590:
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36:
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are mechanically durable yet do not have an ability to adapt compared to soft actuators. The soft actuators apply to mainly safety and healthcare for humans which is why they are able to adapt to environments by disassembling their parts. This is why the driven energy behind soft actuators deal with flexible materials like certain polymers and liquids that are harmless
607:
fabrication is achieved. To avoid the tedious and time-consuming aspects of the current fabrication processes, researchers are exploring an appropriate manufacturing approach for effective fabrication of soft actuators. Therefore, special soft systems that can be fabricated in a single step by rapid prototyping methods, such as
494:, which can be thought as a rotary electric motor which has been cut and unrolled. Thus, instead of producing a rotational movement, it produces a linear force along their length. Because it generally has lower friction losses than the alternatives, a linear electric actuator can last over a hundred million cycles.
606:
The majority of the existing soft actuators are fabricated using multistep low yield processes such as micro-moulding, solid freeform fabrication, and mask lithography. However, these methods require manual fabrication of devices, post processing/assembly, and lengthy iterations until maturity in the
477:
Rotary motors can be powered by 3 different techniques such as
Electric, Fluid, or Manual. However, Fluid powered rotary actuators have 5 sub-sections of actuators such as Scotch Yoke, Vane, Rack-and-Pinion, Helical, and Electrohydraulic. All forms have their own specific design and use allowing the
460:
When used to control the flow of fluid through a valve, a brake is typically installed above the motor to prevent the fluid pressure from forcing open the valve. If no brake is installed, the actuator gets activated to reclose the valve, which is slowly forced open again. This sets up an oscillation
602:
A soft actuator is made of a flexible material that changes its shape in response to stimuli including mechanical, thermal, magnetic, and electrical. Soft actuators mainly deal with the robotics of humans rather than industry which is what most of the actuators are used for. For most actuators they
473:
to turn the target part over a certain angle. Rotary actuators can have up to a rotation of 360 degrees. This allows it to differ from a linear motor as the linear is bound to a set distance compared to the rotary motor. Rotary motors have the ability to be set at any given degree in a field making
637:
and combination of different materials by means of advanced fabrication technology. The advent of 3D printers has made a new pathway for fabricating low-cost and fast response SMP actuators. The process of receiving external stimuli like heat, moisture, electrical input, light or magnetic field by
503:
In fact, it represents the most desired and versatile technology. Due to the limitations of pneumatics, the current electric actuator technology is a viable solution for specific industry applications and it has been successfully introduced in market segments such as the watchmaking, semiconductor
360:
is similar to a hydraulic one but uses a gas (usually air) instead of a liquid. Compared to hydraulic actuators, pneumatic ones are less complicated because they do not need pipes for the return and recycling of the working fluid. On the other hand, they still need external infrastructure such as
481:
Applications for the rotary actuators are just about endless but, will more than likely be found dealing with mostly hydraulic pressured devices and industries. Rotary actuators are even used in the robotics field when seeing robotic arms in industry lines. Anything you see that deals with motion
328:
Since liquids are nearly impossible to compress, a hydraulic actuator can exert a large force. The drawback of this approach is its limited acceleration. They respond quickly to input changes, have little inertia, can operate continuously over a relatively large working range, and can hold their
415:
The main advantages of electromechanical actuators are their relatively good level of accuracy with respect to pneumatics, their possible long lifecycle and the little maintenance effort required (might require grease). It is possible to reach relatively high force, on the order of 100 kN.
915:
When considering force in actuators for applications, two main metrics should be considered. These two are static and dynamic loads. Static load is the force capability of the actuator while not in motion. Conversely, the dynamic load of the actuator is the force capability while in motion.
1480:
Kerdlapee, Pongsak; Wisitsoraat, Anurat; Phokaratkul, Ditsayuth; Leksakul, Komgrit; Phatthanakun, Rungreung; Tuantranont, Adisorn (2013). "Fabrication of electrostatic MEMS microactuator based on X-ray lithography with Pb-based X-ray mask and dry-film-transfer-to-PCB process".
611:, are utilized to narrow the gap between the design and implementation of soft actuators, making the process faster, less expensive, and simpler. They also enable incorporation of all actuator components into a single structure eliminating the need to use external
648:
or light activated polymers (LAP) are another type of SMP that are activated by light stimuli. The LAP actuators can be controlled remotely with instant response and, without any physical contact, only with the variation of light frequency or intensity.
924:
Speed should be considered primarily at a no-load pace, since the speed will invariably decrease as the load amount increases. The rate the speed will decrease will directly correlate with the amount of force and the initial speed.
671:
gels, and gel-metal composites are common materials to form 3D layered structures that can be tailored to work as soft actuators. EAP actuators are categorized as 3D printed soft actuators that respond to electrical excitation as
800:
or similar mechanism. On the other hand, some actuators are intrinsically linear, such as piezoelectric actuators. Conversion between circular and linear motion is commonly made via a few simple types of mechanism including:
419:
The main limitation of these actuators are the reachable speed, the important dimensions and weight they require. The main application of such actuators is mainly seen in health care devices and factory automation.
589:
633:
such as light, electrical, magnetic, heat, pH, and moisture changes. They have some deficiencies including fatigue and high response time that have been improved through the introduction of
1233:
1135:
540:
An actuator may be driven by heat through the expansion that most solid material exhibit when the temperaure increases. This principle is commonly used, for example, to operate electric
656:
soft actuators in soft robotics has influenced researchers for devising pneumatic soft actuators because of their intrinsic compliance nature and ability to produce muscle tension.
1345:
El-Atab, Nazek; Mishra, Rishabh B.; Al-Modaf, Fhad; Joharji, Lana; Alsharif, Aljohara A.; Alamoudi, Haneen; Diaz, Marlon; Qaiser, Nadeem; Hussain, Muhammad
Mustafa (October 2020).
692:, or to clamp an object so as to prevent motion. In electronic engineering, actuators are a subdivision of transducers. They are devices which transform an input signal (mainly an
404:
An electromechanical actuator (EMA) uses mechanical means to convert the rotational force of an ordinary (rotary) electric motor into a linear movement. The mechanism may be a
317:
actuator the fluid pressure is applied to just one side of the piston, so that it applies useful force in only one direction. The opposite motion may be effected by a
1516:
Shabestari, N. P. (2019). "Fabrication of a simple and easy-to-make piezoelectric actuator and its use as phase shifter in digital speckle pattern interferometry".
1404:
Feng, Guo-Hua; Yen, Shih-Chieh (2015). "Micromanipulation tool replaceable soft actuator with gripping force enhancing and output motion converting mechanisms".
504:
and pharmaceutical industries (as high as 60% of the applications. The growing interest for this technology, can be explained by the following characteristics:
500:
Linear motor technology is the best solution in the context of a low load (up to 30Kgs) because it provides the highest level of speed, control and accuracy.
361:
compressors, reservoirs, filters, and air treatment subsystems, which often makes them less convenient that electrical and electromechanical actuators.
796:
Motors are mostly used when circular motions are needed, but can also be used for linear applications by transforming circular to linear motion with a
903:
Performance metrics for actuators include speed, acceleration, and force (alternatively, angular speed, angular acceleration, and torque), as well as
638:
SMP is referred to as shape memory effect (SME). SMP exhibits some rewarding features such a low density, high strain recovery, biocompatibility, and
1259:
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rating system. Those that are rated for dangerous environments will have a higher IP rating than those for personal or common industrial use.
1421:
1096:
1069:
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372:, steam pressure is used to drive pneumatic actuators to produce a reciprocating motion, which is converted to rotary motion by some sort of
1204:
1171:
664:
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typically uses the pressure of a liquid (usually oil) to cause a piston to slide inside a hollow cylindrical tube linear, rotatory or
1331:
244:
Another broad classification of actuators separates them into two types: incremental-drive actuators and continuous-drive actuators.
119:
497:
Linear motors are divided in 3 basic categories: flat linear motor (classic), U-Channel linear motors and
Tubular linear motors.
824:
known as the screw. By rotating the actuator's nut, the screw shaft moves in a line. By moving the screw shaft, the nut rotates.
548:. Typically, a (non-electronic) thermostat contains a strip with two layers of different metals, that will bend when heated.
396:
Since 1960, several actuator technologies have been developed. Electric actuators can be classified in the following groups:
57:
571:
materials that are strongly attracted to each other when they are magnetized by the external field. An example are the
429:
100:
1406:
2015 Transducers - 2015 18th
International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS)
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Possible usage in clean and highly-regulated environments (no leakages of air, humidity or lubricants allowed);
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785:
278:
149:
233:, respectively. Rotary motion is more natural for small machines making large displacements. By means of a
805:
755:
730:
86:
1445:
Malone, Evan; Lipson, Hod (2006). "Freeform fabrication of ionomeric polymer-metal composite actuators".
289:, driven by the engine itself. Another example is the mechanism that strikes the hours in a traditional
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mechanism, causing the pinion to turn. This arrangement is used, for example, to operate valves in
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actuator, the return stroke is driven by fluid pressure applied to the opposite side of the piston.
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They are not easy to integrate in standard machineries due to their important size and high weight.
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that is directly driven by the motions or forces of other parts of the system. An example is the
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and considerations such as mass, volume, operating conditions, and durability, among others.
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are one type of incremental-drive actuators. Examples of continuous-drive actuators include
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control systems to perform a task in technology is a good chance to be a rotary actuator.
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This will be determined by each individual manufacturer, depending on usage and quality.
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actuators operate on the principle of the wheel and axle. By rotating a wheel/axle (e.g.
629:(SMP) actuators are the most similar to our muscles, providing a response to a range of
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Clarence W. de Silva. Mechatronics: An
Integrated Approach (2005). CRC Press. p. 761.
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They have a low force density respect to pneumatic and electromechanical actuators.
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461:(open, close, open ...) and the motor and actuator will eventually become damaged.
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1128:"What's the Difference Between Pneumatic, Hydraulic, and Electrical Actuators?"
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that is then used to transmit actuation force in much the same way that diesel
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The displacement achieved is commonly linear or rotational, as exemplified by
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153:
1382:
1156:"The Role of Rack and Pinion Actuators in On-Off & Modulating Controls".
895:, actuators and sensors are the hardware complements of virtual instruments.
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They are expensive respect to pneumatics and other electric technologies.
517: Need for programmable motion in the situation of complex operations
352:
Pneumatic actuator operating a valve through a rack-and-pinion mechanism.
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17:
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195:
172:). An actuator converts such an input signal into the required form of
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the device easier to set up still with durability and a set torque.
835:
612:
588:
409:
383:
347:
141:
1172:"Automax SuperNova Series Pneumatic Rack & Pinion Actuators"
863:
1281:"What Are the Differences Between Linear and Rotary Actuators?"
29:
1088:
Handbook of Valves and
Actuators: Valves Manual International
882:) moves. By moving the linear member, the wheel/axle rotates.
321:, by gravity, or by other forces present in the system. In a
1226:"Pneumatic Valve Actuators Information - IHS Engineering360"
688:, actuators are frequently used as mechanisms to introduce
453:
is used to actuate equipment such as multi-turn valves, or
412:(either a ball or a lead screw or planetary roller screw).
332:
A hydraulic actuator can be used to displace the rack of a
439:
remains the prime mover but provides torque to operate a
191:. The control signal is relatively low energy and may be
1347:"Soft Actuators for Soft Robotic Applications: A Review"
1050:"A Dictionary of Electronics and Electrical Engineering"
445:
engine/hydraulics are typically used in heavy equipment
1048:
Butterfield, Andrew J.; Szymanski, John, eds. (2018).
551:
Thermal actuators may also exploit the properties of
183:
An actuator requires a control device (controlled by
340:
and other industrial fluid transport installations.
1332:"Ultra-compact: Valves with shape memory actuators"
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1302:
1300:
933:Actuators are commonly rated using the standard
563:Some actuators are driven by externally applied
511:High cycling rate (greater than 100 cycles/min);
508:High precision (equal or less than 0,1 mm);
237:, rotary motion can be adapted to function as a
1160:(Spring 2010). Valve Manufacturers Association.
329:position without any significant energy input.
820:actuators all operate on the principle of the
575:that may be used as door opening sensors in a
521:The main disadvantages of linear motors are:
478:ability to choose multiple angles of degree.
8:
1553:Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook
285:that drive the intake and exhaust valves in
241:(a linear motion, but not a linear motor).
27:Machine component that controls a mechanism
582:Alternatively, magnetic actuators can use
1372:
1362:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1013:"A Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering"
567:. They typically contain parts made of
1011:Escudier, Marcel; Atkins, Tony (2019).
1003:
457:construction and excavation equipment.
152:, usually in a controlled way, when an
667:(IPMC), ionic electroactive polymers,
388:Electric valve actuator controlling a
264:, and piston-cylinder drives (rams).
206:pressure, or even human power. In the
1256:"How does an electric actuator work?"
7:
1062:10.1093/acref/9780198725725.001.0001
1025:10.1093/acref/9780198832102.001.0001
180:. In simple terms, it is a "mover".
58:adding citations to reliable sources
490:A linear electric actuator uses a
25:
652:A need for soft, lightweight and
1414:10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2015.7181316
469:Electric rotary actuators use a
34:
1308:"Rotary Actuator - an overview"
1262:from the original on 2018-02-21
1236:from the original on 2016-06-24
1207:from the original on 2018-02-21
1197:"What is a Pneumatic Actuator?"
1138:from the original on 2016-04-23
1091:. Elsevier Science. p. 2.
220:automation or automatic control
45:needs additional citations for
665:ionic polymer–metal composites
1:
792:Circular to linear conversion
164:input is supplied to it in a
1555:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
1351:Advanced Intelligent Systems
696:) into some form of motion.
584:magnetic shape-memory alloys
287:internal combustion engines
1589:
1530:10.1007/s12596-019-00522-4
711:Digital micromirror device
277:An actuator can be just a
1495:10.1007/s00542-013-1816-x
1459:10.1108/13552540610707004
1447:Rapid Prototyping Journal
680:Examples and applications
1483:Microsystem Technologies
961:Hard disk drive actuator
870:) a linear member (e.g.
1177:. Flowserve Corporation
893:virtual instrumentation
887:Virtual instrumentation
428:Another approach is an
218:sense, it is a form of
1364:10.1002/aisy.202000128
731:Piezoelectric actuator
594:
393:
353:
138:component of a machine
721:Electroactive polymer
700:Examples of actuators
661:dielectric elastomers
592:
441:hydraulic accumulator
387:
351:
1551:Sclater, N. (2007).
1408:. pp. 1877–80.
1312:ScienceDirect Topics
1254:Tisserand, Olivier.
1085:Nesbitt, B. (2011).
929:Operating conditions
627:Shape memory polymer
54:improve this article
899:Performance metrics
777:Hydraulic actuators
553:shape-memory alloys
1230:www.globalspec.com
981:Nanotube nanomotor
766:Shape-memory alloy
741:Pneumatic actuator
726:Hydraulic cylinder
595:
394:
358:pneumatic actuator
354:
307:hydraulic actuator
268:Types of actuators
187:) and a source of
176:. It is a type of
1518:Journal of Optics
1423:978-1-4799-8955-3
1132:machinedesign.com
1098:978-0-08-054928-6
1071:978-0-19-872572-5
1034:978-0-19-883210-2
905:energy efficiency
694:electrical signal
659:Polymers such as
593:Thermal actuators
577:building security
451:Electrical energy
400:Electromechanical
370:steam locomotives
291:grandfather clock
174:mechanical energy
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676:in their shape.
640:biodegradability
455:electric-powered
430:electrohydraulic
424:Electrohydraulic
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254:induction motors
250:DC torque motors
170:actuating system
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840:rack and pinion
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786:aircraft design
736:Plasma actuator
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635:smart materials
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565:magnetic fields
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364:In the first
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991:Torque motor
956:End effector
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866:, pulley or
818:roller screw
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295:cuckoo clock
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198:or current,
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150:displacement
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
852:rigid chain
844:chain drive
686:engineering
674:deformation
609:3D printing
546:thermostats
376:mechanism.
368:and in all
311:oscillatory
168:(called an
110:August 2023
1489:: 127–35.
1317:2022-07-13
1290:2022-07-13
1266:2018-02-20
1240:2016-04-26
1211:2018-02-20
1142:2016-04-26
1104:2021-11-11
998:References
941:Durability
856:rigid belt
848:belt drive
814:ball screw
810:Screw jack
798:lead screw
746:Screw jack
706:Comb drive
579:system.
374:crankshaft
273:Mechanical
178:transducer
154:electrical
80:newspapers
69:"Actuator"
1573:Actuators
1538:155531221
1503:110234049
1391:224805628
1383:2640-4567
971:Load cell
621:fasteners
617:adhesives
344:Pneumatic
338:pipelines
301:Hydraulic
283:camshafts
279:mechanism
258:hydraulic
235:leadscrew
216:pneumatic
212:hydraulic
200:pneumatic
162:hydraulic
158:pneumatic
18:Actuators
1567:Category
1260:Archived
1234:Archived
1205:Archived
1136:Archived
949:See also
874:, rack,
770:Thermal
756:Solenoid
559:Magnetic
542:switches
433:actuator
380:Electric
208:electric
193:electric
134:actuator
1467:1172362
1432:7243537
935:IP Code
772:bimorph
631:stimuli
536:Thermal
196:voltage
94:scholar
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1181:7 July
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690:motion
663:(DE),
619:, and
613:joints
486:Linear
465:Rotary
319:spring
214:, and
189:energy
166:system
146:torque
96:
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82:
75:
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1534:S2CID
1499:S2CID
1463:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1387:S2CID
1175:(PDF)
920:Speed
911:Force
876:chain
872:cable
868:shaft
836:winch
832:Hoist
806:Screw
410:screw
408:or a
202:, or
148:, or
142:force
136:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
1418:ISBN
1379:ISSN
1183:2014
1093:ISBN
1066:ISBN
1029:ISBN
880:belt
864:gear
860:drum
854:and
816:and
782:Trim
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260:and
229:and
73:news
1526:doi
1491:doi
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1369:hdl
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1021:doi
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