1977:) and the Ischigualastian (named after the Ischigualasto Formation). Equivalents faunas are easily traced across Brazil, Africa, and India. These two biostratigraphic zones correlate with Lucas's Berdyankian, Otischalkian, and Apachean LVFs, but do not precisely overlap in time with those LVFs. Moreover, aetosaurs and phytosaurs, which are common in the Northern Hemisphere, are rarer and more scattered in the Southern Hemisphere. As a result, Gondwanan assemblage zones are defined by more common Southern taxa. For example, the Ischigualastian zone is defined by the
300:
528:
404:
882:
2018:
2223:"Faunachrons" could also be defined beyond the constraints of teilzones; other biozonation categories include holochronozones (a stratigraphic interval, involving multiple study areas) and holochrons (an estimated time interval, involving the time of speciation or immigration into the region). Each phytosaur-based "faunachron" could be considered a teilzone (in local biostratigraphy), an estimated holochronozone (in regional
1019:
689:
802:
2203:, referring to a local interval of strata equivalent to an interval of time. The base of each teilzone was marked by the Lowest known Occurrence (LOk) of a particular category of phytosaur, i.e. the oldest layer where fossils of that category are found in the study area. LOks are local points in time and stratigraphy, disregarding occurrences in other regions or the estimated time of
1146:
2728:
support a model where extinctions are stretched out over several million years. For most species, extinction probabilities are "decoupled" in time from other species, as well as geological or climatological drivers. The only plausible correlation is between the
Manicouagan Impact and palynomorph turnover, and even then the probability of synchronicity is only about 34%.
1935:
Revueltian) are strongly unequal in size, with the Norian far longer than the
Carnian. Under this consensus "long-Norian" hypothesis, the Carnian-Norian boundary is close to 228 Ma. Lucas, on the other hand, prefers a "short-Norian" perspective, with a lengthier Carnian stage and a Carnian-Norian boundary at around 220 Ma.
2639:
Although most LVFs or equivalent concepts are not marked by major biotic changes, one exception is apparent in the southwest United States. The boundary between the
Adamanian and Revueltian zones is marked by a faunal turnover, an event where several tetrapod species quickly disappear from the fossil
4274:
Kent, Dennis V.; Olsen, Paul E.; Lepre, Christopher; Rasmussen, Cornelia; Mundil, Roland; Gehrels, George E.; Giesler, Dominique; Irmis, Randall B.; Geissman, John W.; Parker, William G. (16 October 2019). "Magnetochronology of the entire Chinle
Formation (Norian age) in a scientific drill core from
1968:
Some authors have elected to ignore LVFs in favor of older and more localized biostratigraphic units. Named tetrapod assemblages zones (AZs) were well-established for the
Triassic of Gondwana prior to the LVF, and recent updates have helped to constrain these units with greater clarity and agreement
2727:
Alternatively, the
Adamanian-Revueltian turnover may be a consequence of the gradual aridification of western Pangea as it drifted north into arid latitudes. Comparative estimates of extinction rates and occurrences find little support for a synchronized Adamanian-Revueltian turnover, and instead
191:. Together, the defining index fossil and assemblage could be used to correlate fossil assemblages worldwide. Updates to this system have been published continuously for Triassic LVFs, which remain a heavily-discussed topic in the study of Triassic chronology. Lucas has also defined LVFs for the
2255:
is apparent in most recent overviews. Rather than relying on a single index taxon per biozone, Martz and Parker allowed multiple representatives per a given stage of phytosaur evolution. These representatives were chosen based on their occurrence in the southwest United States, commonness, and
1955:
According to the "short-Norian" interpretation, these lower Chinle
Formation, and other strata of the Adamanian LVF, would be firmly pre-Norian in age, suggesting that any taxonomic change between the Adamanian and Revueltian represents a Carnian-Norian extinction event. However, the consensus
135:
disagreement may jeopardize global correlations between
Triassic tetrapods. This could render some LVFs as misleading assessments of Triassic faunal change through time. Regardless, Late Triassic phytosaurs are considered to have strong biostratigraphic utility even among detractors of Lucas's
1934:
biozones can help correlate terrestrial strata to an extent. One complication is that Lucas's view of the Late
Triassic time scale contradicts the consensus established by other biostratigraphers. Most paleontologists estimate that the three stages of the Late Triassic (Carnian, Norian, and
4037:"U-Pb zircon geochronology and depositional age models for the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA): Implications for Late Triassic paleoecological and paleoenvironmental change"
4034:
Rasmussen, Cornelia; Mundil, Roland; Irmis, Randall B.; Geisler, Dominique; Gehrels, George E.; Olsen, Paul E.; Kent, Dennis V.; Lepre, Christopher; Kinney, Sean T.; Geissman, John W.; Parker, William G. (2020-07-20).
2171:
Although the utility of a global LVF system is questionable, LVF-derived biostratigraphy may be useful in limited circumstances. Phytosaurs in particular have played a large role in the tetrapod biostratigraphy of the
1964:
of
Argentina, can be assigned to the late Carnian (~231 Ma). This supports the conclusion that LVFs such as the Adamanian are fraught with uncertain time estimates brought on by weak correlations on a global scale.
2720:, broader environmental effects of the Manicouagan impact are mostly conjectural. Besides the Adamanian-Revueltian turnover, the impact has also been linked to a minor marine extinction in eastern
217:(FAD) of one index taxon and the FAD of another. A first appearance datum is a point in the geological record with the earliest known fossil of a given animal, which can estimate when that animal
1956:"long-Norian" interpretation firmly places Adamanian strata of North America into the Norian stage (<228 Ma). The Norian age of the lower Chinle Formation has been independently confirmed by
2106:
as index taxa. This ignores the potential for high diversity and long temporal ranges within a given grade, and may lead to arbitrary and subjective inclusion or exclusion of descendant taxa. “
2030:
Some correlations are based on connections between fragmentary or poorly-constrained taxa rather than direct correlations between type assemblages or LVF-defining index taxa. For example, the
2207:. For the Otischalkian, Adamanian, and Revueltian, the top of each teilzone is marked by the LOk of a more exclusive subgroup of phytosaurs. The top of the Apachean is marked by the LOk of
1906:
Lucas's approach to correlating LVFs with global marine stages has been met with criticism. The Triassic timescale is under constant revision from a series of age dating methods, including
3989:"High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA): Temporal constraints on the early evolution of dinosaurs"
1298:
Several paleontologists have independently questioned the validity of Lucas’s system, criticizing its inconsistent and often contradictory approach to taxonomy and faunal correlations.
1396:
3279:"Revised Formulation of the Late Triassic Land Vertebrate "Faunachrons" of Western North America: Recommendations for Codifying Nascent Systems of Vertebrate Biochronology"
1926:. However, there are only a few areas where fossils of Triassic land tetrapods and marine organisms overlap, mostly restricted to coastal sediments in central Europe.
153:
3987:
Ramezani, Jahandar; Hoke, Gregory D.; Fastovsky, David E.; Bowring, Samuel A.; Therrien, François; Dworkin, Steven I.; Atchley, Stacy C.; Nordt, Lee C. (2011-11-01).
179:
Triassic tetrapod biozones, under the term "land vertebrate faunachrons" (LVFs) were formalized on a global level by Lucas in 1998. They were diagnosed by a primary
4172:"New trilophosaurid species demonstrates a decline in allokotosaur diversity across the Adamanian-Revueltian boundary in the Late Triassic of western North America"
53:), though Lucas later designated LVFs for other periods as well. Eight worldwide LVFs are defined for the Triassic. The first two earliest Triassic LVFs, the
4336:
Onoue, Tetsuji; Sato, Honami; Yamashita, Daisuke; Ikehara, Minoru; Yasukawa, Kazutaka; Fujinaga, Koichiro; Kato, Yasuhiro; Matsuoka, Atsushi (8 July 2016).
3390:
2191:
Martz and Parker argued that the term "faunachron" was misleading and redundant, as each "faunachron" is bound by a single taxon rather than an assemblage (
1948:, a European aetosaur, can be found in North and South America, allowing correlation between these regions. However, this proposed widespread occurrence of
4403:"Modeling the dynamics of a Late Triassic vertebrate extinction: The Adamanian/Revueltian faunal turnover, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA"
1389:
1853:
1820:
4402:
4219:
Jaret, Steven J.; Hemming, Sidney R.; Rasbury, E. Troy; Thompson, Lucy M.; Glotch, Timothy D.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Spray, John G. (2018-11-01).
4467:
4074:
MartĂnez, R. N.; Apaldetti, C.; Alcober, O. A.; Colombi, C. E.; Sereno, P. C.; Fernandez, E.; Malnis, P. S.; Correa, G. A.; Abelin, D. (2013).
3737:"The Late Triassic (Norian) Adamanian–Revueltian tetrapod faunal transition in the Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona"
1710:
4144:
3971:
3446:
3290:
3001:
2234:
One complication in defining biozones based on phytosaurs is instability in phytosaur systematics. Many proposed phytosaur taxa are dubious,
1960:
and magnetostratigraphic correlations to global time scales. Conversely, other "Adamanian" strata, such as fossiliferous layers in the lower
4221:"Context matters – Ar–Ar results from in and around the Manicouagan Impact Structure, Canada: Implications for martian meteorite chronology"
1382:
221:
or evolves into existence. As an example, the Lootsbergian LVF is defined as the period of time between the FAD (estimated speciation) of
1306:
Many index taxa are very rare or endemic to a single continent, and have no relevance to a global biostratigraphy system. These include
4401:
Hayes, Reilly F.; Puggioni, Gavino; Parker, William G.; Tiley, Catherine S.; Bednarick, Amanda L.; Fastovsky, David E. (2020-04-01).
2624:
610:
4472:
3240:"Re-evaluating the correlation between Late Triassic terrestrial vertebrate biostratigraphy and the GSSP-defined marine stages"
2143:, which has historically been used as a persistent grade of early phytosaurs. On the other hand, the characteristic phytosaur (
2686:
as a whole decline in abundance. New species of aetosaurs and phytosaurs replaced losses across the purported boundary event.
2716:
at 66 Ma), is dated to around 215.4 Ma. While certainly large enough to momentarily devastate areas near the impact point in
2641:
2151:) genera of the Apachean LVF are very similar to, and perhaps synonymous with, index taxa of the underlying Revueltian LVF: “
481:
4275:
Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA) and implications for regional and global correlations in the Late Triassic".
3736:
3573:
3425:
Lucas, Spencer G.; Tanner, Lawrence H. (2014). Rocha, Rogério; Pais, João; Kullberg, José Carlos; Finney, Stanley (eds.).
2644:, the event occurs in the Jim Camp Wash beds. This sediment layer is positioned in the middle of the Chinle Formation's
1284:
1230:
501:
368:
3681:"Timing of dicynodont extinction in light of an unusual Late Triassic Polish fauna and Cuvier's approach to extinction"
3116:"Studies on continental Late Triassic tetrapod biochronology. II. The Ischigualastian and a Carnian global correlation"
1867:
Index taxa for a given LVF often range into the succeeding LVF, blurring the distinction between the two time periods.
1074:
985:
934:
472:(Chinle Formation, Arizona, USA), "Neshanician" and lower "Cliftonian" strata of the Newark Supergroup (eastern USA),
2185:
4133:"Building Local Biostratigraphic Models for the Upper Triassic of Western North America: Methods and Considerations"
2181:
465:
3239:
3401:
2701:
2700:
The cause and relevance of this turnover is debatable, as it may indicate only a small localized extinction. The
2619:
1276:
1059:
965:
606:
493:
3887:
767:
4170:
Kligman, Ben T.; Marsh, Adam D.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Parker, William G.; Stocker, Michelle R. (2020-03-26).
1352:
of Russia) and other correlated assemblages. Direct relationships between Russian, German, and South American
213:". This means that they correspond to a segment of time (and strata) between two paleobiological events: the
2614:
2597:
2505:
2425:
2400:
1961:
1746:
745:
650:
497:
473:
384:
364:
3400:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 41. pp. 229–240. Archived from
1942:
and equivalent units) is Carnian (>220 Ma) in age. This was justified by the assumption that fossils of
1107:
646:
4477:
4462:
3864:"Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants"
2609:
2522:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1111:
771:
662:
614:
505:
372:
214:
4132:
3278:
2587:
1240:
2429:
2124:
2117:
2057:, the defining index fossil of the Berdyankian LVF. Fossils referable to this genus can be found across
1838:
1103:
1087:
973:
856:
654:
634:
626:
459:
376:
1974:
1348:, among others. For the Berdyankian LVF, very few species are shared between the index assemblage (the
1264:
852:
681:
4220:
3115:
2180:
of the southwest United States. A revision of the LVF system in this narrow context was undertaken by
4414:
4349:
4284:
4232:
4087:
4000:
3920:
3875:
3863:
3795:
3680:
3608:
3530:
3475:
3127:
3053:
2921:
2771:
2759:
2713:
1280:
1091:
981:
794:
356:
344:
188:
3463:
2645:
2577:
2495:
2485:
2409:
299:
1907:
1095:
992:
969:
961:
860:
763:
751:
658:
527:
3426:
4438:
4318:
4256:
4201:
4113:
3944:
3764:
3708:
3632:
3554:
3499:
3207:
3077:
2945:
2511:
2436:
2325:
2224:
2103:
2035:
2031:
1915:
1272:
1099:
1083:
977:
957:
755:
485:
360:
3823:
McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record".
403:
4430:
4383:
4365:
4310:
4248:
4193:
4140:
4056:
4016:
3967:
3936:
3908:
3840:
3756:
3700:
3624:
3546:
3491:
3442:
3367:
3286:
3199:
3143:
3069:
2997:
2937:
2809:
2787:
2694:
2603:
2517:
2419:
2343:
2320:
2113:
1970:
1952:
is a debatable, as many species assigned to the genus may not be closely related (see below).
1911:
1349:
1268:
1256:
1252:
1123:
1119:
1115:
904:
842:
779:
759:
622:
618:
352:
348:
338:
3238:
Irmis, Randall B.; Martz, Jeffrey W.; Parker, William G.; Nesbitt, Sterling J. (March 2010).
4422:
4373:
4357:
4300:
4292:
4240:
4236:
4183:
4103:
4095:
4048:
4008:
3928:
3907:
Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004).
3883:
3832:
3803:
3784:"Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery"
3748:
3692:
3659:
3616:
3538:
3483:
3434:
3191:
3135:
3061:
2989:
2929:
2779:
2709:
2582:
2571:
2490:
2453:
2371:
2246:
2173:
1939:
1332:
1011:
951:
928:
922:
881:
600:
596:
520:
489:
157:
42:
3596:
2988:, Topics in Geobiology, vol. 46, Springer International Publishing, pp. 351–405,
183:(a particular genus of widespread time-constrained tetrapod) and characterized by a faunal
2394:
2360:
2333:
2217:
2044:
2039:
2038:
of the United States via a tenuous (and likely unjustifiable) comparison between proposed
2017:
2003:
1596:
890:
822:
642:
638:
477:
469:
430:
169:
124:
89:
46:
3909:"Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction"
3651:
160:
and his colleagues began to define tetrapod biostratigraphy intervals in the Triassic of
127:, as many Triassic tetrapods are rife with complications which endanger their utility as
4418:
4353:
4288:
4091:
4004:
3924:
3879:
3799:
3612:
3534:
3479:
3131:
3057:
2925:
2775:
4378:
4337:
4131:
Parker, W. G.; Martz, J. W. (2017-01-01), Zeigler, Kate E.; Parker, William G. (eds.),
3518:
3277:
Martz, J. W.; Parker, W. G. (2017-01-01), Zeigler, Kate E.; Parker, William G. (eds.),
2982:"Late Triassic Terrestrial Tetrapods: Biostratigraphy, Biochronology and Biotic Events"
2683:
2679:
2671:
2650:
2364:
2214:
2053:
2022:
1585:
1168:
1138:
818:
810:
775:
420:
184:
69:
4338:"Bolide impact triggered the Late Triassic extinction event in equatorial Panthalassa"
2910:"The Triassic timescale based on nonmarine tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology"
2783:
2188:(2017), retaining several names and concepts previously used by Lucas and colleagues.
4456:
4442:
4322:
4260:
4205:
4075:
3768:
3636:
3558:
3503:
3335:
3312:
3179:
3081:
2949:
2662:
2300:
2291:
2228:
2135:
2129:
1998:
1982:
1931:
1875:
1869:
1607:
1344:
1338:
1326:
1210:
1186:
1162:
1063:
1047:
1043:
940:
729:
719:
444:
436:
380:
316:
308:
200:
165:
128:
117:
81:
34:
4117:
3948:
3712:
3368:"Tetrapod biochronology of the Chinle Group (Upper Triassic), western United States"
3211:
3039:"A Geographical Information System (GIS) study of Triassic vertebrate biochronology"
1018:
3859:
3336:"Vertebrate biochronology of the Newark Supergroup Triassic, eastern North America"
2909:
2705:
2177:
2108:
2066:
1944:
1938:
For example, Lucas has maintained that the lower part of the Chinle Formation (the
1927:
1899:
1799:
1221:
1174:
1154:
1035:
848:
826:
709:
688:
581:
575:
557:
223:
180:
145:
62:
3696:
3487:
3438:
630:
233:. Some taxa which are index fossils for one stage may persist into a later stage.
37:
units used to correlate and date terrestrial sediments and fossils based on their
4099:
3139:
2993:
2256:
relatively stable phylogenetic position despite paraphyly in some circumstances.
3180:"Utility and validity of Middle and Late Triassic 'land vertebrate faunachrons'"
2721:
2690:
assemblages overturn to more dry adapted species, and a higher concentration of
2687:
2551:
2465:
2459:
2240:
2209:
2091:
1991:
1978:
1957:
1881:
1314:
1198:
1192:
1180:
1055:
1027:
801:
733:
697:
569:
563:
548:
542:
322:
229:
4244:
3836:
3597:"Carboniferous tetrapod biostratigraphy, biochronology and evolutionary events"
3038:
3037:
Rayfield, E. J.; Barrett, P. M.; McDonnell, R. A.; Willis, K. J. (2005-07-01).
2981:
3752:
3741:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
3065:
2675:
2667:
2656:
2377:
2251:
or have unclear relationships to each other. Nevertheless, a series of nested
2204:
1923:
1887:
1353:
1320:
1204:
1051:
1039:
996:
916:
910:
898:
701:
426:
412:
218:
4434:
4369:
4314:
4252:
4197:
4060:
4020:
3808:
3783:
3760:
3704:
3628:
3550:
3495:
3203:
3147:
3073:
2941:
2791:
3932:
2691:
2539:
2235:
1891:(all Otischalkian index taxa) range into the Adamanian, fossils referred to
1728:
1617:
1529:
1308:
1145:
1069:
725:
713:
152:
since 1966, but without much connection to global faunas. Starting in 1993,
149:
131:. Limited occurrences, inaccurate age estimates, overlapping LVF faunas, or
113:
50:
4387:
3940:
3844:
3664:
123:
The LVF system, though widely used, is also a controversial application of
2120:
aetosaurs ranging through the Otischalkian and Apachean. Lucas’s usage of
4296:
4188:
4171:
3620:
3391:"Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology: 2007 status"
3195:
2476:
2385:
2312:
2200:
2058:
2006:
1987:
1919:
1903:
can be found throughout the Otischalkian, Apachian, and Revueltian LVFs.
1893:
1671:
1644:
1574:
1562:
1540:
666:
536:
333:
210:
196:
173:
132:
109:
65:
38:
17:
4305:
3433:. Springer Geology. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 1013–1016.
3427:"Triassic Timescale Based on Tetrapod Biostratigraphy and Biochronology"
2196:
2086:
2082:
1653:
1635:
1550:
1217:
946:
875:
837:
833:
740:
588:
207:
192:
4361:
4108:
3178:
Rayfield, Emily J.; Barrett, Paul M.; Milner, Andrew R. (2009-03-12).
4426:
4052:
4012:
3962:
Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic".
3652:"Age and correlation of Late Triassic tetrapods from southern Poland"
3542:
3519:"Permian tetrapod biochronology, correlation and evolutionary events"
2933:
2717:
2562:
2558:
2545:
2195:) of multiple taxa. They preferred using a specific type of interval
1662:
1626:
1225:
451:
329:
85:
187:
assemblage (distinguishing collection of taxa) from a fossiliferous
4036:
3988:
2252:
2192:
2016:
161:
3389:
Lucas, S.G.; Hunt, A.P.; Heckert, A.B.; Spielmann, J.A. (2007).
3782:
Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020).
2648:, and would have been deposited around 215 million years ago.
1363:
1356:
are conjectural and based on undiagnostic European fragments.
168:. These named biostratigraphic intervals were inspired by the
2760:"Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology"
2089:
material referred to the genus, including the small species
1144:
1017:
880:
800:
687:
526:
402:
298:
203:, though these are not as widely used as his Triassic LVFs.
3888:
10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2
3464:"Global Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology"
3372:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin
3340:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin
3334:
Huber, Phillip; Lucas, Spencer G.; Hunt, Adrian P. (1993).
3317:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin
144:
Tetrapod biostratigraphy has been used for the Triassic of
68:
and faunal assemblage zones estimated to correspond to the
1897:(an Adamanian index taxon) range into the Revueltian, and
2814:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
2042:
fossils. The primary index fossil of the Perovkan LVF,
4076:"Vertebrate succession in the Ischigualasto Formation"
2986:
The Late Triassic World: Earth in a Time of Transition
2980:
Lucas, Spencer G. (2018), Tanner, Lawrence H. (ed.),
2077:
from a broader taxonomic perspective (as expected if
241:
LVFs of the Triassic Period from youngest to oldest:
3313:"Vertebrate biochronology of the Triassic of China"
2127:in many genera separated by other authors, such as
1973:(1966) established the Chanarian (named after the
466:Painted Desert Member / Petrified Forest Formation
3679:Racki, Grzegorz; Lucas, Spencer G. (2020-04-20).
2764:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2026:, a purported index fossil of the Berdyankian LVF
3601:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
3523:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
3468:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2914:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
154:New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
2640:record as others appear for the first time. At
2061:-age Europe, but the proposed Russian species (
2051:One particularly contradictory index fossil is
1918:, and biozones of marine invertebrates such as
960:(Holbrook and Anton Chico members, USA), lower
3735:Parker, William G.; Martz, Jeffrey W. (2010).
2013:Taxonomic uncertainty and dubious correlations
758:(New Mexico, USA), "Sanfordian" strata of the
351:(Utah, USA), upper "Cliftonian" strata of the
41:faunas. First formulated on a global scale by
2697:nodules may also support increasing aridity.
1852:Subdivision of the Triassic according to the
1390:
206:Later authors characterized Lucas's LVFs as "
8:
45:in 1998, LVFs are primarily used within the
3366:Lucas, Spencer G.; Hunt, Adrian P. (1993).
1859:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
468:(Chinle Group, Arizona / New Mexico, USA),
3396:. In Lucas, S.G.; Spielmann, J.A. (eds.).
2704:, the second-largest bolide impact of the
2227:), or an estimated holochron (in regional
1397:
1383:
4377:
4304:
4187:
4107:
3807:
3663:
2081:is included), they must also incorporate
2065:) may be unrelated to the endemic German
621:(Texas, USA), "Conewagian" strata of the
3574:"Global Jurassic tetrapod biochronology"
3120:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
2475:early to middle Norian (Lacian to early
2401:Petrified Forest (Painted Desert) Member
2258:
1969:than global correlations. In Argentina,
243:
2737:
92:. The youngest four Triassic LVFs, the
4165:
4163:
4161:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3656:Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
2678:from the area around this time, while
227:and the FAD (estimated speciation) of
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
88:assemblages estimated to be from the
7:
4277:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2803:
2801:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
1828:
1810:
1788:
1772:
1754:
1736:
1718:
1700:
4225:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3964:A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016
2384:middle to late Norian (Alaunian to
2099:as a time-constrained index taxon.
2095:. This precludes any reason to use
1360:Imprecise or inaccurate time scales
1086:(Torrey and Wupatki members, USA),
120:of the southwestern United States.
4080:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3184:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3114:Langer, Max Cardoso (2005-06-01).
2167:Martz & Parker (2017) revision
1821:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
25:
3825:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2552:Parasuchus (Paleorhinus) bransoni
1711:Permian-Triassic extinction event
609:(Chinle Group, New Mexico, USA),
347:(Chinle Group, New Mexico, USA),
4137:Terrestrial Depositional Systems
3283:Terrestrial Depositional Systems
2908:Lucas, Spencer G. (2010-01-01).
2139:. A similar situation occurs in
2034:of China is correlated with the
1729:Smithian–Spathian boundary event
399:Revuelto Creek, New Mexico, USA
172:(LMA) system already in use for
2758:Lucas, Spencer G (1998-11-01).
2073:). Moreover, if one approaches
359:(Germany / Switzerland), upper
295:Apache Canyon, New Mexico, USA
27:Subdivisions of geological time
3966:. Elsevier. pp. 133–149.
2810:"Permian Tetrapod Faunachrons"
2642:Petrified Forest National Park
2112:”, in its broadest form, is a
1803:corals & calcified sponges
1:
4468:Regional geologic time scales
3697:10.1080/08912963.2018.1499734
3488:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.04
3439:10.1007/978-3-319-04364-7_192
3285:, Elsevier, pp. 39–125,
2784:10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00117-5
2635:Adamanian-Revueltian turnover
1080:(Subzones A-B), South Africa
770:(Irohalene Member, Morocco),
540:-grade phytosaurs (including
4100:10.1080/02724634.2013.818546
3140:10.1016/j.jsames.2005.04.002
2994:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_10
1765:Full recovery of woody trees
502:Quebrada del Barro Formation
369:Quebrada del Barro Formation
282:Other correlated assemblages
72:. These are followed by the
4139:, Elsevier, pp. 1–38,
1369:Triassic graphical timeline
991:(Subzone C, South Africa),
935:Kannemeyeria cristarhynchus
31:Land vertebrate faunachrons
4494:
4245:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.016
3837:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003
3788:Frontiers in Earth Science
3595:Lucas, Spencer G. (2022).
3517:Lucas, Spencer G. (2018).
3462:Lucas, Spencer G. (2006).
3311:Lucas, Spencer G. (1993).
2808:Lucas, Spencer G. (2005).
2268:Representative phytosaurs
2220:, as with Lucas's system.
972:(Germany / France), lower
762:(eastern USA and Canada),
3753:10.1017/S1755691011020020
3066:10.1017/S001675680500083X
2620:Camp Springs Conglomerate
2092:“Heptasaurus” cappelensis
1849:
1375:
1366:
1277:Sanga do Cabral Formation
1060:Kannemeyeria simocephalus
607:Bluewater Creek Formation
494:lower Dharmaran Formation
3809:10.3389/feart.2020.00196
2405:lower Kane Springs beds?
2048:, is absent from China.
1996:as well as the aetosaur
811:Mastodonsaurus giganteus
768:Timezgadiouine Formation
375:? (South Africa), upper
164:and eastern and western
4237:2018E&PSL.501...78J
3933:10.1126/science.1097023
3650:Lucas, Spencer (2015).
2598:Cooper Canyon Formation
2506:Cooper Canyon Formation
2426:Cooper Canyon Formation
2102:Some LVFs are based on
1962:Ischigualasto Formation
1747:Carnian pluvial episode
1520:−200 —
1510:−205 —
1500:−210 —
1490:−215 —
1480:−220 —
1470:−225 —
1460:−230 —
1450:−235 —
1440:−240 —
1430:−245 —
1420:−250 —
1410:−255 —
964:(Nova Scotia, Canada),
746:Colorado City Formation
651:Ischigualasto Formation
498:Los Colorados Formation
474:Fleming Fjord Formation
365:Los Colorados Formation
116:reptiles common in the
4473:Triassic geochronology
3862:; Morante, R. (1996).
3665:10.14241/asgp.2015.024
2610:Garita Creek Formation
2523:Garita Creek Formation
2471:"Phytosaurus" doughtyi
2277:Included Dockum units
2274:Included Chinle units
2141:Paleorhinus/Parasuchus
2027:
1261:Wordie Creek Formation
1149:
1022:
885:
805:
772:lower Maleri Formation
692:
663:upper Maleri Formation
615:Garita Creek Formation
531:
506:Lower Elliot Formation
407:
385:Rhaetian fissure fills
373:Lower Elliot Formation
303:
215:first appearance datum
2430:Bull Canyon Formation
2020:
1148:
1108:Rio Mendoza Formation
1088:Sticky Keep Formation
1021:
884:
857:Santa Maria Formation
804:
691:
655:Santa Maria Formation
647:DeGeerdalen Formation
627:Lossiemouth Sandstone
530:
460:Bull Canyon Formation
413:Typothorax coccinarum
406:
377:Mercia Mudstone Group
302:
268:Proposed age estimate
237:List of Triassic LVFs
4297:10.1029/2019GC008474
4189:10.18476/pale.v13.a3
3999:(11–12): 2142–2159.
3621:10.1144/SP512-2021-5
3196:10.1671/039.029.0132
2714:K-Pg Mass Extinction
2625:Santa Rosa Formation
2615:Colorado City Member
2265:Base-defining event
1249:Heshanggou Formation
1245:Jiucaiyuan Formation
1112:ZarzaĂŻtine Formation
1092:Middle Buntsandstein
982:Yerrapalli Formation
611:Santa Rosa Formation
357:Trossingen Formation
345:Rock Point Formation
258:Primary index fossil
189:geological formation
176:faunal assemblages.
139:
4419:2020Geo....48..318H
4354:2016NatSR...629609O
4289:2019GGG....20.4654K
4092:2013JVPal..32S..10M
4005:2011GSAB..123.2142R
3925:2004Sci...305..506P
3880:1996GSAB..108..195R
3800:2020FrEaS...8..196W
3613:2022GSLSP.512..965L
3535:2018GSLSP.450..405L
3480:2006GSLSP.265...65L
3398:The Global Triassic
3132:2005JSAES..19..219L
3058:2005GeoM..142..327R
3046:Geological Magazine
2926:2010GSLSP.334..447L
2776:1998PPP...143..347L
2588:Mesa Redondo Member
2104:evolutionary grades
1908:magnetostratigraphy
1241:Guodikeng Formation
1110:(Argentina), lower
1096:Yarenskian Gorizont
993:Omingonde Formation
970:Upper Buntsandstein
962:Wolfville Formation
861:Omingonde Formation
855:(Argentina), lower
764:Stuttgart Formation
752:Popo Agie Formation
659:Caturrita Formation
653:(Argentina), upper
617:(New Mexico, USA),
613:(New Mexico, USA),
263:Other index fossils
4342:Scientific Reports
3858:Retallack, G. J.;
3685:Historical Biology
3578:Volumina Jurassica
3572:Lucas, S. (2008).
2702:Manicouagan Impact
2512:Trujillo Formation
2437:Trujillo Formation
2330:"siltstone member”
2326:Church Rock Member
2225:chronostratigraphy
2036:Moenkopi Formation
2032:Ermaying Formation
2028:
1975:Chañares Formation
1916:radiometric dating
1839:Manicouagan impact
1302:Endemic index taxa
1273:Ustmylian Gorizont
1150:
1122:(Tanzania), upper
1104:Puesto Viejo Group
1100:Ermaying Formation
1084:Moenkopi Formation
1023:
978:Ermaying Formation
974:Kelamayi Formation
958:Moenkopi Formation
886:
853:Chañares Formation
806:
756:Salitral Formation
693:
635:Lehrberg Schichten
532:
486:Calcare di Zorzino
462:, New Mexico, USA
408:
361:Arnstadt Formation
341:, New Mexico, USA
304:
4362:10.1038/srep29609
4283:(11): 4654–4664.
4146:978-0-12-803243-5
3973:978-0-444-63771-0
3448:978-3-319-04364-7
3292:978-0-12-803243-5
3003:978-3-319-68009-5
2712:which caused the
2632:
2631:
2604:Tecovas Formation
2518:Tecovas Formation
2420:Redonda Formation
2344:Redonda Formation
2321:Rock Point Member
2114:wastebasket taxon
1912:cyclostratigraphy
1865:
1864:
1845:
1844:
1827:
1826:
1809:
1808:
1787:
1786:
1771:
1770:
1753:
1752:
1735:
1734:
1717:
1716:
1350:Bukobay Formation
1291:
1290:
1285:Arcadia Formation
1269:Sludkian Gorizont
1265:Vokhmian Gorizont
1257:Panchet Formation
1253:Fremouw Formation
1124:Fremouw Formation
1120:Kingori Sandstone
1116:Ntawere Formation
1114:(Algeria), lower
1012:Nonesi's Nek Pass
905:Paracyclotosaurus
843:Bukobay Formation
780:Madygen Formation
760:Newark Supergroup
682:Otis Chalk, Texas
623:Newark Supergroup
619:Tecovas Formation
508:? (South Africa)
353:Newark Supergroup
349:Wingate Sandstone
339:Redonda Formation
272:
16:(Redirected from
4485:
4447:
4446:
4427:10.1130/G47037.1
4398:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4308:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4191:
4167:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4053:10.1130/B35485.1
4047:(3–4): 539–558.
4031:
4025:
4024:
4013:10.1130/B30433.1
3984:
3978:
3977:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3747:(3–4): 231–260.
3732:
3717:
3716:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3543:10.1144/SP450.12
3514:
3508:
3507:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3395:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3363:
3348:
3347:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3274:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3235:
3216:
3215:
3175:
3152:
3151:
3111:
3086:
3085:
3043:
3034:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2977:
2954:
2953:
2934:10.1144/SP334.15
2905:
2822:
2821:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2755:
2710:Chicxulub Impact
2583:Shinarump Member
2572:Blue Mesa Member
2516:lower to middle
2504:lower to middle
2491:Blue Mesa Member
2454:Leptosuchomorpha
2424:middle to upper
2372:Machaeroprosopus
2307:Machaeroprosopus
2259:
2247:Machaeroprosopus
2163:, respectively.
2157:Machaeroprosopus
2147:) and aetosaur (
1940:Blue Mesa Member
1834:
1829:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1755:
1742:
1737:
1724:
1719:
1706:
1701:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1553:
1543:
1532:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1333:Machaeroprosopus
1098:(Russia), lower
952:Donguz Formation
929:Sinokannemeyeria
923:Parakannemeyeria
859:(Brazil), upper
754:(Wyoming, USA),
629:(Scotland, UK),
601:Chinle Formation
597:Blue Mesa Member
592:(but see below)
521:Adamana, Arizona
490:Dolomia di Forni
455:(but see below)
450:early to middle
441:grade phytosaurs
270:
244:
158:Spencer G. Lucas
43:Spencer G. Lucas
35:biochronological
21:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4176:Palaeodiversity
4169:
4168:
4159:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4033:
4032:
4028:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3919:(5683): 506–9.
3906:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3831:(10): 548–557.
3822:
3821:
3817:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3734:
3733:
3720:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3607:(1): 965–1001.
3594:
3593:
3589:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3365:
3364:
3351:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3276:
3275:
3258:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3219:
3177:
3176:
3155:
3113:
3112:
3089:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3016:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2979:
2978:
2957:
2907:
2906:
2825:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2757:
2756:
2739:
2734:
2674:phytosaurs are
2637:
2395:Owl Rock Member
2361:Pseudopalatinae
2334:Owl Rock Member
2169:
2045:Eocyclotosaurus
2015:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1304:
1296:
1281:Rewan Formation
1251:(China), lower
1243:(China), lower
1236:, South Africa
1234:Assemblage Zone
1158:
1151:
1141:, South Africa
1078:Assemblage Zone
1031:
1024:
1014:, South Africa
989:Assemblage Zone
976:(China), upper
966:Otter Sandstone
894:
891:Eocyclotosaurus
887:
876:Perovka, Russia
823:Dinodontosaurus
814:
807:
795:Berdyanka River
782:? (Kyrgyzstan)
705:
694:
643:Kieselsandstein
639:Blasensandstein
625:(eastern USA),
603:, Arizona, USA
553:
533:
504:? (Argentina),
500:? (Argentina),
478:Stubensandstein
470:Owl Rock Member
431:Rioarribasuchus
416:
409:
371:? (Argentina),
367:? (Argentina),
355:(eastern USA),
312:
305:
277:Type assemblage
271:(but see below)
269:
239:
170:Land Mammal Age
156:paleontologist
148:since 1906 and
142:
125:biostratigraphy
108:, are based on
90:Middle Triassic
84:amphibians and
61:, are based on
47:Triassic Period
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4491:
4489:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4413:(4): 318–322.
4393:
4328:
4266:
4211:
4157:
4145:
4123:
4066:
4026:
3979:
3972:
3954:
3899:
3874:(2): 195–207.
3850:
3815:
3774:
3718:
3691:(4): 452–461.
3671:
3642:
3587:
3564:
3529:(1): 405–444.
3509:
3454:
3447:
3417:
3381:
3349:
3326:
3303:
3291:
3256:
3217:
3153:
3126:(2): 219–239.
3087:
3052:(4): 327–354.
3014:
3002:
2955:
2920:(1): 447–500.
2823:
2797:
2770:(4): 347–384.
2736:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2651:Trilophosaurus
2646:Sonsela Member
2636:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Cameron Member
2574:
2566:
2565:, 227-224 Ma)
2555:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2496:Cameron Member
2493:
2488:
2486:Sonsela Member
2480:
2479:, 224-215 Ma)
2473:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2410:Sonsela Member
2406:
2403:
2398:
2389:
2388:, 215-207 Ma)
2382:
2368:
2365:Mystriosuchini
2357:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2296:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:Estimated age
2269:
2266:
2263:
2218:crocodylomorph
2215:Early Jurassic
2168:
2165:
2097:Mastodonsaurus
2075:Mastodonsaurus
2054:Mastodonsaurus
2023:Mastodonsaurus
2014:
2011:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1255:(Antarctica),
1237:
1228:
1214:
1169:Tupilakosaurus
1159:
1152:
1142:
1139:Lootsberg Pass
1136:
1128:
1127:
1081:
1072:
1067:
1032:
1025:
1015:
1009:
1001:
1000:
955:
949:
944:
895:
888:
878:
873:
865:
864:
846:
840:
830:
819:Massetognathus
815:
808:
798:
792:
784:
783:
776:Tiki Formation
749:
743:
737:
706:
695:
685:
679:
671:
670:
604:
594:
585:
554:
534:
524:
518:
510:
509:
463:
457:
448:
421:Revueltosaurus
417:
410:
400:
397:
389:
388:
379:? (UK), lower
342:
336:
326:
313:
306:
296:
293:
285:
284:
279:
274:
265:
260:
255:
250:
238:
235:
141:
138:
70:Early Triassic
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4490:
4479:
4478:Triassic life
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Biochronology
4461:
4460:
4458:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3407:on 2011-09-27
3403:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:(besides the
2707:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:allokotosaurs
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:mystriosuchin
2669:
2665:
2664:
2663:Desmatosuchus
2659:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2315:(207-202 Ma)
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:(subgenus of
2304:
2302:
2301:Redondasaurus
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:Redondasaurus
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2229:biochronology
2226:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:Pseudopalatus
2150:
2149:Redondasaurus
2146:
2145:Redondasaurus
2142:
2138:
2137:
2136:Calyptosuchus
2132:
2131:
2130:Aetosauroides
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2040:erythrosuchid
2037:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:herrerasaurid
2001:
2000:
1999:Aetosauroides
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1983:Hyperodapedon
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1932:conchostracan
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:Hyperodapedon
1872:
1871:
1870:Angistorhinus
1857:
1856:, as of 2021.
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1801:
1800:Scleractinian
1796:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1611:
1600:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1524:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:Redondasuchus
1341:
1340:
1339:Redondasaurus
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1327:Pseudopalatus
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1283:(Australia),
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:(Greenland),
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1211:Proterosuchus
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:Scaloposaurus
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:Wetlugasaurus
1160:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:(Antarctica)
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:(Argentina),
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1064:Erythrosuchus
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:Trematosuchus
1045:
1044:Trematosaurus
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:
941:Arizonasaurus
937:
936:
931:
930:
925:
924:
919:
918:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
900:
896:
893:
892:
883:
879:
877:
874:
872:
871:
867:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
844:
841:
839:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
812:
803:
799:
796:
793:
791:
790:
786:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
748:, Texas, USA
747:
744:
742:
738:
736:
735:
731:
730:Angistorhinus
727:
723:
721:
720:Hyperodapedon
717:
715:
711:
707:
704:
703:
699:
690:
686:
683:
680:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:(Madagascar)
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
602:
598:
595:
593:
590:
586:
584:
583:
578:
577:
572:
571:
566:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
538:
529:
525:
522:
519:
517:
516:
512:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:(Greenland),
475:
471:
467:
464:
461:
458:
456:
453:
449:
447:
446:
445:Eudimorphodon
440:
438:
437:Pseudopalatus
434:
432:
428:
424:
422:
418:
415:
414:
405:
401:
398:
396:
395:
391:
390:
386:
382:
381:Penarth Group
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:
340:
337:
335:
331:
327:
325:
324:
319:
318:
317:Redondasuchus
314:
311:
310:
309:Redondasaurus
301:
297:
294:
292:
291:
287:
286:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
236:
234:
232:
231:
226:
225:
220:
216:
212:
209:
204:
202:
201:Carboniferous
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
166:North America
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
137:
134:
130:
129:index fossils
126:
121:
119:
118:Late Triassic
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:South African
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4306:10150/636323
4280:
4276:
4269:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4179:
4175:
4150:, retrieved
4136:
4126:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4044:
4041:GSA Bulletin
4040:
4029:
3996:
3993:GSA Bulletin
3992:
3982:
3963:
3957:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3891:. Retrieved
3871:
3868:GSA Bulletin
3867:
3853:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3794:(196): 196.
3791:
3787:
3777:
3744:
3740:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3655:
3645:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3584:(1): 99–108.
3581:
3577:
3567:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3474:(1): 65–93.
3471:
3467:
3457:
3430:
3420:
3409:. Retrieved
3402:the original
3397:
3384:
3375:
3371:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3296:, retrieved
3282:
3250:
3246:
3190:(1): 80–87.
3187:
3183:
3123:
3119:
3049:
3045:
3007:, retrieved
2985:
2917:
2913:
2817:
2813:
2767:
2763:
2726:
2706:Mesozoic Era
2699:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2638:
2550:
2544:
2533:Otischalkian
2532:
2531:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2446:
2445:
2428:(including "
2376:
2370:
2353:
2352:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2245:
2239:
2236:paraphyletic
2233:
2222:
2208:
2190:
2178:Dockum Group
2170:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:Stagonolepis
2121:
2109:Stagonolepis
2107:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2078:
2074:
2071:M. giganteus
2070:
2067:type species
2062:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2029:
2021:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1967:
1954:
1950:Stagonolepis
1949:
1945:Stagonolepis
1943:
1937:
1905:
1900:Metoposaurus
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1851:
1782:Coals return
1573:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1527:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1287:(Australia)
1232:Lystrosaurus
1231:
1222:Changxingian
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1175:Luzocephalus
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:Lystrosaurus
1153:
1133:Lootsbergian
1132:
1131:
1090:(Svalbard),
1075:
1036:Parotosuchus
1034:
1026:
1005:
1004:
986:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
889:
869:
868:
849:Lower Keuper
827:Stahleckeria
817:
809:
788:
787:
724:
718:
710:Metoposaurus
708:
696:
676:Otischalkian
675:
674:
649:(Svalbard),
591:
582:Crosbysaurus
580:
576:Tecovasaurus
574:
568:
562:
558:Stagonolepis
556:
547:
541:
535:
514:
513:
454:
442:
435:
425:
419:
411:
393:
392:
321:
315:
307:
289:
288:
281:
276:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
240:
228:
224:Lystrosaurus
222:
205:
181:index fossil
178:
146:South Africa
143:
140:Lucas's LVFs
122:
105:
101:
97:
94:Otischalkian
93:
82:temnospondyl
77:
73:
58:
55:Lootsbergian
54:
30:
29:
3860:Veevers, J.
3431:Strati 2013
2722:Panthalassa
2688:Palynomorph
2680:metoposaurs
2668:dicynodonts
2540:Phytosauria
2466:Leptosuchus
2460:Smilosuchus
2241:Leptosuchus
2210:Protosuchus
2199:known as a
2186:Bill Parker
1992:Exaeretodon
1979:rhynchosaur
1958:U-Pb dating
1928:Palynomorph
1882:Paleorhinus
1378:This box:
1354:dicynodonts
1315:Longosuchus
1199:Procolophon
1193:Thrinaxodon
1181:Lydekkerina
1094:(Germany),
1076:Cynognathus
1056:Trirachodon
1028:Cynognathus
999:(Tanzania)
995:(Namibia),
987:Cynognathus
851:(Germany),
789:Berdyankian
766:(Germany),
734:Longosuchus
698:Paleorhinus
645:(Germany),
570:Colognathus
564:Spinosuchus
549:Smilosuchus
543:Leptosuchus
480:(Germany),
363:(Germany),
323:Riojasaurus
230:Cynognathus
211:eubiochrons
80:, based on
78:Berdyankian
49:(252 - 201
33:(LVFs) are
4457:Categories
4152:2022-08-28
4109:11336/7771
3893:2007-09-29
3411:2010-07-17
3378:: 327–329.
3346:: 179–186.
3323:: 301–306.
3298:2022-08-28
3247:Albertiana
3009:2020-05-31
2820:: 197–201.
2732:References
2676:extirpated
2670:, and non-
2657:Poposaurus
2608:lowermost
2602:lowermost
2596:lowermost
2576:lowermost
2570:lowermost
2561:(earliest
2418:lowermost
2378:sensu lato
2354:Revueltian
2205:speciation
2182:Jeff Martz
2161:Typothorax
1888:Parasuchus
1321:Typothorax
1279:(Brazil),
1275:(Russia),
1271:(Russia),
1267:(Russia),
1205:Prolacerta
1118:(Zambia),
1052:Diademodon
1040:Odenwaldia
997:Manda Beds
917:Shansiodon
911:Scalenodon
899:Eryosuchus
863:(Namibia)
702:Parasuchus
661:(Brazil),
657:(Brazil),
633:(Poland),
484:(Poland),
427:Aetosaurus
394:Revueltian
102:Revueltian
4443:213822986
4435:0091-7613
4370:2045-2322
4348:: 29609.
4323:207980627
4315:1525-2027
4261:134725972
4253:0012-821X
4231:: 78–89.
4206:216308379
4198:1867-6294
4182:(1): 25.
4086:: 10–30.
4061:0016-7606
4021:0016-7606
3769:140536630
3761:1755-6910
3705:0891-2963
3637:235528136
3629:0305-8719
3559:134768451
3551:0305-8719
3504:129613959
3496:0305-8719
3204:0272-4634
3148:0895-9811
3082:129914103
3074:0016-7568
2950:128911449
2942:0305-8719
2792:0031-0182
2695:carbonate
2692:pedogenic
2557:earliest
2447:Adamanian
2336:(in part)
2238:(such as
2079:M. torvus
2063:M. torvus
2007:dinosaurs
1971:Bonaparte
1924:ammonoids
1920:conodonts
1619:Olenekian
1309:Doswellia
1294:Criticism
1259:(India),
1247:(China),
1102:(China),
1070:Olenekian
984:(India),
980:(China),
954:, Russia
845:, Russia
836:to early
797:, Russia
778:(India),
774:(India),
726:Doswellia
714:Placerias
665:(India),
631:KrasiejĂłw
515:Adamanian
496:(India),
492:(Italy),
488:(Italy),
219:speciates
150:Argentina
133:taxonomic
114:phytosaur
98:Adamanian
66:synapsids
18:Adamanian
4388:27387863
4118:37918101
3949:35498132
3941:15273391
3845:17919771
3713:91926999
3253:: 40–53.
3212:86502146
2477:Alaunian
2386:Sevatian
2313:Rhaetian
2289:LOk of "
2284:Apachean
2201:teilzone
2059:Ladinian
1988:cynodont
1986:and the
1894:Rutiodon
1673:Rhaetian
1646:Ladinian
1576:Jurassic
1564:Triassic
1541:Mesozoic
1006:Nonesian
870:Perovkan
667:Isalo II
537:Rutiodon
482:Lisowice
383:? (UK),
334:Rhaetian
290:Apachean
253:Namesake
248:LVF name
208:interval
197:Jurassic
174:Cenozoic
136:system.
110:aetosaur
106:Apachean
74:Perovkan
59:Nonesian
39:tetrapod
4415:Bibcode
4407:Geology
4379:4937377
4350:Bibcode
4285:Bibcode
4233:Bibcode
4088:Bibcode
4001:Bibcode
3921:Bibcode
3913:Science
3876:Bibcode
3796:Bibcode
3609:Bibcode
3531:Bibcode
3476:Bibcode
3128:Bibcode
3054:Bibcode
2922:Bibcode
2772:Bibcode
2538:LOk of
2452:LOk of
2359:LOk of
2197:biozone
2087:Carnian
2083:Anisian
1833:←
1815:←
1793:←
1777:←
1759:←
1741:←
1723:←
1705:←
1655:Carnian
1637:Anisian
1552:Permian
1515:–
1505:–
1495:–
1485:–
1475:–
1465:–
1455:–
1445:–
1435:–
1425:–
1415:–
1218:Permian
1216:latest
947:Anisian
838:Carnian
834:Anisian
741:Carnian
739:middle
589:Carnian
387:? (UK)
193:Permian
86:Russian
4441:
4433:
4386:
4376:
4368:
4321:
4313:
4259:
4251:
4204:
4196:
4143:
4116:
4059:
4019:
3970:
3947:
3939:
3843:
3767:
3759:
3711:
3703:
3635:
3627:
3557:
3549:
3502:
3494:
3445:
3289:
3210:
3202:
3146:
3080:
3072:
3000:
2948:
2940:
2790:
2718:Quebec
2563:Lacian
2559:Norian
2546:Wannia
2510:lower
2484:lower
2435:upper
2408:upper
2393:lower
2253:clades
2174:Chinle
2159:) and
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1664:Norian
1628:Induan
1598:Middle
1342:, and
1239:upper
1226:Induan
968:(UK),
684:, USA
523:, USA
452:Norian
330:Norian
199:, and
104:, and
4439:S2CID
4319:S2CID
4257:S2CID
4202:S2CID
4114:S2CID
3945:S2CID
3765:S2CID
3709:S2CID
3633:S2CID
3555:S2CID
3500:S2CID
3405:(PDF)
3394:(PDF)
3243:(PDF)
3208:S2CID
3078:S2CID
3042:(PDF)
2946:S2CID
2262:Name
2213:, an
2193:fauna
2125:lumps
2118:basal
1224:) to
832:late
587:late
328:late
162:China
4431:ISSN
4384:PMID
4366:ISSN
4311:ISSN
4249:ISSN
4194:ISSN
4141:ISBN
4057:ISSN
4017:ISSN
3968:ISBN
3937:PMID
3841:PMID
3757:ISSN
3701:ISSN
3625:ISSN
3547:ISSN
3492:ISSN
3443:ISBN
3287:ISBN
3200:ISSN
3144:ISSN
3070:ISSN
2998:ISBN
2938:ISSN
2788:ISSN
2682:and
2244:and
2184:and
2176:and
2133:and
2085:and
2002:and
1930:and
1922:and
1609:Late
1398:edit
1391:talk
1384:view
546:and
185:type
112:and
76:and
57:and
4423:doi
4374:PMC
4358:doi
4301:hdl
4293:doi
4241:doi
4229:501
4184:doi
4104:hdl
4096:doi
4049:doi
4045:133
4009:doi
3997:123
3929:doi
3917:305
3884:doi
3872:108
3833:doi
3804:doi
3749:doi
3745:101
3693:doi
3660:doi
3617:doi
3605:512
3539:doi
3527:450
3484:doi
3472:265
3435:doi
3192:doi
3136:doi
3062:doi
3050:142
2990:doi
2930:doi
2918:334
2780:doi
2768:143
2363:(=
2309:?)
2231:).
2155:” (
2116:of
1854:ICS
1587:Ear
1336:),
1330:” (
1324:, “
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932:, "
332:to
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4223:.
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3870:.
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3739:.
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3683:.
3658:.
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3623:.
3615:.
3603:.
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3576:.
3553:.
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3525:.
3521:.
3498:.
3490:.
3482:.
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3466:.
3441:.
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3342:.
3338:.
3319:.
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3249:.
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3076:.
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2800:^
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2740:^
2724:.
2666:,
2660:,
2654:,
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2367:)
2295:"
2009:.
1914:,
1910:,
1879:,
1873:,
1530:Pz
1318:,
1312:,
1208:,
1202:,
1196:,
1190:,
1184:,
1178:,
1172:,
1166:,
1062:,
1058:,
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1046:,
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1038:,
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902:,
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728:,
712:,
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637:/
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