1415:
1818:
886:
140:
4249:
2438:
683:
1297:
547:
4552:
113:
2477:
of the fossil site) that comprise eurypterids, but marine index fossils (fossils that indicate a marine environment and ecosystem) in many cases are not associated with eurypterids. In some cases, where the adelophthalmids are very rare, the fossils could have been deposited in a different place from
1898:
The cladogram below presents the inferred phylogenetic positions of most of the genera included in the three most derived superfamilies of the
Eurypterina suborder of eurypterids (Adelophthalmoidea, Pterygotioidea and the waeringopteroids), as inferred by O. Erik Tetlie and Markus Poschmann in 2008,
977:
of 2004 erected the superfamily
Adelophthalmoidea and the family Nanahughmilleridae. Adelophthalmoidea was diagnosed as eurypterids with parabolic carapaces, small reniform eyes, appendages of variable spinosity and a lanceolate telson, among others. This superfamily would be formally described two
1447:
Adelophthalmoidea was one of the most diverse taxonomically eurypterid clades, with about 40 species described. The sister group of
Adelophthalmoidea, Pterygotioidea, surpassed this amount with around 50 described species, becoming the most diverse superfamily to date. These sister-clades are the
1382:
and therefore of all the suborder
Eurypterina. The genus expanded the temporal range of the suborder by about 100 million years and turned its family to the longest lasting single family of eurypterids. Nevertheless, the eurypterids continued to exist represented by the stylonurids. The Russian
1203:. This is supported by the appearance of the basal pterygotioids, the sister group of the adelophthalmoids, in the Llandovery. However, the fossil record of Adelophthalmoidea is very poor in the Early Silurian and both species have disputed ages. The unequivocally oldest representative was
2607:, persisted. Some of the last occurrences of the adelophthalmids (end of the Carboniferous and Early Permian) seem to have had a kind of reversion in ecological preferences, inhabiting environments with a strong marine influence again, the especially tidally estuarine environments.
970:(he mentioned the now invalid Slimonioidea). Although a new genus for spineless species could be phylogenetically supported, moving it to Slimonidae based on the loss of a feature which seems to have been lost separately in the two groups is not in line with common practice.
1092:
The eurypterids as a group peaked in diversity during the
Silurian, of the approximately 250 valid species accounted for as of 2024, around 139 (≈56 %) were from the Silurian alone. Many eurypterid groups are first recorded from the Silurian, such as Pterygotioidea,
1834:
All adelophthalmids have a series of shared characteristics that make them different from the rest of eurypterids. However, some genera developed different features within
Adelophthalmidae that divide the family into several smaller clades and groupings. The genera
1843:
form a derived clade based on the presence of enlarged spines on at least one podomere in the appendage V (fifth limb), the presence of epimera in the postabdomen (body segments 8 to 12) and the large spatulae that has been associated with the genital operculum.
848:. These species shared a key characteristic, small intramarginal eyes of reniform form (bean-shaped), in contrast to the large ovoid eyes placed in the margin of the carapace present in the genotype and its allied forms. Kjellesvig-Waering designated
3166:
Lamsdell, James C.; Simonetto, Luca; Selden, Paul A. (2013-07-31). "First
Eurypterid from Italy: A new species of Adelophthalmus (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Upper Carboniferous of the Carnic Alps (Friuli, NE Italy)".
3771:
Tetlie, O. Erik; Braddy, Simon J.; Butler, Piers D.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2004). "A New
Eurypterid (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia, With A Review of the Rhenopteridae".
3401:
523:) represents the only known genus of swimming eurypterids beyond the extinction of the rest of the group in the Late Devonian, extending the temporal range of the group by over a hundred million years.
1331:
into a global supercontinent was also an important factor. The pterygotoids were also successful swimmers, but they went extinct in the Middle
Devonian, long before the formation of Pangea. Although
1887:
were intramarginal, they were much closer to the margin than in its relatives, suggesting that the eyes gradually migrated towards the center of the carapace from the basal genera to the derived
978:
years later by Tetlie and Peter Van Roy. On the other hand, Nanahughmilleridae was described to contain the adelophthalmoids with no or reduced genital spatulae and the second to fifth pair of
629:(segments of the limbs) long and an eighth podomere coarsely serrated. The body had a midsection second order differentiation present (that is, with lateral "extensions" in the seventh body
909:
and suggested that this part of the body could have great phylogenetic importance in the future. Two years later, together with the
American paleontologist Kenneth Edward Caster, he raised
1397:(around 254-252 mya, Late Permian) stage, being the last known eurypterid. No eurypterids are known from fossil beds higher than the Permian, indicating that they probably died out in the
526:
Though the last swimming eurypterids and the final members of the traditionally more successful and numerous suborder Eurypterina, the adelophthalmids were not the last eurypterids. The
1895:
is an adelophthalmid at all or a sister taxon of Adelophthalmidae, but more fossils are required to either prove or disprove its phylogenetic position within the family or outside it.
1879:
were almost identical and were mainly differentiated by the eye position. In the latter, the eyes were almost marginal, but were separated from margin by the marginal rim. The eyes of
3675:
Kues, Barry S.; Kietzke, Kenneth K. (1981). "A Large Assemblage of a New Eurypterid from the Red Tanks Member, Madera Formation (Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian) of New Mexico".
1455:
below is simplified from 2007 study by O. Erik Tetlie, showcasing the position of Adelophthalmoidea within the suborder Eurypterina. Placement of Diploperculata follows Lamsdell
3540:
Poschmann, Markus (2006-01-01). "The Eurypterid Adelophthalmus Sievertsi (chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Lower Devonian (emsian) Klerf Formation of Willwerath, Germany".
998:. However, the clade has almost never been used in subsequent studies and lists of eurypterids, and instead, they classify the nanahughmillerids as part of Adelophthalmidae.
501:, the Adelophthalmidae is the longest lasting single family of eurypterids. The survival of the group, and of swimming eurypterids (the suborder Eurypterina) beyond the Late
3481:
734:, who immediately recognized the eurypterid nature of the fossils by the great resemblance of the overall shape and form of the carapace and appendages with that of
4630:
811:
is controversial due to the poor illustrations given by Chernyshev and the fact that the only known fossil is presumed to be lost. The genus has been treated as an
1319:, 23 (69%) were from the Carboniferous alone, reaching its peak diversity in the Late Carboniferous and becoming the most common of all eurypterids of the Late
748:, nor in any other adelophthalmid. Since then, a total of 33 species have been described, some of which have been historically classified within other genera (
1081:
1848:
is placed as the sister taxon of this clade but more basal due to the increased spinosity of its appendage V and in the small size of the genital spatulae.
1068:, representing the oldest known record of the Adelophthalmidae, extending the stratigraphic record of the family some 10 million years older from the early
3473:
1043:(closest relative) of a clade formed by Adelophthalmoidea and Pterygotioidea. However, this can not be demonstrated until more fossil material is found.
1323:. This quick diversification may be due to their morphology, converting the adelophthalmids in one of the most able swimmers among the eurypterids. The
744:(meaning "no obvious eyes") and the entire superfamily. This feature is now assumed to be due to a preservational artifact and that was not present in
2525:
had a preference for habitats dominated by freshwater, unlike other more basal forms. This preference for freshwater habitats is stronger during the
1436:, in the Eurypterina suborder of eurypterids. The infraorder Diploperculata contains the four most derived superfamilies of eurypterine eurypterids;
4617:
4719:
1354:
at the time. Although the formation of Pangea helped the genus to widespread, it also affected its environments. They began to disappear due to a
2501:
influence, although basal forms that inhabited completely marine deposits are known. This preference remained constant in Adelophthalmidae until
1307:
would rapidly diversify, already being present in Siberia and Gondwana (Australia) since the Devonian. In the Carboniferous, the distribution of
1448:
most derived in the Eurypterina and make up more than a third of all the species of eurypterids, with almost 100 species between both of them.
1398:
1035:) has been shown as almost identical, only differing between them by the position of the eyes. Due to the intramarginal position of the eyes,
535:
4709:
4328:
4318:
3840:
962:-type and the presence of epimera (lateral "extensions" of the segment) in the seventh segment. Tollerton commented that some species of
819:, as well as completely ignored. The spinosity of its appendages may suggest the second option, but this is not entirely certain and the
3369:
931:. It differs essentially from other adelophthalmids by the specialization of its genital appendage, with characteristics reminiscent of
668:(limbs) and an increase in the size of the genital spatulae (a long, flat piece in the genital area) occurred. The even more primitive
4280:
3734:"A new Ordovician eurypterid (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) from southeast Turkey: Evidence for a cryptic Ordovician record of Eurypterida"
3713:
3607:
4295:
882:
lobes in a plate-like segment which contains the genital aperture called genital operculum), as well as in the intramarginal eyes.
1355:
4539:
4323:
4265:
2636:
2872:"The ventral anatomy of the Upper Carboniferous eurypterid Anthraconectes Meek and Worthen | The Palaeontological Association"
776:
eurypterid genus to date. However, many of these species are fragmentary and could represent synonyms of other species within
4699:
4313:
4303:
4257:
1267:
139:
4275:
4270:
2920:"A redescription of the Late Carboniferous eurypterids Adelophthalmus granosus von Meyer, 1853 and A. zadrai Přibyl, 1952"
2871:
1335:
also appeared in the Carboniferous, this genus is very little known and is usually ignored by the eurypterid researchers.
4714:
4308:
4285:
2622:
whose conquest of freshwater habitats was not as successful as in other animals such as the aforementioned bellinurids.
1899:
based on the results of a 2008 analysis specifically pertaining to the Adelophthalmoidea and a preceding 2004 analysis.
1861:
2600:
is not found in these deposits, while others indicative of a connection with a marginal marine habitat, such as the
1278:. Of the 16 eurypterid families that had been alive at the beginning of the Devonian, only three persisted into the
4684:
1414:
740:. One of the main differences that Jordan and von Meyer noticed was the apparent lack of eyes, which gives name to
1817:
4694:
4689:
3941:
3833:
2796:"A reappraisal of Eurypterus dumonti Stainier, 1917 and its position within the Adelophthalmidae Tollerton, 1989"
2631:
2530:
1223:
epoch (around 433-427 mya). These fossils differ slightly in the proportions of the body with the fossils of its
1157:
3506:
2895:
4704:
3628:"Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates"
3314:
Tollerton, V. P. (1989). "Morphology, taxonomy, and classification of the order Eurypterida Burmeister, 1843".
2820:
Tollerton, V. P. (1989). "Morphology, Taxonomy, and Classification of the Order Eurypterida Burmeister, 1843".
2714:"Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates"
2569:
4248:
2589:
1324:
1224:
1165:
830:
In 1961, the American paleontologist Erik Norman Kjellesvig-Waering considered several species of the genus
2457:
The adelophthalmids as a whole inhabited environments situated near the coastal realm, with preferences in
1183:
In the Silurian, most of the adelophthalmid genera would appear, but all went extinct soon after or in the
1080:
4570:
3287:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N.; Leutze, Willard P. (1966). "Eurypterids from the Silurian of West Virginia".
938:
In 1989, Victor P. Tollerton, Jr. described the family Adelophthalmidae along with many others, including
630:
4656:
3375:
2474:
1883:
were completely marginal, a characteristic present in all the pterygotioid genera. Although the eyes of
1271:
1227:(in Germany) and have been compared with the latter ones, but the assignment of the Scottish fossils to
1057:
885:
653:
538:
or shortly before a few million years after the extinction of the adelophthalmids in the Early Permian.
4608:
4555:
3826:
3781:
3745:
3549:
3490:
3413:
3323:
3129:
3007:
2829:
2761:
2675:
1359:
641:
2572:
that had a close connection with marginally marine habitats. For example, during the Moscovian, the
1440:, Adelophthalmoidea, Pterygotioidea and the waeringopteroids, united by the shared feature that the
1270:, following a major decline in diversity during the Early Devonian, eurypterids were rare in marine
1169:
3599:
719:
3805:
3684:
3573:
3437:
3347:
3296:
3269:
3234:
3145:
3077:
3023:
2853:
2845:
2691:
2585:
2446:
1208:
808:
381:
134:
4661:
2614:(able to adapt in different salinities) clade that inhabited stressful habitats with regard to
1140:). However, it is not possible to determine where the clade originated, probably in Baltica or
4643:
4144:
4077:
4069:
3797:
3709:
3657:
3603:
3565:
3429:
3339:
3184:
3069:
2941:
2753:
2735:
2593:
2565:
2470:
1916:
1589:
1567:
1437:
731:
599:
The adelophthalmids were small swimming eurypterids with a parabolic (approximately U-shaped)
468:
4648:
4635:
3118:"Phylogeny and palaeoecology of the Adelophthalmoidea (Arthropoda; Chelicerata; Eurypterida)"
2482:, which is known from a single specimen that is in turn the only eurypterid of the zone, the
966:
that did not have spines in the appendages may be better placed in a new genus in the family
4484:
4180:
4172:
4152:
4123:
4039:
3988:
3789:
3753:
3647:
3639:
3591:
3557:
3498:
3421:
3379:
3331:
3176:
3169:
Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy)
3137:
3059:
3044:
Lamsdell, James C.; McCoy, Victoria E.; Perron-Feller, Opal A.; Hopkins, Melanie J. (2020).
3015:
2931:
2837:
2743:
2727:
2683:
2128:
2104:
2071:
1520:
1196:
862:
800:
670:
604:
570:
531:
484:
479:
473:
424:
345:
337:
329:
2973:
1148:). Although most of the representatives of Adelophthalmoidea have been found in Laurentia,
1039:
has been classified within Adelophthalmidae, but it has also been suggested that it is the
4513:
4359:
4216:
4157:
4113:
4016:
4003:
3050:
2718:
2592:
and Early Permian, due to the southern uplift, the drainage began to go north towards the
2573:
2437:
2232:
1661:
1389:
1240:
1200:
1184:
1026:
1021:
955:
682:
487:
28:
3592:
1289:
was rendered almost completely extinct, only surviving Adelophthalmoidea (represented by
1101:
and Adelophthalmoidea itself. The most primitive members of Adelophthalmoidea evolved in
613:
possibly representing an exception) and with intramarginal (occurring within the margin)
3785:
3749:
3553:
3494:
3417:
3327:
3225:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1961). "The Silurian Eurypterida of the Welsh Borderland".
3133:
3011:
2833:
2679:
1856:
are positioned as relatively more basal to this clade and form a group supported by two
4429:
4387:
4345:
4208:
4135:
4095:
4087:
4011:
3652:
3627:
2748:
2483:
2194:
2145:
1954:
1906:
1857:
1623:
1554:
1433:
1384:
1133:
1122:
1106:
1016:
875:
812:
711:
618:
576:
552:
447:
415:
297:
270:
220:
125:
3524:
2795:
1444:(the structure that contains the genital appendage) is made up of two fused segments.
1296:
1005:
was recognized as a different and much more basal species, and therefore a new genus,
546:
112:
4678:
4436:
4408:
4401:
4373:
4352:
4105:
4044:
4034:
4026:
3980:
3970:
3962:
3918:
3882:
3809:
3793:
3733:
3577:
3561:
3441:
3117:
3081:
2659:
2615:
2345:
2023:
1826:
1542:
1394:
1375:
1347:
1279:
1275:
1199:(around 444-433 mya), suggesting that the adelophthalmids first appeared around this
1153:
1145:
1098:
1094:
1007:
791:
Boris Isidorovich Chernyshev described a new genus known by one single specimen from
687:
665:
645:
614:
588:
580:. The adelophthalmids were relatively small compared to their relatives, such as the
510:
420:
321:
70:
3351:
3149:
3027:
2857:
2713:
2695:
2513:
coexisted, a more obvious marine influence is observed in the sections dominated by
780:
or even species of other genera. It is possible that the large amount of species in
4394:
4226:
4162:
4118:
3993:
2280:
2208:
1971:
1930:
1871:
has been interpreted as the most basal adelophthalmid. The carapace of this genus,
1708:
1637:
1114:
1040:
1031:
860:
as the type species of the new subgenus. At the same time, he erected a new genus,
837:
832:
820:
796:
773:
609:
519:
361:
353:
261:
1109:, also known as Euramerica). In fact, the most basal species of the clade so far (
4593:
3703:
3502:
3203:
1052:, a new genus and species, was described based on a single specimen found in the
4602:
4491:
4468:
4366:
4060:
3953:
3891:
3873:
2550:
2054:
1507:
1486:
1466:
1286:
1129:
1048:
927:
564:
ranged from 4 centimetres (1.6 inch) to 32 cm (12.6 in), the smallest
527:
454:
370:
313:
305:
207:
181:
45:
3046:"Air Breathing in an Exceptionally Preserved 340-Million-Year-Old Sea Scorpion"
2664:(Eurypterida, Chelicerata) from the Devonian of the South Minusinsk Depression"
2560:
in those epochs more than an ecological change in the whole genus. Most of the
2497:, have been conserved in non-marine brackish-estuarine habitats, with possible
1156:, parts of eastern North America) and Baltica (that is, Laurussia), the nearly
4457:
4443:
4422:
4415:
4380:
4221:
3909:
3900:
3849:
3402:"The first documentation of an Ordovician eurypterid (Chelicerata) from China"
3335:
3180:
3141:
3064:
3045:
3019:
2841:
2687:
2611:
2604:
2581:
2564:
species were confined to paralic (in shallow water near the coast) or lowland
2526:
2487:
2328:
2304:
1441:
1430:
1418:
1367:
1343:
1220:
1212:
1118:
1053:
967:
792:
736:
703:
584:
561:
498:
444:
428:
411:
194:
90:
55:
32:
3801:
3757:
3569:
3433:
3343:
3188:
2945:
2739:
4534:
4518:
4508:
3867:
3400:
Wang, Han; Braddy, Simon J.; Botting, Joseph; Zhang, Yuandong (2023-05-10).
2601:
2596:, increasing the distance to the ocean (about 2,400 km, 1490 mi).
2450:
1452:
1320:
1236:
1177:
1141:
1102:
788:
593:
581:
439:. Adelophthalmidae is the only family classified as part of the superfamily
436:
171:
151:
95:
39:
3661:
3643:
3073:
2936:
2919:
2757:
2731:
897:
In 1964, Kjellesvig-Waering described the genital operculum of the species
784:
will eventually provoke its separation into two or three separate genera.
4587:
4477:
4450:
2466:
2256:
1821:
1685:
1283:
1232:
1216:
1173:
1149:
1069:
1061:
841:
723:
626:
600:
530:
or the "walking eurypterids" were the last ones, surviving in the family
502:
490:) age and the last members, belonging to the long-lasting and widespread
465:
451:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
3425:
3252:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). "Eurypterida: Notes on the Subgenus
1891:. The position of its eyes has led some researchers to question whether
1864:); long narrow eyes and a complex termination of the genital appendage.
4622:
3688:
3300:
3273:
3238:
2998:(Eurypterida, Chelicerata) found in the Middle Devonian of Khakassia".
2849:
2588:, some 1,500 kilometres (930 miles) towards the south. During the Late
2538:
1351:
1328:
1312:
1266:). The eurypterids were one of the groups most heavily affected by the
1137:
1125:
979:
727:
565:
432:
100:
75:
3861:
2619:
2546:
2462:
2458:
1371:
1300:
Size comparison of the largest species of five adelophthalmid genera.
1247:
974:
879:
699:
634:
461:
286:
161:
120:
4564:
1816:
1413:
1079:
1065:
884:
871:
730:. The specimen would be described three years later by Jordan and
681:
649:
545:
491:
3474:"Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)"
1258:, presenting basal features such as the wide swimming leg (as in
1250:(around 393–408 mya, in Early Devonian), the earliest species of
664:, a gradual decrease in the spinosity (possessing spines) of the
592:, which easily exceeded 2 metres (6.5 feet), and was the largest
3204:"New representative of Merostomata from the Lower Carboniferous"
2803:
Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique
2542:
2498:
4568:
3822:
2580:
have been found), was connected or even part of a vast western
1362:
across the world, provoking a decrease in number of the genus.
3818:
2505:
appeared. In deposits of the Early Devonian of Germany, where
2896:
Ueber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrücken
2533:
times (in the Late Carboniferous), times in which fossils of
958:
in the second to fifth pair of appendages, a swimming leg of
3371:
Eurypterid phylogeny with remarks on the origin of arachnids
1011:, was named by Tetlie and Markus Poschmann. The carapace of
799:) and tentatively classified it as part of the Pterygotidae
505:
is entirely due to the survival, and subsequent success, of
483:, being known from deposits of Early Silurian (possibly the
3732:
Lamsdell, James; Hoşgör, Izzet; Selden, Paul (2013-01-31).
714:
Hermann Jordan collected the first specimen of the species
2556:
However, this could be related to the diversification of
815:
eurypterid, an adelophthalmid or a member of the genus
2994:
Shpinev, Evgeniy S. (2012). "New species of the genus
2974:"A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives"
870:
as the type species. Kjellesvig-Waering based its new
1860:(shared characteristics different from that of their
2493:
The first adelophthalmids, for example the Scottish
1231:
is not entirely certain. The first species lived in
4577:
4527:
4501:
4467:
4337:
4294:
4256:
4207:
4189:
4171:
4143:
4132:
4104:
4086:
4068:
4057:
4025:
4002:
3979:
3961:
3950:
3934:
3927:
2584:(a sunken zone) in whose drainage went towards the
1311:became approximately circumequatorial (around the
3482:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1830:, the basalmost adelophthalmid genus and species.
1338:During the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian,
3208:State University of Kiev, Geological Collections
3116:Erik Tetlie, O; Poschmann, Markus (2008-06-01).
2918:Tetlie, O. Erik; Dunlop, Jason A. (2005-11-01).
471:. With the earliest known members of the group,
3702:Bergstrom, Carl T.; Dugatkin, Lee Alan (2012).
1187:. The oldest representatives of the group were
1015:and other basal members of the closely related
925:. They also described a new genus and species,
2658:Shpinev, Evgeniy S.; Filimonov, A. N. (2018).
3834:
3626:Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009).
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
2972:Dunlop, J. A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D. (2018).
2712:Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009).
1429:The adelophthamids are classified within the
1370:(around 290-284 mya, Early Permian) epoch of
8:
1358:that caused alterations of depositional and
4565:
4140:
4065:
3958:
3931:
3841:
3827:
3819:
3598:. Oxford University Press. 1997. pp.
2469:. A marine influence is commonly found in
954:. This clade was based on the presence of
787:In 1948, the Ukrainian paleontologist and
694:, the first adelophthalmid ever described.
674:probably did not even possess the latter.
637:(the posteriormost division of the body).
460:Adelophthalmid eurypterids were small and
111:
20:
3651:
3063:
2935:
2747:
443:, which in turn is classified within the
2478:the one they originated, exemplified by
2436:
1295:
874:mainly on the presence of supplementary
2647:
982:(of the prosoma, "head") appendages of
633:) and with a lanceolate (lance-shaped)
3727:
3725:
3621:
3619:
3363:
3361:
3111:
3039:
3037:
2894:Jordan, H. & von Meyer, H. 1854. "
1399:Permian–Triassic mass extinction event
1088:, one of the earliest adelophthalmids.
889:Reconstruction of the swimming leg of
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
2913:
2911:
2653:
2651:
2537:have been associated with freshwater
1315:). Out of the 33 species referred to
1282:, all of them non-marine groups. The
644:of the group varies depending on how
7:
3594:Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath
3161:
3159:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2707:
2705:
2610:Adelophthalmidae is considered as a
2486:of Australia, where more than 2,000
921:to the generic level under the name
3122:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2320:
2296:
2272:
2248:
2224:
2200:
2120:
2096:
2046:
2039:
2015:
2005:
1946:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1701:
1677:
1653:
1629:
1604:
1582:
1560:
1535:
1513:
1479:
1472:
1462:
3260:) from the Silurian of New York".
2794:Tetlie, O.E.; van Roy, P. (2006).
973:Odd Erik Tetlie in an unpublished
702:to be uncovered were those of the
14:
536:Permian–Triassic extinction event
464:eurypterids that appeared in the
4551:
4550:
4247:
3794:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00390.x
3562:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00528.x
3378:. pp. 1–344. Archived from
1084:Type and only known specimen of
836:sufficiently different from the
138:
4540:Timeline of eurypterid research
2637:Timeline of eurypterid research
625:-type, that is, with a seventh
560:The size of the adelophthalmid
4720:Prehistoric arthropod families
3526:The Habitat of the Eurypterida
2983:. Natural History Museum Bern.
1350:, a type of common and stable
1268:Late Devonian extinction event
1168:(western and central Europe),
1:
3202:Chernyshev, Boris I. (1948).
2541:and terrestrial organisms in
1144:(most of eastern continental
986:-type. This family contained
4710:Llandovery first appearances
3503:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011
1219:, from the beginning of the
1207:, with fossils found in the
648:(evolutionary advanced) the
509:throughout the Devonian and
410:(the name deriving from the
280:Jordan & von Meyer, 1854
2517:than in those dominated by
1867:At the base of the family,
840:to be separated into a new
4736:
3523:O'Connell M. "Chapter I".
1378:, was the last species of
1193:Nanahughmilleria prominens
1113:) has been recovered from
1086:Nanahughmilleria prominens
1072:into the late Ordovician.
795:(at that time part of the
764:, all now synonymous with
617:. The swimming leg (sixth
577:Adelophthalmus khakassicus
574:and the largest one being
474:Nanahughmilleria prominens
4548:
4245:
3942:List of eurypterid genera
3856:
3368:Tetlie, Odd Erik (2004).
3336:10.1017/S0022336000041275
3142:10.1017/S1477201907002416
3065:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.034
3020:10.1134/S0031030112050103
2842:10.1017/S0022336000041275
2688:10.1134/S0031030118130129
2632:List of eurypterid genera
2570:depositional environments
2342:
2325:
2318:
2301:
2294:
2277:
2270:
2253:
2246:
2229:
2222:
2205:
2198:
2142:
2125:
2118:
2101:
2094:
2068:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2020:
2013:
2003:
1968:
1951:
1944:
1927:
1920:
1910:
1706:
1699:
1682:
1675:
1658:
1651:
1634:
1627:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1580:
1565:
1558:
1540:
1533:
1518:
1511:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1423:Pittsfordipterus phelpsae
1390:Campylocephalus permianus
1346:environments adjacent to
698:The first adelophthalmid
387:
380:
292:
285:
267:
260:
135:Scientific classification
133:
126:Adelophthalmus mansfieldi
119:
110:
23:
3758:10.1016/j.gr.2012.04.006
2511:Adelophthalmus sievertsi
2507:Parahughmilleria hefteri
2495:Parahughmilleria hefteri
1419:Type A genital appendage
1164:was also present in the
1003:Nanahughmilleria patteni
571:Nanahughmilleria clarkei
3677:Journal of Paleontology
3472:O. Erik Tetlie (2007).
3406:Journal of Paleontology
3316:Journal of Paleontology
3289:Journal of Paleontology
3262:Journal of Paleontology
3227:Journal of Paleontology
3181:10.13130/2039-4942/6029
3000:Paleontological Journal
2822:Journal of Paleontology
2668:Paleontological Journal
1166:Rheno-Hercynian Terrane
827:may never be resolved.
692:Adelophthalmus granosus
652:was. In fact, from the
589:Jaekelopterus rhenaniae
497:, going extinct in the
271:Adelophthalmus granosus
3644:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700
2937:10.1002/mmng.200410001
2732:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700
2454:
1862:latest common ancestor
1831:
1426:
1342:lived in brackish and
1301:
1189:Parahughmilleria maria
1089:
928:Bassipterus virginicus
894:
695:
557:
480:Parahughmilleria maria
419:, meaning "no obvious
4700:Carboniferous animals
4657:Paleobiology Database
3376:University of Bristol
2762:Supplemental material
2521:. This suggests that
2465:, which have reduced
2443:Adelophthalmus imhofi
2440:
1827:Eysyslopterus patteni
1820:
1417:
1360:vegetational patterns
1299:
1111:Eysyslopterus patteni
1083:
1049:Archopterus anjiensis
888:
685:
553:Adelophthalmus irinae
549:
16:Family of eurypterids
2981:World Spider Catalog
1393:persisted until the
1176:part of the current
1076:Evolutionary history
660:to the more derived
396:Parahughmilleriidae
4715:Permian extinctions
3786:2004Palgy..47..801T
3750:2013GondR..23..354L
3554:2006Palgy..49...67P
3495:2007PPP...252..557T
3426:10.1017/jpa.2023.21
3418:2023JPal...97..606W
3328:1989JPal...63..642T
3134:2008JSPal...6..237T
3012:2012PalJ...46..470S
2834:1989JPal...63..642T
2680:2018PalJ...52.1553S
2445:, exhibited at the
1401:or shortly before.
678:History of research
607:plate of the head,
390:Nanahughmilleridae
4070:Onychopterelloidea
2586:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
2576:(where fossils of
2455:
2447:Senckenberg Museum
1832:
1813:Internal phylogeny
1427:
1410:External phylogeny
1302:
1239:water or in fully
1209:Kip Burn Formation
1160:(worldwide) genus
1121:) deposits of the
1090:
1058:Wenchang Formation
895:
823:classification of
696:
558:
550:Reconstruction of
4685:Adelophthalmoidea
4672:
4671:
4644:Open Tree of Life
4571:Taxon identifiers
4562:
4561:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4191:Adelophthalmoidea
4173:Waeringopteroidea
4145:Carcinosomatoidea
4078:Onychopterellidae
4053:
4052:
3738:Gondwana Research
3058:(21): 4316–4321.
2900:Palaeontographica
2674:(13): 1553–1560.
2660:"A New Record of
2594:Panthalassa Ocean
2490:have been found.
2429:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2083:
2082:
2010:Adelophthalmoidea
1992:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1917:Waeringopteroidea
1809:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1612:Adelophthalmoidea
1590:Waeringopteroidea
1568:Carcinosomatoidea
1497:
1496:
1442:genital operculum
1438:Carcinosomatoidea
844:, which he named
732:Hermann von Meyer
596:ever discovered.
441:Adelophthalmoidea
435:group of aquatic
405:
404:
399:
393:
256:
239:
234:Adelophthalmoidea
4727:
4695:Devonian animals
4690:Silurian animals
4665:
4664:
4652:
4651:
4639:
4638:
4626:
4625:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4609:Adelophthalmidae
4598:
4597:
4596:
4579:Adelophthalmidae
4566:
4554:
4553:
4528:Related articles
4485:Merostomichnites
4251:
4199:Adelophthalmidae
4181:Waeringopteridae
4153:Carcinosomatidae
4141:
4124:Strobilopteridae
4066:
4040:Hibbertopteridae
3989:Parastylonuridae
3959:
3932:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3597:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3505:. Archived from
3489:(3–4): 557–574.
3478:
3469:
3446:
3445:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3295:(5): 1109–1122.
3284:
3278:
3277:
3258:Nanahughmilleria
3249:
3243:
3242:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3113:
3086:
3085:
3067:
3041:
3032:
3031:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2969:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2915:
2906:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2791:
2766:
2765:
2751:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2655:
2515:Parahughmilleria
2321:
2297:
2273:
2249:
2225:
2201:
2129:Parahughmilleria
2121:
2105:Nanahughmilleria
2097:
2072:Pittsfordipterus
2047:
2040:
2016:
2006:
1947:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1854:Pittsfordipterus
1846:Nanahughmilleria
1837:Parahughmilleria
1702:
1678:
1654:
1630:
1605:
1583:
1561:
1536:
1521:Megalograptoidea
1514:
1480:
1473:
1463:
1264:Parahughmilleria
1260:Nanahughmilleria
1195:, both from the
1117:(around 427-423
1027:waeringopteroids
996:Parahughmilleria
992:Pittsfordipterus
944:Parahughmilleria
923:Pittsfordipterus
863:Parahughmilleria
854:Nanahughmilleria
846:Nanahughmilleria
671:Pittsfordipterus
658:Nanahughmilleria
532:Hibbertopteridae
408:Adelophthalmidae
397:
391:
346:Pittsfordipterus
338:Parahughmilleria
330:Nanahughmilleria
254:
251:Adelophthalmidae
249:
237:
232:
219:
206:
193:
143:
142:
115:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
24:Adelophthalmidae
21:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4705:Permian animals
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4634:
4629:
4621:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4573:
4563:
4558:
4544:
4523:
4514:Chasmataspidida
4497:
4463:
4360:Campylocephalus
4333:
4290:
4252:
4231:
4217:Hughmilleriidae
4203:
4185:
4167:
4158:Megalograptidae
4134:
4128:
4114:Dolichopteridae
4100:
4088:Moselopteroidea
4082:
4059:
4049:
4035:Drepanopteridae
4021:
4017:Hardieopteridae
4004:Kokomopteroidea
3998:
3975:
3952:
3946:
3923:
3852:
3847:
3817:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3632:Biology Letters
3625:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3449:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3115:
3114:
3089:
3051:Current Biology
3043:
3042:
3035:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2953:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2769:
2719:Biology Letters
2711:
2710:
2703:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2645:
2628:
2574:Saar-Nahe Basin
2461:, estuaries or
2435:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2233:Herefordopterus
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2084:
1993:
1984:
1881:Herefordopterus
1873:Herefordopterus
1815:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1662:Herefordopterus
1498:
1412:
1407:
1356:climatic change
1241:marine habitats
1185:Middle Devonian
1078:
1022:Herefordopterus
988:Nanahughmileria
803:. It was named
762:Polyzosternites
680:
544:
281:
274:
255:Tollerton, 1989
253:
247:
238:Tollerton, 1989
236:
230:
217:
204:
191:
137:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
38:455–283.5
37:
36:
29:Late Ordovician
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4733:
4731:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4653:
4640:
4627:
4614:
4599:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4502:Related groups
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4430:Onychopterella
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4388:Hibbertopterus
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4346:Adelophthalmus
4341:
4339:
4338:Notable genera
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4209:Pterygotioidea
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4138:
4136:Diploperculata
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4096:Moselopteridae
4092:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4012:Kokomopteridae
4008:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3963:Rhenopteroidea
3956:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3816:
3815:
3780:(4): 801–809.
3763:
3744:(1): 354–366.
3721:
3715:978-0393913415
3714:
3694:
3683:(4): 709–729.
3667:
3638:(2): 265–269.
3615:
3609:978-0198549161
3608:
3583:
3532:
3515:
3512:on 2011-07-18.
3447:
3412:(3): 606–611.
3392:
3357:
3322:(5): 642–657.
3306:
3279:
3268:(2): 410–412.
3244:
3233:(4): 789–835.
3217:
3194:
3155:
3128:(2): 237–249.
3087:
3033:
3006:(5): 470–475.
2996:Adelophthalmus
2986:
2951:
2907:
2887:
2876:www.palass.org
2863:
2828:(5): 642–657.
2812:
2767:
2726:(2): 265–269.
2701:
2662:Adelophthalmus
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2598:Adelophthalmus
2582:subsiding area
2562:Adelophthalmus
2558:Adelophthalmus
2553:environment).
2549:(indicating a
2535:Adelophthalmus
2523:Adelophthalmus
2519:Adelophthalmus
2503:Adelophthalmus
2484:Gogo Formation
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2195:Pterygotioidea
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:Adelophthalmus
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:Waeringopterus
1950:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1907:Diploperculata
1901:
1889:Adelophthalmus
1858:synapomorphies
1841:Adelophthalmus
1814:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1624:Pterygotioidea
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:Diploperculata
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1434:Diploperculata
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Classification
1403:
1385:hibbertopterid
1380:Adelophthalmus
1348:coastal plains
1340:Adelophthalmus
1317:Adelophthalmus
1309:Adelophthalmus
1305:Adelophthalmus
1291:Adelophthalmus
1252:Adelophthalmus
1162:Adelophthalmus
1134:Eastern Europe
1123:paleocontinent
1107:supercontinent
1077:
1074:
1017:Pterygotioidea
964:Adelophthalmus
960:Adelophthalmus
940:Adelophthalmus
817:Adelophthalmus
809:classification
782:Adelophthalmus
778:Adelophthalmus
770:Adelophthalmus
766:Adelophthalmus
754:Glyptoscorpius
750:Anthraconectes
746:Adelophthalmus
742:Adelophthalmus
712:paleontologist
708:Adelophthalmus
679:
676:
662:Adelophthalmus
656:("primitive")
623:Adelophthalmus
543:
540:
517:(and possibly
515:Adelophthalmus
507:Adelophthalmus
495:Adelophthalmus
448:Diploperculata
416:Adelophthalmus
403:
402:
401:
400:
398:Plotnick, 1983
394:
385:
384:
378:
377:
376:
375:
366:
357:
349:
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
298:Adelophthalmus
290:
289:
283:
282:
275:
265:
264:
258:
257:
245:
241:
240:
228:
224:
223:
221:Diploperculata
215:
211:
210:
202:
198:
197:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4732:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4557:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4437:Pentecopterus
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4409:Megalograptus
4406:
4404:
4403:
4402:Jaekelopterus
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4374:Drepanopterus
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4353:Brachyopterus
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4329:South America
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:North America
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Carboniferous
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4258:Geochronology
4255:
4250:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4106:Eurypteroidea
4103:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4046:
4045:Mycteroptidae
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4027:Mycteropoidea
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3981:Stylonuroidea
3978:
3972:
3971:Rhenopteridae
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3919:Sclerophorata
3916:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Euchelicerata
3880:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3774:Palaeontology
3767:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:Palaeontology
3536:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3382:on 2021-07-30
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:Fossil Record
2921:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2618:and possibly
2617:
2616:paleosalinity
2613:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:Pennsylvanian
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:A. waterstoni
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:Jaekelopterus
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:Eysyslopterus
2018:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:Eysyslopterus
1890:
1886:
1885:Eysyslopterus
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Eysyslopterus
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:Eurypteroidea
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:Changhsingian
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1376:United States
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:Carboniferous
1277:
1276:Late Devonian
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:type locality
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:Great Britain
1151:
1147:
1146:North America
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:Stylonuroidea
1096:
1095:Mycteropoidea
1087:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:Eysyslopterus
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1013:Eysyslopterus
1010:
1009:
1008:Eysyslopterus
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
887:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:indeterminate
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
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4393:
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4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4227:Pterygotidae
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4190:
4163:Mixopteridae
4119:Eurypteridae
3994:Stylonuridae
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2302:
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2278:
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2209:Hughmilleria
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2206:
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2069:
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1972:Grossopterus
1970:
1969:
1953:
1952:
1931:Orcanopterus
1929:
1928:
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1892:
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1872:
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1339:
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1333:Unionopterus
1332:
1325:amalgamation
1316:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1290:
1272:environments
1263:
1259:
1256:A. sievertsi
1255:
1251:
1245:
1228:
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1192:
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1182:
1161:
1158:cosmopolitan
1136:, precisely
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1091:
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1032:Orcanopterus
1030:
1020:
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1006:
1002:
1000:
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991:
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829:
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816:
805:Unionopterus
804:
797:Soviet Union
786:
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518:
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362:Unionopterus
360:
354:Pruemopterus
352:
344:
336:
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320:
312:
304:
296:
277:
269:
262:Type species
250:
233:
214:Infraorder:
124:
18:
4603:Wikispecies
4492:Palmichnium
4469:Ichnogenera
4367:Carcinosoma
4061:Eurypterina
3954:Stylonurina
3892:Prosomapoda
3874:Chelicerata
3872:Subphylum:
3850:Eurypterids
2930:(1): 3–12.
2605:xiphosurans
2578:A. granosus
2488:crustaceans
2055:Bassipterus
1850:Bassipterus
1508:Eurypterina
1487:Stylonurina
1467:Eurypterida
1327:(union) of
1287:Eurypterina
1172:and in the
1130:Scandinavia
948:Bassipterus
891:Bassipterus
758:Lepidoderma
716:A. granosus
562:eurypterids
542:Description
455:Eurypterina
429:eurypterids
371:Wiedopterus
314:Bassipterus
306:Archopterus
208:Eurypterina
195:Eurypterida
182:Chelicerata
178:Subphylum:
4679:Categories
4458:Stylonurus
4444:Pterygotus
4423:Mixopterus
4416:Megarachne
4381:Eurypterus
4266:Ordovician
4222:Slimonidae
4133:Infraorder
3910:Dekatriata
3901:Planaterga
3868:Arthropoda
3708:. Norton.
3386:2018-11-01
3214:: 119–130.
2881:2018-05-14
2643:References
2612:euryhaline
2551:coal swamp
2527:Bashkirian
2441:Fossil of
2329:Acutiramus
2305:Pterygotus
1431:infraorder
1368:Artinskian
1344:freshwater
1254:appeared,
1229:P. hefteri
1221:Wenlockian
1213:Lesmahagow
1205:P. hefteri
1197:Llandovery
1152:(Germany,
1054:Ordovician
1025:) and the
968:Slimonidae
933:Eurypterus
868:P. salteri
807:, and its
793:Kazakhstan
768:), making
737:Eurypterus
704:type genus
666:appendages
642:morphology
585:pterygotid
534:until the
485:Llandovery
445:infraorder
437:arthropods
412:type genus
201:Suborder:
172:Arthropoda
33:Artinskian
4594:Q21759233
4535:Metastoma
4519:Xiphosura
4509:Arachnida
4296:Geography
3860:Kingdom:
3810:140660207
3802:0031-0239
3705:Evolution
3578:128842510
3570:1475-4983
3442:258623960
3434:0022-3360
3344:0022-3360
3189:2039-4942
3082:221590821
2946:1860-1014
2740:1744-9561
2602:belinurid
2545:-bearing
2531:Moscovian
2451:Frankfurt
1453:cladogram
1366:from the
1321:Paleozoic
1237:estuarine
1178:Australia
1142:Laurentia
1115:Ludlovian
1103:Laurussia
1046:In 2023,
1001:In 2008,
858:norvegica
789:geologist
772:the most
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594:arthropod
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
4588:Wikidata
4556:Category
4478:Arcuites
4451:Slimonia
4276:Devonian
4271:Silurian
4058:Suborder
3951:Suborder
3928:Taxonomy
3866:Phylum:
3862:Animalia
3662:19828493
3352:46953627
3150:59488956
3074:32916114
3028:84097923
2858:46953627
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2758:19828493
2696:91741388
2626:See also
2539:bivalves
2475:sections
2471:horizons
2467:salinity
2257:Slimonia
1822:Carapace
1686:Slimonia
1387:species
1284:suborder
1233:brackish
1217:Scotland
1174:Gondwana
1150:Avalonia
1070:Silurian
1062:Zhejiang
980:prosomal
919:phelpsae
907:phelpsae
842:subgenus
724:Saarland
627:podomere
601:carapace
582:gigantic
503:Devonian
466:Silurian
462:swimming
452:suborder
423:") is a
382:Synonyms
244:Family:
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
4649:4704964
4623:4806330
4324:Oceania
4286:Permian
3782:Bibcode
3746:Bibcode
3689:1304420
3653:2865068
3550:Bibcode
3491:Bibcode
3414:Bibcode
3374:(PhD).
3324:Bibcode
3301:1301985
3274:1301566
3239:1301214
3130:Bibcode
3008:Bibcode
2905:: 1–15.
2850:1305624
2830:Bibcode
2749:2865068
2676:Bibcode
2459:lagoons
1352:habitat
1329:Pangaea
1313:Equator
1274:by the
1246:In the
1170:Siberia
1138:Estonia
1126:Baltica
866:, with
774:diverse
728:Germany
700:fossils
646:derived
631:segment
566:species
450:in the
433:extinct
276:Jordan
188:Order:
4662:212141
4636:101154
4314:Europe
4304:Africa
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1459:2013.
1457:et al.
1372:Kansas
1248:Emsian
1056:-aged
975:thesis
956:spines
880:distal
801:family
635:telson
605:dorsal
568:being
469:period
425:family
287:Genera
121:Fossil
4631:IRMNG
3915:Clade
3906:Clade
3897:Clade
3888:Clade
3879:Clade
3806:S2CID
3685:JSTOR
3574:S2CID
3510:(PDF)
3477:(PDF)
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3348:S2CID
3297:JSTOR
3270:JSTOR
3235:JSTOR
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3078:S2CID
3024:S2CID
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2854:S2CID
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2568:, in
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1201:epoch
1066:China
876:lobes
872:clade
654:basal
650:genus
603:(the
492:genus
488:epoch
431:, an
4618:GBIF
4309:Asia
3798:ISSN
3710:ISBN
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3604:ISBN
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2942:ISSN
2754:PMID
2736:ISSN
2543:coal
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1875:and
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