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802:
86:
38:
403:, which they line with feathers. Many nests are constructed in trees with thick foliage, making them difficult for predators to find. However, the American bushtit often places nests such that it is entirely exposed. The clutch comprises 5 to 10 white eggs, which in many of the species have red speckles. Adults incubate the eggs for 13 to 14 days; young stay in the nest for 16 to 18 days. In at least four of the species (the long-tailed tit, the
772:
334:
395:, where a related or unrelated individual (or more than one) helps the established pair raise the young. This has been recorded in at least four of the species; further research is required to see if the behavior carries over to other members of the family. Aegithalids make domed or hanging, bag-like nests of woven
381:
or canopy, and seldom visits the ground. Prey is generally gleaned from branches, leaves and buds. Less frequently, prey is taken in the air. While foraging, this agile family may hang upside down on branches (although this behaviour is not thought to occur in the tit-warblers) and even manipulate
367:
Birds in this family live in flocks ranging from 4 to over 50 individuals. Flocks form as soon as one breeding season finishes and last until the next one begins. They maintain contact by contact calls that vary among species; their songs are quiet or nonexistent. Other species of birds, such as
257:. Bushtits are active birds with long tails compared to their size, moving almost constantly while they forage for insects in shrubs and trees. During non-breeding season, birds live in flocks of up to 50 individuals. Several bushtit species display cooperative breeding behavior, also called
376:
Bushtits are insectivorous, primarily eating insects and other invertebrates such as leafhoppers, treehoppers, aphids, scale insects, and caterpillars. Plant material, such as berries or seeds, is taken occasionally during the winter. The family generally forages arboreally, usually in the
59:
696:
is placed in this family because it moves around in flocks and its nests resemble the long-tailed tits', but information about it is so scanty that the placement is only provisional. The
Burmese bushtit is sometimes treated as conspecific with the
390:
The family generally has a monogamous breeding system; however, there is some evidence that the
American bushtit may be frequently polyandrous and occasionally polygynandrous or polygynous. Pairs may be aided by
58:
345:
They are small birds, measuring 9 to 14 cm (3.5–5.5 in) in length, including the relatively long tail, and weighing just 4.5 to 9 g (0.16–0.32 oz). Their
325:, although the long-tailed tit is prone to dispersing in the northern edges of its range (particularly in Siberia). Many mountainous species move to lower ground during the winter.
641:
Cladogram showing the family relationships based on a study by Carl
Oliveros and colleagues published in 2019. The number of species is taken from the bird list maintained by
313:
has the most widespread distribution of any species of
Aegithalidae, occurring across Eurasia from Britain to Japan. Two species, in contrast, have tiny distributions, the
349:
is typically dull grey or brown, although some species have white markings and the long-tailed tit has some pinkish colour. In contrast to the rest of the family the two
1635:
1674:
355:
tit-warblers are quite brightly coloured, having violet and blue plumage. The crested tit-warbler is the only member of the family to have a crest. The
1738:
730:
1609:
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650:
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and other arid shrublands, but are most common in mixed woodland. Most species in this family live in mountainous habitats in and around the
953:
1468:
1284:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 153, 253.
939:
1453:
1098:
998:
317:, which is entirely restricted to two mountains in Burma, and the pygmy bushtit, which is restricted to the mountains of western
1402:"Phylogeny of long-tailed tits and allies inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers (Aves: Passeriformes, Aegithalidae)"
937:
Harrap, Simon (2008). "Family
Aegithalidae (Long-tailed Tits)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.).
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in this family are tiny, short and conical in shape. The wings are short and rounded and the legs are relatively long.
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1267:(in German). Vol. Apt. II Band I. Dresden: Expedition der Vollständigsten Naturgeschichte. Plate LXII.
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Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
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The family
Aegithalidae (as a subfamily Aegithalinae) was introduced by the German naturalist
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family, but it has distinctive behavioral habits, especially when it comes to nesting.
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411:), only the female incubates. Young chicks are fed exclusively on insects and spiders.
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19:"Bushtit" redirects here. For the species known as bushtit in North America, see
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Kaufman, K. (1996). Lives of North
American Birds. Houghton Mifflin: Boston.
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293:. Bushtits are found in a wide range of habitats, including on occasion
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All the
Aegithalidae are forest birds, particularly forest edge and
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tits or warblers, will occasionally join the flock to forage.
1562:
1400:
Päckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen; Sun, Yue-Hua (2010-06-01).
1133:"Incidence and origins of nest supernumeraries at Bushtit (
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1021:
Li, J.; Lv, L.; Wang, Y.; Xi, B.; Zhang, Z. (2012).
382:
branches and leaves in order to locate hidden food.
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980:
1179:"Earth history and the passerine superradiation"
321:. The species in this family are generally not
8:
1264:Die vollständigste Naturgeschichte der Vögel
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1089:Perrins, C. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
1072:Sloane, S.A. 2001. Bushtit. In
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301:, and all are found in Eurasia except the
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36:
27:
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1335:"Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers"
1309:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1305:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
1093:. London: Merehurst Press. p. 202.
714:
563:– bush warblers and allies (32 species)
920:
942:. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes
651:International Ornithological Committee
1406:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1341:. International Ornithologists' Union
1239:. International Ornithologists' Union
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1706:705B333B-337B-1B5C-FF38-A4C5FA95FA94
1602:0b4af0c1-2502-4714-bb10-ac284c6e7cba
1177:Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019).
1016:
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1023:"Breeding biology of two sympatric
649:and David Donsker on behalf of the
537:
514:
491:
468:
445:
438:
430:
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273:habitats. The species in the genus
1237:"IOC World Bird List Version 11.2"
940:Handbook of the Birds of the World
712:There are 13 species in 3 genera.
705:was once thought to belong to the
14:
1447:Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers
1131:Sloane, Sarah A. (October 1996).
987:The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds
985:. In Perrins, Christopher (ed.).
663:in 1850. The name comes from the
1739:Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach
800:
770:
729:
84:
1475:on the Internet Bird Collection
1333:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017).
1091:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
1027:tits with helpers at the nest"
677:recognised three species: the
1:
455:– leaf warblers (80 species)
1365:IOC World Bird List Datasets
669:
341:pairs join into large flocks
1418:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.024
1339:World Bird List Version 8.1
337:In the non-breeding season
1755:
1361:"IOC World Bird List 12.1"
989:. Firefly Books. pp.
524:– flycatchers (3 species)
18:
1043:10.1007/s10336-011-0740-z
558:
547:– streaked scrub warbler
542:
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291:montane coniferous forest
177:
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81:Scientific classification
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66:
54:
44:
35:
30:
1278:Bock, Walter J. (1994).
833:Aegithalos glaucogularis
749:White-browed tit-warbler
501:– bushtits (13 species)
265:Distribution and habitat
247:, all but one of which (
1466:Long-tailed Tits videos
1196:10.1073/pnas.1813206116
977:Perrins, Christopher M.
860:Aegithalos niveogularis
829:Silver-throated bushtit
409:silver-throated bushtit
285:, while the Indonesian
283:mixed deciduous forests
1074:Birds of North America
1031:Journal of Ornithology
896:Aegithalos fuliginosus
869:Aegithalos iouschistos
865:Rufous-fronted bushtit
856:White-throated bushtit
847:Black-throated bushtit
405:black-throated bushtit
342:
842:Aegithalos leucogenys
838:White-cheeked bushtit
478:– hylias (2 species)
336:
307:western North America
305:, which is native to
1597:Fauna Europaea (new)
1373:10.14344/ioc.ml.12.1
1235:, eds. (July 2021).
1135:Psaltriparus minimus
878:Aegithalos bonvaloti
874:Black-browed bushtit
851:Aegithalos concinnus
792:Psaltriparus minimus
762:Leptopoecile elegans
753:Leptopoecile sophiae
699:black-browed bushtit
74:Psaltriparus minimus
1259:Reichenbach, Ludwig
948:. pp. 76–101.
824:Aegithalos caudatus
758:Crested tit-warbler
289:is found mostly in
259:helpers at the nest
49:Aegithalos caudatus
1471:2016-03-16 at the
1445:Harrap and Quinn,
1231:; Donsker, David;
982:"Long-tailed Tits"
887:Aegithalos sharpei
661:Ludwig Reichenbach
343:
1716:
1715:
1688:Open Tree of Life
1485:Taxon identifiers
1233:Rasmussen, Pamela
1189:(16): 7916–7925.
955:978-84-96553-45-3
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905:Aegithalos exilis
687:Eurasian blue tit
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339:American bushtit
303:American bushtit
295:sagebrush steppe
239:, containing 13
226:long-tailed tits
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1729:Aegithalidae
1523:Aegithalidae
1493:Aegithalidae
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1384:. Retrieved
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158:Aegithalidae
157:
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67:Song of the
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1623:iNaturalist
1517:Wikispecies
1331:Gill, Frank
1229:Gill, Frank
673:for a tit.
379:shrub layer
329:Description
163:Reichenbach
1723:Categories
1386:2022-01-29
1243:9 December
1025:Aegithalos
915:References
809:Aegithalos
685:, and the
670:aigithalos
643:Frank Gill
275:Aegithalos
271:understory
228:are small
181:Aegithalos
148:Sylvioidea
1426:1055-7903
1381:246050277
707:chickadee
683:great tit
675:Aristotle
561:Cettiidae
363:Behaviour
323:migratory
299:Himalayas
279:deciduous
243:in three
232:from the
210:Severtsov
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
31:Bushtits
1502:Wikidata
1469:Archived
1434:20102744
1345:21 March
1315:21 March
1290:2246/830
1261:(1850).
1215:30936315
1137:) nests"
979:(2003).
476:Hyliidae
415:Taxonomy
386:Breeding
222:bushtits
198:Townsend
154:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
1508:Q473939
1206:6475423
1164:4088855
991:556–557
653:(IOC).
397:cobwebs
393:helpers
347:plumage
277:prefer
255:Eurasia
241:species
186:Hermann
134:Order:
124:Class:
1693:617629
1654:178695
1641:106577
1576:1AEGIF
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401:lichen
309:. The
245:genera
234:family
212:, 1873
200:, 1837
172:Genera
165:, 1850
1701:Plazi
1680:73325
1636:IRMNG
1589:10863
1377:S2CID
1160:JSTOR
1140:(PDF)
1047:S2CID
721:Genus
718:Image
667:word
357:bills
1675:NCBI
1649:ITIS
1628:7264
1615:2878
1610:GBIF
1571:EPPO
1563:7573
1537:1203
1532:BOLD
1450:ISBN
1430:PMID
1422:ISSN
1347:2018
1317:2018
1245:2021
1211:PMID
1095:ISBN
995:ISBN
950:ISBN
692:The
399:and
319:Java
220:The
188:1804
128:Aves
1662:NBN
1558:EoL
1550:63D
1545:CoL
1414:doi
1369:doi
1286:hdl
1201:PMC
1191:doi
1187:116
1152:doi
1148:113
1144:Auk
1039:doi
1035:153
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