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between the eyes gives the viewer a more relaxed "feel" as the light energy and color balance is nearly 50-50. Like the Dolby system, the Omega system can be used with white or silver screens. But it can be used with either film or digital projectors, unlike the Dolby filters that are only used on a digital system with a color correcting processor provided by Dolby. The Omega/Panavision system also claims that their glasses are cheaper to manufacture than those used by Dolby. In June 2012, the Omega 3D/Panavision 3D system was discontinued by DPVO Theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of
Panavision, citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions". Although DPVO dissolved its business operations, Omega Optical continues promoting and selling 3D systems to non-theatrical markets. Omega Optical’s 3D system contains projection filters and 3D glasses. In addition to the passive stereoscopic 3D system, Omega Optical has produced enhanced anaglyph 3D glasses. The Omega’s red/cyan anaglyph glasses use complex metal oxide thin film coatings and high quality annealed glass optics.
490:. The viewer wears eyeglasses which also contain a pair of polarizing filters oriented differently (clockwise/counterclockwise with circular polarization or at 90 degree angles, usually 45 and 135 degrees, with linear polarization). As each filter passes only that light which is similarly polarized and blocks the light polarized differently, each eye sees a different image. This is used to produce a three-dimensional effect by projecting the same scene into both eyes, but depicted from slightly different perspectives. Additionally, since both lenses have the same color, people with one dominant eye, where one eye is used more, are able to see the colors properly, previously negated by the separation of the two colors.
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of the light. As a result, the screen image is darker. This darkening can be compensated by increasing the brightness of the projector light source. If the initial polarization filter is inserted between the lamp and the image generation element, the light intensity striking the image element is not any higher than normal without the polarizing filter, and overall image contrast transmitted to the screen is not affected.
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screen filters causing the image to fade and for each eye to see the opposite frame more easily. For circular polarization, the polarizing effect works regardless of how the viewer's head is aligned with the screen such as tilted sideways, or even upside down. The left eye will still only see the image intended for it, and vice versa, without fading or crosstalk.
473:
464:, a patented anaglyph system which was invented in order to present an anaglyph image in conjunction with the NTSC television standard, in which the red channel is often compromised. ColorCode uses the complementary colors of yellow and dark blue on-screen, and the colors of the glasses' lenses are amber and dark blue.
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Both images are projected onto a high-gain, corrugated screen which reflects light at acute angles. In order to see the stereoscopic image, the viewer must sit within a very narrow angle that is nearly perpendicular to the screen, limiting the size of the audience. Lenticular was used for theatrical
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with negligible polarization loss has to be used. All types of polarization will result in a darkening of the displayed image and poorer contrast compared to non-3D images. Light from lamps is normally emitted as a random collection of polarizations, while a polarization filter only passes a fraction
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Owing to rapid advancements in computer graphics and the continuing miniaturization of video and other equipment these devices are beginning to become available at more reasonable cost. Head-mounted or wearable glasses may be used to view a see-through image imposed upon the real world view, creating
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If eyestrain and distortion are to be avoided, each of the two 2D images preferably should be presented to each eye of the viewer so that any object at infinite distance seen by the viewer should be perceived by that eye while it is oriented straight ahead, the viewer's eyes being neither crossed nor
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Liquid crystal light valves work by rotating light between two polarizing filters. Due to these internal polarizers, LCD shutter-glasses darken the display image of any LCD, plasma, or projector image source, which has the result that images appear dimmer and contrast is lower than for normal non-3D
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systems. A drawback of this method is the need for each person viewing to wear expensive, electronic glasses that must be synchronized with the display system using a wireless signal or attached wire. The shutter-glasses are heavier than most polarized glasses, though lighter models are no heavier
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With the eclipse method, a shutter blocks light from each appropriate eye when the converse eye's image is projected on the screen. The display alternates between left and right images, and opens and closes the shutters in the glasses or viewer in synchronization with the images on the screen. This
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technologies involve imposing two (or more) images on the same sheet, in narrow, alternating strips, and using a screen that either blocks one of the two images' strips (in the case of parallax barriers) or uses equally narrow lenses to bend the strips of image and make it appear to fill the entire
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Circular polarization has an advantage over linear polarization, in that the viewer does not need to have their head upright and aligned with the screen for the polarization to work properly. With linear polarization, turning the glasses sideways causes the filters to go out of alignment with the
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displays with magnifying lenses, one for each eye. The technology can be used to show stereo films, images or games. Head-mounted displays may also be coupled with head-tracking devices, allowing the user to "look around" the virtual world by moving their head, eliminating the need for a separate
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system also uses this technology, though with a wider spectrum and more "teeth" to the "comb" (5 for each eye in the Omega/Panavision system). The use of more spectral bands per eye eliminates the need to color process the image, required by the Dolby system. Evenly dividing the visible spectrum
154:
It is an overstatement of capability to refer to dual 2D images as being "3D". The accurate term "stereoscopic" is more cumbersome than the common misnomer "3D", which has been entrenched after many decades of unquestioned misuse. 3D displays are often referred to as also stereoscopic displays
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on white paper. Glasses with colored filters in each eye separate the appropriate image by canceling the filter color out and rendering the complementary color black. A compensating technique, commonly known as
Anachrome, uses a slightly more transparent cyan filter in the patented glasses
699:. This way, eyes from different positions will see different pictures on the display, creating parallax and thus creating a sense of 3D. A light field display is like a glass window, people see 3D objects behind the glass, despite that all light rays they see come from (through) the glass.
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uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Eyeglasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a 3D image. This technology eliminates the expensive
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image (in the case of lenticular prints). To produce the stereoscopic effect, the person must be positioned so that one eye sees one of the two images and the other sees the other. The optical principles of multiview auto-stereoscopy have been known for over a century.
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A new display technology called "compressive light field" is being developed. These prototype displays use layered LCD panels and compression algorithms at the time of display. Designs include dual and multilayer devices that are driven by algorithms such as
166:
in the 1830s, stereoscopic technology provides a different image to the viewer's left and right eyes. The following are some of the technical details and methodologies employed in some of the more notable stereoscopic systems that have been developed.
726:. Compared to ray-based displays, a wavefront-based display not only reconstructs the light field, but also reconstructs the curvature of the plane waves, and the phase differences of the waves in different directions.
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A light field display tries to recreate a "light field" on the surface of the display. In contrast to a 2D display which shows a distinct color on each pixel, a light field display shows a distinct color on each pixel
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Each of these display technologies can be seen to have limitations, whether the location of the viewer, cumbersome or unsightly equipment or great cost. The display of artifact-free 3D images remains difficult.
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Other technologies have been developed to project light dots in the air above a device. An infrared laser is focused on the destination in space, generating a small bubble of plasma which emits visible light.
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Though its use in theatrical presentations has been rather limited, lenticular has been widely used for a variety of novelty items and has even been used in amateur 3D photography. Recent use includes the
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Fattal, David; Peng, Zhen; Tran, Tho; Vo, Sonny; Fiorentino, Marco; Brug, Jim; Beausoleil, Raymond G. (2013). "A multi-directional backlight for a wide-angle, glasses-free three-dimensional display".
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A stereoscope is a device for viewing stereographic cards, which are cards that contain two separate images that are printed side by side to create the illusion of a three-dimensional image.
831:) in front of the image, where each lens looks different depending on viewing angle. Thus rather than displaying a 2D image that looks the same from every direction, it reproduces a 3D
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A recent development in holographic-waveguide or "waveguide-based optics" allows a stereoscopic images to be superimposed on real world without the uses of bulky reflective mirror.
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The light field in front of the display can be created in two ways: 1) by emitting different light rays in different directions at each point on the display; 2) by recreating a
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682:. Volumetric displays include multiplanar displays, which have multiple display planes stacked up, and rotating panel displays, where a rotating panel sweeps out a volume.
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Pairs of stereo views printed on a transparent base are viewed by transmitted light. One advantage of transparency viewing is the opportunity for a wider, more realistic
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displays is to present offset images that are displayed separately to the left and right eye. Both of these 2D offset images are then combined in the brain to give the
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Stereoscopic displays are commonly referred to as “stereo displays,” “stereo 3D displays,” “stereoscopic 3D displays,” or sometimes erroneously as just “3D displays.”
1947:
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diverging. When the picture contains no object at infinite distance, such as a horizon or a cloud, the pictures should be spaced correspondingly closer together.
532:, which is the most common 3D display system in theaters. It does, however, require much more expensive glasses than the polarized systems. It is also known as
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equipment. 3D displays can be near-eye displays like in VR headsets, or they can be in a device further away from the eyes like a 3D-enabled mobile device or
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3D display, meaning that it displays a 3D image without the use of special glasses on the part of the viewer. It achieves this by placing an array of
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is one of the ray-based methods with full-parallax information. However, there are also ray-based techniques developed with horizontal-parallax-only.
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The archetypal 3D glasses, with modern red and cyan color filters, similar to the red/green and red/blue lenses used to view early anaglyph films.
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315:. This is done by reflecting the video images through partially reflective mirrors. The real world can be seen through the partial mirror.
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The term “3D display” can also be used to refer to a volumetric display which may generate content that can be viewed from all angles.
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of 3D depth. Although the term "3D" is ubiquitously used, the presentation of dual 2D images is distinctly different from displaying a
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viewer. In 1939, a modified and miniaturized variation of this technology, employing cardboard disks containing seven pairs of small
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that will let light through in synchronization with the images on the cinema, television or computer screen, using the concept of
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Resembling sunglasses, RealD circular polarized glasses are now the standard for theatrical releases and theme park attractions.
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well suited for mobile devices (watches, smartphones or tablets) using a multi-directional backlight and allowing a wide full-
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The side-by-side method is extremely simple to create, but it can be difficult or uncomfortable to view without optical aids.
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viewing. This is not necessarily a usage problem; for some types of displays which are already very bright with poor grayish
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than some sunglasses or deluxe polarized glasses. However these systems do not require a silver screen for projected images.
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Head-mounted projection displays (HMPD) is similar to head-mounted displays but with images projected to and displayed on a
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for the displayed content. Newer 3D displays in this manner cause less visual fatigue than classical stereoscopic displays.
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Polarized light reflected from an ordinary motion picture screen typically loses most of its polarization. So an expensive
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A pair of LCD shutter glasses used to view XpanD 3D films. The thick frames conceal the electronics and batteries.
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The most notable difference to displays that can show full 3D is that the observer's head movements and change in
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of the same object, with a minor deviation exactly equal to the perspectives that both eyes naturally receive in
1272:"Content-adaptive parallax barriers: optimizing dual-layer 3D displays using low-rank light field factorization"
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To present a stereoscopic picture, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through different
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Volumetric displays use some physical mechanism to display points of light within a volume. Such displays use
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may be presented since the images, being illuminated from the rear, may be placed much closer to the lenses.
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Traditional stereoscopic photography consists of creating a 3D illusion starting from a pair of 2D images, a
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1317:"Tensor Displays: Compressive Light Field Synthesis using Multilayer Displays with Directional Backlighting"
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1287:"Layered 3D: Tomographic Image Synthesis for Attenuation-based Light Field and High Dynamic Range Displays"
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The practice of viewing film-based stereoscopic transparencies dates to at least as early as 1931, when
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presentation of numerous shorts in Russia from 1940 to 1948 and in 1946 for the feature-length film
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Amazing 3D by Hal Morgan and Dan Symmes Little, Broawn & Company (Canada) Limited, pp. 104–105
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as having a depth component, due to a relative difference in signal timings between the two eyes.
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Amazing 3D by Hal Morgan and Dan Symmes Little, Broawn & Company (Canada) Limited, pp. 15–16.
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display that was released in 2009. Other examples for this technology include autostereoscopic
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glasses make cross-viewing easier as well as over/under-viewing possible, examples include the
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in the brain is to provide the eyes of the viewer with two different images, representing two
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associated with the technique. Process reconfigures the typical anaglyph image to have less
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in 1832. It was a stereoscopic display that had rudimentary ability for representing depth.
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Holliman, Nicolas S.; Dodgson, Neil A.; Favalora, Gregg E.; Pockett, Lachlan (June 2011).
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1016:"Investigation of a 3D head-mounted projection display using retro-reflective screen"
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content without the need of glasses. Their first product was part of a mobile phone (
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1164:"The ASC: Ray Zone and the "Tyranny of Flatness" « John Bailey's Bailiwick"
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issues didn't require fixing with corrective eye lenses. For image generation,
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1203:"Ray-based and Wavefront-based 3D Representations for Holographic Displays"
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on monitors, notebooks, TVs, mobile phones and gaming devices, such as the
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Make Your own Stereo
Pictures Julius B. Kaiser The Macmillan Company 1955
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A person wearing a virtual reality headset, a type of near-eye 3D display.
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2011:
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1302:"Polarization Fields: Dynamic Light Field Display using Multi-Layer LCDs"
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In this method, glasses are not necessary to see the stereoscopic image.
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379:
335:
330:, The advantage of this technology over head-mounted display is that the
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than is practical with prints on an opaque base; another is that a wider
65:, but can cause eye strain and visual fatigue. Newer 3D displays such as
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1925:
1300:
Lanman, D.; Wetzstein, G.; Hirsch, M.; Heidrich, W.; Raskar, R. (2019).
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produce a more realistic 3D effect by combining stereopsis and accurate
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An alternative to the usual red and cyan filter system of anaglyph is
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in front of the display. Displays using the first method are called
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because they meet the lower criteria of being stereoscopic as well.
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Okoshi, Three-Dimensional
Imaging Techniques, Academic Press, 1976
1135:"Seeing is believing""; Cinema Technology, Vol 24, No.1 March 2011
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will not change the visuals seen by the viewer. For example, some
36:
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Son of Nimslo, John Dennis, Stereo World May/June 1989 pp. 34–36.
952:"Holographic Near-Eye Displays for Virtual and Augmented Reality"
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objects can be viewed without wearing any special glasses and no
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2016:
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905:"Three-Dimensional Displays: A Review and Applications Analysis"
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motion of an object in the field of view is interpreted by the
414:, LCD shutter glasses may actually improve the image quality.
343:
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Héricz, D; Sarkadi, T; Lucza, V; Kovács, V; Koppa, P (2014).
1285:
Wetzstein, G.; Lanman, D.; Heidrich, W.; Raskar, R. (2011).
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uses parallax barrier autostereoscopy to display a 3D image.
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The user typically wears a helmet or glasses with two small
182:
Stereograph published in 1900 by North-Western View Co. of
1315:
Wetzstein, G.; Lanman, D.; Hirsch, M.; Raskar, R. (2012).
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that has the ability to provide all four eye mechanisms:
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setting through two filters, one red and one cyan. In a
1179:
Julius B. Kaiser The
Macmillan Company 1955 pp. 12–13.
61:
displays, which produce a basic 3D effect by means of
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Lanman, D.; Hirsch, M.; Kim, Y.; Raskar, R. (2010).
136:, and is also different from displaying an image in
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As of 2021, the most common type of 3D display is a
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Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
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965:Martins, R; Shaoulov, V; Ha, Y; Rolland, J (2007).
722:. Wavefront-based displays work in the same way as
264:began to market sets of stereo views on strips of
84:, which is the type of display used in almost all
1906:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
276:color film transparencies, was introduced as the
448:setting, the two images are printed in the same
1304:. ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH Asia).
714:. Displays using the second method are called
697:for each direction that the light ray emits to
516:Anaglyph 3D § Interference filter systems
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2187:
1941:
1342:
385:A variation on the eclipse method is used in
8:
1073:""The Chopper", article by Daniel L. Symmes"
938:"New holographic waveguide augments reality"
801:) and later on in their own Android tablet.
1560:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
30:For more information on 3D television, see
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1974:
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1471:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
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1327:
1319:. ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH).
1289:. ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH).
1039:
990:
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967:"A mobile head-worn projection display"
895:
528:required for polarized systems such as
382:system which was used briefly in 1922.
237:Slide viewer § Stereo slide viewer
2651:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
835:, creating stereo images that exhibit
397:. This is the method used by nVidia,
3362:Software related to augmented reality
2902:Simultaneous localization and mapping
7:
1607:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
103:The first 3D display was created by
57:to the viewer. Many 3D displays are
2954:Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera
1681:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
1201:Masahiro Yamaguchi; Koki Wakunami.
436:In an anaglyph, the two images are
217:Stereoscope and stereographic cards
2928:Image-based modeling and rendering
1880:Large-screen television technology
781:In 2013, a Silicon valley Company
538:wavelength multiplex visualization
268:that were fed through a hand-held
245:A View-Master Model E of the 1950s
25:
1554:Organic light-emitting transistor
912:IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting
854:Non-negative matrix factorization
690:Light field / holographic display
180:"The early bird catches the worm"
2153:
1917:Comparison of display technology
843:Compressive light field displays
322:Head-mounted projection displays
2291:Vergence-accommodation conflict
1548:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
1619:Laser-powered phosphor display
778:will be caused to human eyes.
510:Interference filter technology
151:do not have such limitations.
1:
3377:Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK
2457:Stereo photography techniques
1885:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
1875:History of display technology
1763:Computer-generated holography
1177:Make Your own Stereo Pictures
746:Computer-generated holography
194:. The easiest way to enhance
3413:List of PlayStation VR games
2799:Virtual reality applications
2467:Stereoscopic depth rendition
2080:Optical head-mounted display
1465:Organic light-emitting diode
1459:Light-emitting diode display
2123:Multi-primary color display
954:. Microsoft Research. 2017.
158:Based on the principles of
3471:
2764:Projection augmented model
1675:Vacuum fluorescent display
1399:Electroluminescent display
808:
739:
659:
597:
554:
513:
479:
421:
395:alternate-frame sequencing
362:
287:
234:
220:
114:
29:
3408:List of Oculus Rift games
2980:Omnidirectional treadmill
2949:Free viewpoint television
2918:Asynchronous reprojection
2754:On-set virtual production
2739:Computer-mediated reality
2734:Cinematic virtual reality
2700:
2482:Stereoscopic video coding
2477:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
2241:Convergence insufficiency
2149:
1914:
1522:Liquid crystal on silicon
940:. IOP Physic World. 2014.
750:Holographic display is a
145:accommodation of the eyes
3403:List of Meta Quest games
2804:Virtual reality sickness
2578:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
2515:3D-enabled mobile phones
2472:Stereoscopic rangefinder
2309:Active shutter 3D system
1713:Fourteen-segment display
1516:Digital Light Processing
924:10.1109/TBC.2011.2130930
638:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
365:Active shutter 3D system
2871:Virtual retinal display
2859:Virtual reality headset
2550:Virtual reality headset
2545:Stereoscopic video game
2394:Virtual retinal display
2085:Virtual retinal display
1719:Sixteen-segment display
1405:Rear-projection display
839:when the viewer moves.
815:Integral imaging is an
534:spectral comb filtering
294:Virtual retinal display
138:three-dimensional space
124:The basic technique of
3398:List of HTC Vive games
2784:Six degrees of freedom
2442:Multiview Video Coding
2437:Computer stereo vision
2246:Correspondence problem
1566:Field-emission display
1481:Liquid-crystal display
1075:. 3dmovingpictures.com
785:started manufacturing
671:
613:
477:
433:
389:. Glasses containing
374:
359:Active shutter systems
328:retroreflective screen
246:
187:
164:Sir Charles Wheatstone
105:Sir Charles Wheatstone
42:
3247:The Sword of Damocles
3137:Windows Mixed Reality
2779:Simulation hypothesis
1957:Emerging technologies
1703:Eight-segment display
1697:Seven-segment display
670:Volumetric 3D display
669:
607:
475:
431:
378:was the basis of the
372:
284:Head-mounted displays
244:
186:, digitally restored.
178:
111:Stereoscopic displays
53:capable of conveying
40:
3367:Virtual reality game
3005:Cyberith Virtualizer
2837:Head-mounted display
2334:Head-mounted display
2266:Kinetic depth effect
2070:Head-mounted display
1825:Display capabilities
1708:Nine-segment display
1410:Plasma display panel
1041:10.1364/oe.22.017823
992:10.1364/oe.15.014530
787:holographic displays
736:Holographic displays
730:Integral photography
720:holographic displays
712:light field displays
468:Polarization systems
450:complementary colors
342:are used instead of
290:Head-mounted display
231:Transparency viewers
149:holographic displays
82:stereoscopic display
71:light field displays
2422:2D to 3D conversion
2374:Specular holography
2369:Polarized 3D system
2286:Stereoscopic acuity
2281:Stereopsis recovery
2111:Holographic display
2065:Bionic contact lens
1854:See-through display
1758:Holographic display
1436:Quantum dot display
1241:10.1038/nature11972
1233:2013Natur.495..348F
1032:2014OExpr..2217823H
983:2007OExpr..1514530M
850:computed tomography
756:binocular disparity
742:Holographic display
482:Polarized 3D system
387:LCD shutter glasses
171:Side-by-side images
3450:Display technology
3095:Microsoft HoloLens
2923:Foveated rendering
2404:Wiggle stereoscopy
2399:Volumetric display
2364:Parallax scrolling
2133:Volumetric display
2116:Computer-generated
1896:Color Light Output
1890:High Dynamic Range
1692:Dot-matrix display
1687:Lightguide display
1358:Display technology
1123:2011-02-26 at the
884:Wiggle stereoscopy
793:angle view to see
752:display technology
672:
662:Volumetric display
656:Volumetric display
614:
488:polarizing filters
478:
434:
375:
247:
188:
184:Baraboo, Wisconsin
43:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3301:
3300:
3068:Golden-i headsets
2993:
2992:
2985:Wearable computer
2789:Spatial computing
2705:Augmented reality
2659:
2658:
2620:Sharp Actius RD3D
2540:Stereo microscope
2447:Parallax scanning
2261:Epipolar geometry
2251:Peripheral vision
2226:Binocular rivalry
2169:
2168:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
1923:
1922:
1849:Always-on display
1640:Electromechanical
1628:
1627:
1227:(7441): 348–351.
856:and non-negative
503:aluminized screen
446:subtractive light
313:augmented reality
16:(Redirected from
3462:
3335:virtual graffiti
3310:
3168:Google Cardboard
3063:Apple Vision Pro
3053:
3020:PlayStation Move
2944:360-degree video
2822:
2759:Persistent world
2693:Extended reality
2686:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2605:Nvidia 3D Vision
2359:Parallax barrier
2344:Integral imaging
2256:Depth perception
2236:Chromostereopsis
2231:Binocular vision
2196:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2157:
2156:
2106:Flexible display
1975:
1968:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1901:Flexible display
1863:Related articles
1743:Autostereoscopic
1442:Electronic paper
1388:Cathode-ray tube
1371:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1290:
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1276:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
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1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
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1127:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1011:
1005:
1004:
994:
962:
956:
955:
948:
942:
941:
934:
928:
927:
909:
900:
817:autostereoscopic
811:Integral imaging
805:Integral imaging
799:Red Hydrogen One
642:autostereoscopic
622:parallax barrier
204:binocular vision
196:depth perception
90:3D movie theater
21:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3455:Display devices
3435:
3434:
3433:
3424:
3386:
3342:Meta Horizon OS
3330:Interactive art
3297:
3276:
3262:Virtual fixture
3232:Samsung Gear VR
3173:Google Daydream
3141:
3122:PlayStation VR2
3044:
2989:
2963:
2932:
2906:
2892:Finger tracking
2875:
2849:Head-up display
2813:
2722:
2711:Virtual reality
2696:
2690:
2660:
2655:
2634:
2560:
2554:
2492:
2486:
2462:Stereoautograph
2414:
2408:
2349:Lenticular lens
2324:Autostereoscopy
2301:
2295:
2271:Stereoblindness
2209:
2200:
2170:
2165:
2137:
2101:Autostereoscopy
2089:
2075:Head-up display
2051:
1979:Next generation
1959:
1954:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1858:
1820:
1806:Slide projector
1796:Movie projector
1779:
1724:
1624:
1534:
1527:
1428:
1422:
1375:
1360:
1355:
1325:
1324:
1314:
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1279:
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1218:
1217:
1213:
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1200:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1166:. May 18, 2012.
1162:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:Wayback Machine
1115:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1098:www.berezin.com
1092:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1026:(15): 17823–9.
1013:
1012:
1008:
977:(22): 14530–8.
964:
963:
959:
950:
949:
945:
936:
935:
931:
907:
902:
901:
897:
892:
875:
866:
860:factorization.
845:
829:lenticular lens
813:
807:
760:motion parallax
748:
740:Main articles:
738:
716:wavefront-based
692:
664:
658:
618:Lenticular lens
602:
600:Autostereoscopy
596:
594:Autostereoscopy
563:Pulfrich effect
559:
553:
518:
512:
484:
470:
426:
420:
367:
361:
356:
340:Pico-projectors
324:
311:what is called
296:
288:Main articles:
286:
239:
233:
225:
219:
173:
162:, described by
119:
113:
101:
86:virtual reality
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3468:
3466:
3458:
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3452:
3447:
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3426:
3425:
3423:
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3421:
3420:
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3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Pervasive game
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:PlayStation VR
3224:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
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3124:
3119:
3114:
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3103:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3050:
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3043:
3042:
3037:
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3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
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2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2959:VR photography
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2880:3D interaction
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
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2826:
2819:
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2806:
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2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
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2741:
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2721:
2720:
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2602:
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2590:
2588:MasterImage 3D
2585:
2580:
2575:
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2564:
2562:
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2424:
2418:
2416:
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2409:
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2406:
2401:
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2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Stereo display
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Autostereogram
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
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2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
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2223:
2221:3D stereo view
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2167:
2166:
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2163:
2150:
2147:
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2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
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2125:
2120:
2119:
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2108:
2103:
2097:
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2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
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1841:
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1839:
1828:
1826:
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1819:
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1793:
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1766:
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1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:Liquid crystal
1579:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
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1500:
1499:
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1420:
1419:
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1402:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1366:Video displays
1362:
1361:
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1354:
1353:
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1339:
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1322:
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1146:
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1109:
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1064:
1055:
1006:
957:
943:
929:
918:(2): 362–371.
894:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
881:
879:Autostereogram
874:
871:
865:
862:
844:
841:
827:(similar to a
809:Main article:
806:
803:
776:visual fatigue
737:
734:
691:
688:
660:Main article:
657:
654:
631:Robinzon Kruzo
598:Main article:
595:
592:
567:psychophysical
555:Main article:
552:
549:
526:silver screens
514:Main article:
511:
508:
480:Main article:
469:
466:
442:additive light
422:Main article:
419:
416:
401:, and earlier
391:liquid crystal
363:Main article:
360:
357:
355:
352:
323:
320:
285:
282:
235:Main article:
232:
229:
221:Main article:
218:
215:
172:
169:
115:Main article:
112:
109:
100:
97:
51:display device
27:Display device
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3467:
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3409:
3406:
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3255:
3253:
3252:VFX1 Headgear
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
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2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Pose tracking
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
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2840:
2839:
2838:
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2829:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2809:Virtual world
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
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2790:
2787:
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2737:
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2731:
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2718:
2717:Mixed reality
2715:
2712:
2709:
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2703:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2673:
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2664:
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2649:
2647:
2646:Stereographer
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Panavision 3D
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
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2535:Stereo camera
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2510:3D television
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2432:2D-plus-depth
2430:
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2427:2D plus Delta
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1550:(ELQD/QD-LED)
1549:
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764:accommodation
761:
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593:
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585:
581:
579:
578:visual cortex
575:
571:
568:
564:
558:
550:
548:
545:
544:Panavision 3D
542:The Omega 3D/
540:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
517:
509:
507:
504:
500:
499:silver screen
495:
491:
489:
483:
474:
467:
465:
463:
462:ColorCode 3-D
458:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
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425:
417:
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413:
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396:
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314:
308:
305:
301:
295:
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
255:field of view
252:
251:dynamic range
243:
238:
230:
228:
224:
216:
214:
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
181:
177:
170:
168:
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156:
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127:
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118:
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98:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
32:3D television
19:
3288:Project Iris
3215:Meta Quest 2
3193:Oculus Quest
3183:Liquid Image
3178:Google Glass
3083:Meta Quest 3
3040:Wizdish ROVR
3030:Virtuix Omni
3015:Oculus Touch
2887:Eye tracking
2854:Smartglasses
2818:Technologies
2794:Telepresence
2593:Nintendo 3DS
2500:3D camcorder
2415:technologies
2378:
2302:technologies
2206:
2158:
1811:Transparency
1784:Static media
1738:Stereoscopic
1729:
1310:
1295:
1280:
1265:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1112:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:
1094:"Samsung 3D"
1088:
1077:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1023:
1019:
1009:
974:
970:
960:
946:
932:
915:
911:
898:
867:
846:
814:
780:
749:
728:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
696:
693:
684:
673:
650:Nintendo 3DS
646:LCD displays
634:
627:
615:
610:Nintendo 3DS
582:
560:
541:
537:
533:
519:
496:
492:
485:
459:
438:superimposed
435:
412:black levels
408:
384:
376:
325:
317:
309:
307:controller.
297:
259:
248:
226:
212:
208:
200:perspectives
189:
179:
157:
153:
142:
126:stereoscopic
123:
120:
102:
94:
79:
75:focal length
59:stereoscopic
46:
44:
3257:Virtual Boy
3198:Oculus Rift
3132:Vuzix Blade
3127:Valve Index
3035:Wired glove
3025:Razer Hydra
3010:Leap Motion
2998:Peripherals
2975:Haptic suit
2937:Photography
2625:View-Master
2452:Pseudoscope
2384:Stereoscope
2314:Anaglyph 3D
2203:Stereoscopy
1775:Fog display
1748:Multiscopic
1665:Fiber-optic
1577:Quantum dot
1020:Opt Express
971:Opt Express
833:light field
825:microlenses
821:multiscopic
768:convergence
678:instead of
557:Stereoscopy
424:Anaglyph 3D
278:View-Master
223:Stereoscope
134:light field
117:Stereoscopy
67:holographic
3445:3D imaging
3439:Categories
3281:Unreleased
3267:Virtuality
3242:SixthSense
3078:Magic Leap
2774:Room-scale
2639:Miscellany
2530:Digital 3D
2525:Blu-ray 3D
2389:Vectograph
2354:Multiscopy
2339:Holography
2329:Bubblegram
2276:Stereopsis
2214:Perception
2207:3D display
2057:Screenless
1816:Laser beam
1770:Volumetric
1730:3D display
1670:Nixie tube
1650:Split-flap
1535:generation
1509:Blue Phase
1429:generation
1376:generation
1103:2017-12-02
1079:2010-10-14
890:References
588:KMQ viewer
354:3D glasses
274:Kodachrome
266:35 mm film
192:stereogram
160:stereopsis
130:perception
63:stereopsis
47:3D display
18:3d display
3325:ARToolKit
3237:Sensorama
3188:Oculus Go
2769:Real life
2749:Metaverse
2744:Immersion
1870:Scan line
1844:DisplayID
1801:Neon sign
1791:Monoscope
1633:Non-video
1394:Jumbotron
724:holograms
708:ray-based
704:wavefront
584:Prismatic
350:screens.
3372:visionOS
3306:Software
3163:EyePhone
3073:HTC Vive
2911:Software
2727:Concepts
2630:XpanD 3D
2615:RealD 3D
2573:Dolby 3D
2568:AMD HD3D
2561:products
2128:Ultra HD
2012:MicroLED
1971:Displays
1753:Hologram
1660:Eggcrate
1645:Flip-dot
1591:display
1572:Laser TV
1543:microLED
1473:(AMOLED)
1427:Current
1383:Eidophor
1249:23518562
1121:Archived
1118:page 271
1050:25089403
1001:19550732
873:See also
864:Problems
837:parallax
791:parallax
783:LEIA Inc
640:with an
572:wherein
521:Dolby 3D
455:parallax
418:Anaglyph
399:XpanD 3D
380:Teleview
336:vergence
332:focusing
270:Bakelite
3313:General
3293:Sega VR
3056:Current
3049:Devices
2842:optical
2825:Display
2598:New 3DS
2583:Infitec
2559:Notable
2520:4D film
2505:3D film
2491:Product
2300:Display
1837:CEA-861
1467:(OLED)
1452:Gyricon
1257:4424212
1229:Bibcode
1028:Bibcode
979:Bibcode
574:lateral
570:percept
262:Tru-Vue
99:History
3352:OpenXR
3347:OpenVR
3320:ARCore
3208:Rift S
3158:castAR
3146:Former
3112:PICO 4
2832:EyeTap
2027:QD-LED
1964:Fields
1721:(SISD)
1615:(TDEL)
1609:(FLCD)
1556:(OLET)
1524:(LCoS)
1483:(LCD)
1461:(LED)
1438:(QLED)
1412:(PDP)
1255:
1247:
1221:Nature
1048:
999:
858:tensor
770:. The
680:pixels
676:voxels
440:in an
3391:Games
3382:WebXR
3153:AntVR
3117:Pimax
2968:Other
2493:types
2413:Other
2094:Other
2002:Laser
1892:(HDR)
1715:(FSD)
1699:(SSD)
1683:(LEC)
1677:(VFD)
1621:(LPD)
1568:(FED)
1562:(SED)
1533:Next
1518:(DLP)
1447:E Ink
1401:(ELD)
1390:(CRT)
1253:S2CID
1206:(PDF)
908:(PDF)
565:is a
551:Other
530:RealD
55:depth
49:is a
3272:VR-1
3107:OSVR
2864:list
2719:(MR)
2713:(VR)
2707:(AR)
2695:(XR)
2205:and
2160:List
2042:TMOS
2037:TDEL
2022:OLET
2017:OLED
1997:iMoD
1992:FLCD
1832:EDID
1654:Vane
1600:TMOS
1595:IMoD
1589:MEMS
1416:ALiS
1374:Past
1245:PMID
1046:PMID
997:PMID
852:and
766:and
744:and
620:and
608:The
561:The
403:IMAX
348:OLED
334:and
304:OLED
292:and
69:and
3418:VR2
3220:Pro
3203:CV1
2047:TPD
2032:SED
2007:LPD
1987:FED
1504:LED
1497:IPS
1487:TFT
1237:doi
1225:495
1036:doi
987:doi
920:doi
819:or
718:or
710:or
536:or
501:or
346:or
344:LCD
302:or
300:LCD
3441::
3088:3S
1492:TN
1251:.
1243:.
1235:.
1223:.
1193:^
1096:.
1044:.
1034:.
1024:22
1022:.
1018:.
995:.
985:.
975:15
973:.
969:.
916:57
914:.
910:.
795:3D
772:3D
762:,
758:,
652:.
590:.
457:.
280:.
206:.
140:.
92:.
45:A
3100:2
2685:e
2678:t
2671:v
2195:e
2188:t
2181:v
1949:e
1942:t
1935:v
1350:e
1343:t
1336:v
1274:.
1259:.
1239::
1231::
1208:.
1106:.
1082:.
1052:.
1038::
1030::
1003:.
989::
981::
926:.
922::
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
