:Books of the
2824:WikiProject
2702:Diatessaron
2673:Manuscripts
2626:Development
2428:Philippians
2298:Beta Israel
2216:4 Maccabees
2211:3 Maccabees
2125:2 Maccabees
2120:1 Maccabees
1902:Deuteronomy
1743:Onesiphorus
1488:February 6,
1371:(3): 213–33
907:Philippians
763:Koine Greek
578:Philippians
199:Philippians
2839:Categories
2761:Authorship
2691:Septuagint
2536:Pentateuch
2515:Revelation
2439:Laodiceans
2433:Colossians
1922:1–2 Samuel
1425:2022-07-22
1078:References
780:Authorship
583:Colossians
544:Authorship
350:Authorship
330:Apocalypse
204:Colossians
144:Apocalypse
119:Lukan Acts
2600:Johannine
2460:2 Timothy
2455:1 Timothy
2423:Ephesians
2418:Galatians
2206:Psalm 151
2074:apocrypha
2052:Zechariah
2042:Zephaniah
1927:1–2 Kings
1892:Leviticus
1783:Trophimus
1758:Phygellus
1695:Hymenaeus
1660:Alexander
1136:April 21,
1068:2 Timothy
855:(400–440)
792:1 Timothy
771:hierarchy
603:2 Timothy
598:1 Timothy
573:Ephesians
568:Galatians
361:Luke-Acts
236:2 Timothy
231:1 Timothy
188:Ephesians
183:Galatians
2814:Category
2713:Peshitta
2610:Catholic
2605:Pastoral
2590:Epistles
2583:Synoptic
2470:Philemon
2283:2 Baruch
2270:Peshitta
2244:Jubilees
2196:2 Esdras
2191:1 Esdras
2086:Catholic
2037:Habakkuk
1982:Jeremiah
1962:Proverbs
1942:Nehemiah
1788:Tychicus
1753:Philetus
1670:Crescens
1567:Pastoral
1549:LibriVox
1386:(1910).
1130:Archived
1108:Archived
1018:See also
963:—
935:—
879:(c. 550)
873:(c. 550)
867:(c. 450)
861:(c. 450)
676:See also
613:Philemon
512:a series
510:Part of
429:epistles
252:Philemon
140:Epistles
35:a series
33:Part of
2786:Studies
2754:Related
2725:Vulgate
2595:Pauline
2573:Gospels
2490:2 Peter
2485:1 Peter
2475:Hebrews
2378:Matthew
2268:Syriac
2154:Susanna
2057:Malachi
2017:Obadiah
1992:Ezekiel
1897:Numbers
1882:Genesis
1855:of the
1797:Related
1773:Timothy
1700:Jambres
1685:Eubulus
1680:Erastus
1648:Persons
1570:Epistle
1564:Pauline
1400:30 June
1012:Gnostic
975:offered
902:Timothy
884:Content
759:Timothy
542: (
382:Hebrews
288:2 Peter
283:1 Peter
260:Hebrews
93:Matthew
71:Gospels
2819:Portal
2696:Targum
2505:3 John
2500:2 John
2495:1 John
2403:Romans
2356:Jewish
2181:Others
2140:Baruch
2135:Sirach
2130:Wisdom
2110:Judith
2095:Others
2047:Haggai
1997:Daniel
1977:Isaiah
1957:Psalms
1947:Esther
1912:Judges
1907:Joshua
1887:Exodus
1768:Pudens
1763:Prisca
1713:Christ
1705:Jannes
1690:Eunice
1665:Carpus
1655:Aquila
1479:
1452:
1369:LXXXIV
1295:
1251:
1183:
1100:
553:Romans
309:3 John
304:2 John
299:1 John
159:Romans
2480:James
2465:Titus
2239:Enoch
2105:Tobit
2032:Nahum
2027:Micah
2022:Jonah
2002:Hosea
1857:Bible
1853:Books
1778:Titus
1738:Moses
1718:Linus
1710:Jesus
1675:Demas
1602:Titus
1304:view.
1050:Notes
997:Linus
989:Demas
894:Czech
796:Titus
608:Titus
275:James
247:Titus
2578:List
2510:Jude
2398:Acts
2393:John
2388:Luke
2383:Mark
2344:list
2221:Odes
2012:Amos
2007:Joel
1937:Ezra
1917:Ruth
1748:Paul
1733:Mark
1728:Luke
1723:Lois
1490:2019
1477:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1402:2024
1293:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1138:2022
1098:ISBN
794:and
745:The
520:Paul
320:Jude
142:and
108:John
103:Luke
98:Mark
75:Acts
73:and
2071:and
1952:Job
944:or
820:or
2841::
1418:.
1390:.
1367:,
1301:,
1272:,
1220:^
1195:^
1167:^
1146:^
1128:.
1124:.
1106:.
1003:.
765:.
37:on
2552:)
2548:(
1867:/
1845:e
1838:t
1831:v
1633:e
1626:t
1619:v
1492:.
1458:.
1428:.
1404:.
1322:.
1277:.
1257:.
1189:.
1162:.
1140:.
722:e
715:t
708:v
546:)
496:e
489:t
482:v
431:)
427:(
20:)
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