393:(RKKA) and as such was actively used for training of anti-tank units. On 1 January 1936 RKKA possessed 506 guns of the type, of them 422 operational, 53 waiting for repair, 28 used for training, 3 unfit. When RKKA received large numbers of more powerful 45 mm guns, many 1-Ks were apparently relegated to training facilities and depots. The exact number of 1-Ks in service in June 1941 has not been determined. It is known that the gun was present in some units, e.g. 8th Mechanized Corps and it is likely that pieces stored in army depots were also rushed into active service. However, there are no certain reports of their combat use. Apparently most of the guns were lost in combat at the early stage of the German-Soviet War. The German designation for captured guns was
862:
31:
366:), where it received index 1-K. The production rate was slow as manufacturing process included handicraft operations. In 1931 the plant built 255 pieces, but none passed quality control. In 1932 404 pieces were accepted (and in 1933 105 more followed, still from the 1932 batch), but then the production was stopped due to adoption of more powerful
417:
By 1941 the gun was adequate only against lightly armoured vehicles. Modern tanks could only be penetrated from their side and only at short (less than 300 metres) range. The situation was aggravated by low ammunition quality, which explains smaller penetration figures compared to the PaK 35/36. As
442:
German
Rheinmetall-Borsig evaluation tests on a captured 1-K, during 1941, gave a maximum penetration of up to 42 mm of perpendicular rolled homogenous armour plate at 100 metres with APHE and up to 61 mm of perpendicular hardened carbon steel armour plate at 100 metres with APHE. (Note
446:
By comparison the German 37 mm PaK 35/36 could penetrate up to 44 mm of perpendicular rolled homogenous armour plate at 100 metres with PzGr.18. APHE, up to 64 mm of perpendicular hardened carbon steel at 100 metres with PzGr.18. APHE, up to 65 mm of perpendicular rolled
443:
that all tank-building nations had abandoned the use of carburized hardened carbon steel in favour of the increased protection offered by rolled nickel-chromium homogeneous steel armour plate, cast nickel-chromium steel and cast ferro-nickel based armoured alloys by the mid-1920s onwards).
868:
439:. APHE shells are more effective against battlefield sandbag, earthwork or log improvised fortifications and domestic buildings than equivalent-calibre impact detonating HE or fragmentation shells. APHE can be regarded as a useful dual-purpose round in many respects.
426:
and more advanced propellant technology became available. Also the continued use of obsolete APHE technology ammunition, which most nations had long abandoned for considerably improved penetration performance of solid shot AP, APC and APCBC ammunition technology.
409:
It was a light and compact gun which could be easily moved by its crew. The drawbacks were a lack of suspension, weak fragmentation shell (because of small caliber) and poor manufacturing quality. RKKA wanted a larger-caliber gun that could be used as a
278:
secretly continued to work on anti-tank guns and in 1926 built a pre-production sample of a new 3.7 cm gun model 26. For their part the
Germans were interested in any opportunity to proceed with development of this and other types of weapons.
322:
For $ 1,125 mil. Rheinmetall supplied pre-production samples, documentation and parts from which in the USSR a few pieces of each type could be assembled. All involved weapons were modern, and many of the same designs were eventually used by the
265:
started to develop anti-tank guns in the late 1920s. These attempts failed to advance beyond early stages as Soviet engineers lacked experience with this type of weapon. To solve this problem the USSR received assistance from
421:
This was due primarily to the use of gunpowder with a nitrocellulose primer as propellant in all Soviet small arms, artillery and anti-tank artillery up until well into 1942, when
British convoy shipments of
405:
The significance of the 1-K lies in the fact that it was the first Soviet anti-tank gun. As such, it gave some valuable experience. It also became the base for a series of Soviet 45 mm anti-tank guns.
434:
shell itself was of the 1890s
Hotchkiss naval type consisting of a hard-nosed forged-steel projectile with a base-mounted inertial deceleration shock-delay fuse with a stable explosive filler, most likely
418:
noted above, the 1-K could fire German shells, improving its anti-armor performance roughly to the level of early Soviet 45 mm guns, as those also suffered from problems with ammunition quality.
331:. In the USSR these weapons were adopted; however even with German help Soviet industry still was not ready for mass production of some types, such as anti-aircraft autocannons.
1160:
1150:
238:. It lacked some improvements eventually introduced in the PaK 35/36, but was basically the same design; each gun could use ammunition of the other. The 1-K had a
447:
homogenous armour plate at 100 metres with PzGr.39. APCBC and up to 79 mm of perpendicular rolled homogenous armour plate at 100 metres with PzGr.40. APCR.
1097:
1092:
1155:
1066:
242:
carriage with unsprung wooden wheels (while the PaK 35/36 received a suspension and new wheels). It was equipped with a horizontal sliding block
761:
1140:
792:
1117:
954:
944:
153:
1035:
934:
841:
806:
743:
728:
713:
882:
939:
836:
831:
826:
723:- M. Veche, 2003 (Широкорад А. Б. - Тевтонский меч и русская броня. Русско-германское военное сотрудничество. - М.: Вече, 2003.,
367:
334:
Among other pieces, Rheinmetall brought to the USSR 12 37 mm anti-tank guns, which can be seen as an early variant of the
1102:
682:
1076:
924:
846:
1025:
969:
219:
861:
1112:
1107:
1056:
1030:
1071:
1000:
929:
908:
903:
650:
This data was obtained by Soviet methodics of armour penetration measurement (penetration probability equals 80%).
294:
a secret agreement was signed. The
Germans were obliged to help the USSR with production of six artillery systems:
949:
1145:
1061:
1020:
1005:
974:
964:
959:
887:
785:
304:
414:
as well as in an anti-tank role, so the 1-K was quickly replaced in production by its 45 mm descendants.
1051:
995:
738:- SPb Neva, 2003 (Иванов А. Артиллерия СССР во Второй Мировой войне. — СПб., Издательский дом Нева, 2003.,
170:
136:
770:
708:- Mn. Harvest, 2000 (Широкорад А. Б. - Энциклопедия отечественной артиллерии. — Мн.: Харвест, 2000.,
271:
141:
1015:
1010:
990:
778:
338:- the most numerous anti-tank gun of the Wehrmacht until 1942. In the USSR the gun was designated
116:
757:
753:
Soviet Cannon - A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and
Ammunition in Calibres 12.7mm to 57mm
739:
724:
709:
688:
678:
215:
451:
343:
363:
267:
200:
867:
1134:
851:
411:
41:
721:
Teutonic Sword and
Russian Armor. Military Collaboration Between Russia and Germany.
30:
802:
328:
262:
239:
190:
163:
436:
275:
243:
231:
313:
180:
98:
230:
The 1-K was a Soviet anti-tank gun initially developed by the German company
324:
287:
247:
692:
390:
423:
378:
126:
335:
291:
250:
235:
148:
652:
It is not directly comparable with western data of similar type.
431:
774:
751:
590:
461:
677:. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco Pub. Co. p. 53.
1085:
1044:
983:
917:
896:
875:
814:
348:
37-мм противотанковая пушка образца 1930 года (1-К)
286:for contacts with the USSR. In accordance with the
199:
189:
179:
169:
159:
147:
135:
125:
115:
97:
92:
81:
73:
68:
60:
55:
47:
37:
21:
389:1-K was the first dedicated anti-tank gun of the
274:forbade Germany to have anti-tank artillery, but
106:Overall: 1.66 m (5 ft 5 in) L/45
786:
290:decision from 8 August 1930, on 28 August in
282:In 1929, Rheinmetall created a dummy company
8:
1098:37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)
1093:25 mm automatic air defense gun M1940 (72-K)
234:. The gun was closely related to the German
104:Bore: 1.56 m (5 ft 1 in) L/42
1161:Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
1151:World War II artillery of the Soviet Union
793:
779:
771:
18:
736:Artillery of the USSR in Second World War
340:37 mm anti-tank gun model 1930 (1-K)
212:37 mm anti-tank gun model 1930 (1-K)
517:High explosive and fragmentation shells
205:800–850 m/s (2,600–2,800 ft/s)
665:
23:37 mm anti-tank gun model 1930 (1-K)
7:
706:Encyclopedia of the Soviet Artillery
318:37 mm anti-aircraft autocannon
218:gun used in the first stage of the
1156:Anti-tank guns of the Soviet Union
1118:85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)
955:107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60)
945:76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)
909:76 mm regimental gun M1943 (OB-25)
14:
1036:152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)
935:76 mm divisional gun M1936 (F-22)
842:57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2)
940:76 mm divisional gun M1939 (USV)
883:76 mm mountain gun M1909 (76-09)
866:
860:
837:45 mm anti-tank gun M1942 (M-42)
832:45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 (53-K)
827:45 mm anti-tank gun M1932 (19-K)
368:45 mm anti-tank gun M1932 (19-K)
29:
822:37 mm anti-tank gun M1930 (1-K)
253:buffer and spring recuperator.
1103:45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K)
756:. Austria: Koll. p. 369.
82:
1:
1077:305 mm howitzer M1939 (Br-18)
925:76 mm divisional gun M1902/30
847:100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)
375:37 mm tank gun B-3 (5-K)
1026:152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10)
970:122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)
373:1-K was also a base for the
358:The gun was produced at the
301:76 mm anti-aircraft gun
131:37 millimetres (1.5 in)
1141:World War II anti-tank guns
1113:76 mm air defense gun M1938
1108:76 mm air defense gun M1931
1057:203 mm howitzer M1931 (B-4)
1031:152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)
673:Chamberlain, Peter (1974).
377:, the main armament of the
1177:
1072:280 mm mortar M1939 (Br-5)
1001:122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)
930:76 mm divisional gun M1933
904:76 mm regimental gun M1927
257:Development and production
984:Corps and army level guns
950:85 mm divisional gun D-44
858:
649:
611:
608:
605:
600:
593:
541:
516:
491:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
464:
347:
312:20 mm anti-aircraft
110:
48:Place of origin
28:
1067:280 mm howitzer M1914/15
1062:210 mm gun M1939 (Br-17)
1021:152 mm howitzer M1910/37
1006:152 mm howitzer M1909/30
975:152 mm mortar M1931 (NM)
965:122 mm howitzer M1910/30
960:122 mm howitzer M1909/37
888:76 mm mountain gun M1938
750:Koll, Christian (2009).
595:Armour penetration table
298:37 mm anti-tank gun
1052:152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2)
996:122 mm gun M1931 (A-19)
492:Armour-piercing shells
395:3.7 cm Pak 158(r)
191:Rate of fire
484:Muzzle velocity, m/s
852:100 mm D-10 tank gun
801:Soviet artillery of
601:AP projectile B-160
466:Available ammunition
309:152 mm howitzer
272:Treaty of Versailles
201:Muzzle velocity
1016:152 mm gun M1910/34
1011:152 mm gun M1910/30
991:107 mm gun M1910/30
719:Shirokorad A. B. -
704:Shirokorad A. B. -
612:Meet angle 90°, mm
609:Meet angle 60°, mm
450:The PaK 35/36 used
214:was a Soviet light
69:Production history
1126:
1125:
807:naming convention
763:978-3-200-01445-9
675:Anti-tank weapons
657:
656:
582:
581:
454:as a propellant.
220:German-Soviet War
209:
208:
1168:
1086:Air defense guns
870:
864:
795:
788:
781:
772:
767:
697:
696:
670:
591:
462:
349:
142:Horizontal-block
84:
33:
24:
19:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1146:37 mm artillery
1131:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1081:
1045:Very heavy guns
1040:
979:
918:Divisional guns
913:
897:Regimental guns
892:
871:
865:
856:
810:
799:
764:
749:
701:
700:
685:
672:
671:
667:
662:
653:
651:
542:Canister shots
460:
403:
387:
356:
259:
228:
111:
105:
56:Service history
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
987:
985:
981:
980:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
919:
915:
914:
912:
911:
906:
900:
898:
894:
893:
891:
890:
885:
879:
877:
873:
872:
859:
857:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
818:
816:
815:Anti-tank guns
812:
811:
800:
798:
797:
790:
783:
775:
769:
768:
762:
747:
732:
717:
699:
698:
683:
664:
663:
661:
658:
655:
654:
647:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
625:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
603:
602:
598:
597:
589:
588:
586:
580:
579:
577:
575:
572:
569:
566:
565:Canister shot
562:
561:
559:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:Canister shot
544:
543:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:Fragmentation
519:
518:
514:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
494:
493:
489:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
469:
468:
459:
456:
402:
399:
386:
383:
355:
352:
320:
319:
316:
310:
307:
302:
299:
258:
255:
227:
224:
207:
206:
203:
197:
196:
193:
187:
186:
183:
177:
176:
173:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
129:
123:
122:
119:
113:
112:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
93:Specifications
90:
89:
86:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1173:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
982:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
916:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
899:
895:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
876:Mountain guns
874:
869:
863:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
817:
813:
808:
804:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
777:
776:
773:
765:
759:
755:
754:
748:
745:
744:5-7654-2731-6
741:
737:
733:
730:
729:5-9533-0025-5
726:
722:
718:
715:
714:985-433-703-0
711:
707:
703:
702:
694:
690:
686:
680:
676:
669:
666:
659:
648:
644:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
616:
615:
604:
599:
596:
592:
587:
584:
583:
578:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
560:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:
540:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
515:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
490:
481:HE weight, g
470:
467:
463:
457:
455:
453:
448:
444:
440:
438:
433:
428:
425:
419:
415:
413:
412:battalion gun
407:
400:
398:
396:
392:
384:
382:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
362:(named after
361:
353:
351:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
317:
315:
311:
308:
306:
305:152 mm mortar
303:
300:
297:
296:
295:
293:
289:
285:
280:
277:
273:
269:
264:
256:
254:
252:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
204:
202:
198:
194:
192:
188:
184:
182:
178:
174:
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
150:
146:
143:
140:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
120:
118:
114:
109:
103:
100:
96:
91:
87:
80:
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
43:
42:Anti-tank gun
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
16:Anti-tank gun
1128:
821:
803:World War II
752:
735:
734:Ivanov A. -
720:
705:
674:
668:
606:Distance, m
594:
465:
449:
445:
441:
429:
420:
416:
408:
404:
394:
388:
381:light tank.
374:
372:
359:
357:
339:
333:
329:World War II
321:
283:
281:
263:Soviet Union
260:
229:
211:
210:
154:Hydro-spring
121:37 × 250mm R
101: length
64:Soviet Union
61:Used by
51:Soviet Union
574:50 bullets
556:30 bullets
478:Weight, kg
437:Picric Acid
360:Plant no. 8
276:Rheinmetall
244:breechblock
240:split trail
232:Rheinmetall
226:Description
164:Split trail
85: built
1135:Categories
684:0668036079
660:References
645:20 ?
634:25 ?
631:20 ?
458:Ammunition
354:Production
314:autocannon
175:−8° to 25°
487:Range, m
336:PaK 35/36
325:Wehrmacht
288:Sovnarkom
248:hydraulic
236:PaK 35/36
216:anti-tank
195:10-15 rpm
171:Elevation
77:1931–1932
568:Sch-160
550:Sch-160
391:Red Army
181:Traverse
160:Carriage
74:Produced
693:1299755
452:Binatol
424:Cordite
401:Summary
385:Service
364:Kalinin
344:Russian
268:Germany
127:Caliber
760:
742:
727:
712:
691:
681:
585:
571:0,950
553:0,928
537:5,750
528:0,645
525:O-160
512:5,600
500:M-160
475:Model
292:Berlin
284:Butast
270:. The
251:recoil
149:Recoil
137:Breech
99:Barrel
503:0,66
497:APHE
472:Type
117:Shell
758:ISBN
740:ISBN
725:ISBN
710:ISBN
689:OCLC
679:ISBN
639:800
628:500
617:300
534:825
509:820
432:APHE
430:The
379:BT-2
261:The
38:Type
623:30
531:22
350:).
327:in
185:60°
88:509
83:No.
1137::
687:.
642:?
620:?
506:9
397:.
370:.
346::
246:,
222:.
809:)
805:(
794:e
787:t
780:v
766:.
746:)
731:)
716:)
695:.
342:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
