467:
701:
1010:
27:
108:
713:
1040:
founded the science of aircraft crash reconstruction. After 3000 pressurisation cycles in a specially constructed pressure chamber, airframe failure was found to be due to stress concentration, a consequence of the square shaped windows. The windows had been engineered to be glued and riveted, but
208:
all-wood structure with only a skeletal internal frame, using strips of plywood laboriously "wrapped" in a diagonal fashion in up to four layers, around concrete male molds in "left" and "right" halves, known as
807:, first flown in 2009, was the first commercial aircraft with 50% of its structure weight made of carbon-fiber composites, along with 20% aluminium and 15% titanium: the material allows for a lower-drag, higher
1005:
Airframe production has become an exacting process. Manufacturers operate under strict quality control and government regulations. Departures from established standards become objects of major concern.
1041:
had been punch riveted only. Unlike drill riveting, the imperfect nature of the hole created by punch riveting may cause the start of fatigue cracks around the rivet.
466:
815:, flown in 2013, is 53% carbon-fiber by structure weight. It has a one-piece carbon fiber fuselage, said to replace "1,200 sheets of aluminium and 40,000 rivets."
1571:
2148:
436:'s Soviet Union designed a series of all-metal aircraft of steadily increasing size culminating in the largest aircraft of its era, the eight-engined
2188:
846:
448:
twin-engined airliner in 1936. They were among the most successful designs to emerge from the era through the use of all-metal airframes.
1538:
2143:
2088:
1953:
2208:
681:
1564:
1149:
1315:
1235:
685:
677:
1355:
2178:
1794:
1776:
647:
1255:
German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and
History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945
2522:
2461:
2302:
1557:
1445:
1076:
1033:
665:
1091:
that are used in many recent airframes. The A300 had experienced other structural problems but none of this magnitude.
739:
689:
1211:
2527:
2183:
2138:
1829:
327:
The J 1 of 1915, and the D.I fighter of 1918, were followed in 1919 by the first all-metal transport aircraft, the
201:
700:
2369:
2213:
2163:
441:
249:
2153:
1706:
1636:
2198:
2481:
2456:
2218:
2123:
2013:
1983:
1958:
1824:
1789:
823:
643:
344:
265:
96:
72:
1489:
272:
biplane fighter designs. The
Albatros D.III construction was of much less complexity than the patented LFG
2496:
2297:
2193:
2018:
1978:
1834:
1393:
1045:
460:
308:
269:
38:
2476:
2394:
2384:
1889:
1601:
661:
522:
402:
139:
76:
1508:
1374:
2441:
2244:
2038:
1849:
1804:
827:
743:
632:
608:
495:
456:
237:
424:
The original
Junkers corrugated duralumin-covered airframe philosophy culminated in the 1932-origin
2420:
2327:
2043:
1751:
1580:
1120:
1110:
1080:
1037:
1014:
762:
669:
654:
356:
348:
218:
181:
132:
2128:
2108:
2103:
2077:
1988:
1929:
1701:
1329:
1165:
1088:
1057:
1025:
831:
819:
542:
507:
470:
340:
1009:
307:
of 1918, whose techniques were adopted almost unchanged after the war by both
American engineer
111:
Four types of airframe construction: (1) Truss with canvas, (2) Truss with corrugate plate, (3)
826:
fuselage for damage resistance and repairability, a combination which could be used for future
765:; composites are increasingly used since in Airbus airliners: the horizontal stabilizer of the
2436:
2173:
2118:
2098:
2028:
2023:
2008:
1696:
1145:
808:
751:
534:
474:
406:
364:
261:
84:
2491:
2374:
2048:
1943:
1666:
1641:
1584:
1424:
1115:
793:
789:
92:
20:
477:
construction and the level of punishment it could withstand while maintaining airworthiness
2501:
2471:
2466:
2317:
2238:
2203:
2168:
1963:
1611:
1341:
721:
651:
463:, which would be the first aircraft with a pressurized cabin to enter commercial service.
410:
336:
214:
26:
2486:
2346:
2063:
1621:
1616:
797:
717:
624:
574:
511:
503:
452:
437:
316:
312:
253:
229:
225:
171:
116:
66:
30:
1321:
2516:
2415:
2354:
2158:
2093:
1731:
1711:
1626:
1053:
1029:
735:
620:
600:
499:
491:
433:
425:
368:
352:
257:
241:
187:
175:
124:
88:
1299:
490:, military needs again dominated airframe designs. Among the best known were the US
2451:
2379:
2342:
2322:
2312:
2287:
2252:
2033:
2003:
1973:
1939:
1919:
1909:
1904:
1874:
1809:
1676:
1646:
1606:
1021:
850:
835:
639:
638:
Because heat-resistant titanium is hard to weld and difficult to work with, welded
515:
487:
445:
418:
414:
328:
280:
128:
80:
54:
1549:
761:-300, first flown in 1985, was the first carbon-fiber primary structure used in a
712:
107:
796:
aircraft manufactured with all-composite construction, followed by several other
2399:
2282:
1998:
1854:
1072:
1049:
842:
812:
785:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
673:
628:
398:
387:
304:
300:
288:
248:
replaced wood. Similar methods to the
Albatros firm's concept were used by both
190:
163:
1493:
386:
metal fuselage : an aluminium skin over steel tubing, Hall also pioneered
2389:
2277:
2272:
2228:
2223:
2058:
1993:
1968:
1924:
1899:
1884:
1819:
1681:
1671:
1065:
804:
705:
616:
570:
550:
546:
537:
to produce monocoque structures, leading to the development of metal-to-metal
391:
284:
194:
1429:
1412:
2446:
2364:
2292:
2267:
2257:
2113:
1894:
1879:
1859:
1814:
1799:
1756:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1661:
1631:
589:
578:
566:
530:
526:
429:
379:
332:
296:
205:
143:
112:
58:
1471:
351:
development during the 1920s and 1930s focused on monoplane designs using
2359:
2332:
2307:
2073:
2053:
1914:
1844:
1761:
1686:
1656:
1411:
Woidasky, Jörg; Klinke, Christian; Jeanvré, Sebastian (5 November 2017).
1100:
1087:, called attention to operation, maintenance and design issues involving
1084:
612:
562:
538:
375:
360:
233:
167:
159:
50:
42:
459:
to undergo extensive high-altitude flight tests, paving the way for the
2133:
1784:
1766:
1691:
1061:
1028:, first flew in 1949. Early models suffered from catastrophic airframe
747:
395:
355:. Some were produced as single copies or in small quantity such as the
147:
232:
fuselages with load-bearing plywood skin panels glued to longitudinal
150:
layers over a circular frame, achieving 210 km/h (130 mph).
1869:
1839:
1746:
1721:
1651:
1105:
1048:
turboprop, first flown in 1957 became a costly lesson in controlling
731:
727:
585:
1144:(1st American ed.). New York: Frederick Fell, Inc. p. 22.
657:
panels and titanium but was cancelled by the time it flew in 1964.
428:
trimotor airliner, used throughout World War II by the Nazi German
2262:
1864:
1716:
1008:
711:
699:
581:
465:
383:
292:
245:
25:
822:
have a dry-fiber resin transfer infusion wing with a lightweight
604:
593:
409:
experimental flying boat was constructed of corrosion-resistant
62:
1553:
432:
for transport and paratroop needs. Andrei
Tupolev's designs in
335:
as the D.I had been; 300 were built, along with the first four-
1539:"Analysis: Are composite airframes feasible for narrowbodies?"
577:
of turboprops and jets were major challenges. Newly developed
213:(wrapped-body) construction - this first appeared on the 1916
518:
were produced during the war but not made in large quantity.
1472:"Investigation of the Crash of American Airlines Flight 587"
514:, all revamps of original designs from the 1930s. The first
1060:
showed the difficulties that the airframe industry and its
283:
first flew all-metal airframes in 1915 with the all-metal,
777:
in 1994, and the center wing-box and aft fuselage of the
1301:
The Jet Makers: the
Aerospace Industry from 1945 to 1972
754:
market; many manufacturers produce airframe components.
49:. This structure is typically considered to include the
1032:, causing a series of widely publicised accidents. The
845:
machine for titanium aircraft structural parts using
1020:
A landmark in aeronautical design, the world's first
599:
Flown in 1952 and designed to cruise at Mach 2 where
2429:
2408:
2341:
2237:
2072:
1938:
1775:
1591:
525:fighter-bomber was built from wood—plywood facings
1446:"Boeing Parts and Rules Bent, Whistle-Blowers Say"
303:in Germany before the war; in the airframe of the
1212:"Designs That Changed The Way Aircraft Are Built"
1444:Florence Graves and Sara K. Goo (Apr 17, 2006).
1413:"Materials Stock of the Civilian Aircraft Fleet"
627:were also mainly titanium, as was the cancelled
1013:DH106 Comet 3 G-ANLO demonstrating at the 1954
811:and higher cabin pressurization; the competing
646:fighter, first flown in 1964; and the Mach 3.1
197:. These used hybrid wood and metal structures.
561:Postwar commercial airframe design focused on
510:that used a geodesic construction method, and
367:in 1927. William Stout designed the all-metal
1565:
1375:"Boeing Bets the House on Its 787 Dreamliner"
91:methods with a focus on weight, strength and
8:
1257:. New York: Doubleday. pp. 75 & 76.
838:made entirely from carbon-fiber composites.
615:aircraft but it was underpowered and barely
382:flown in 1929 was the first aircraft with a
179:
142:pioneered the light, strong and streamlined
1509:"NTSB Cites Pilot Error in 2001 N.Y. Crash"
1205:
1203:
1201:
1064:customers can experience when adopting new
295:. It developed further with lighter weight
1572:
1558:
1550:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
521:Due to wartime scarcity of aluminium, the
401:also flying in 1929. Based on the Italian
1428:
1394:"Airbus To 3-D Print Airframe Structures"
1320:. INI International. 2005. Archived from
1253:Wagner, Ray & Nowarra, Heinz (1971).
1229:
1227:
1225:
668:, which first flew in 1974 alongside the
170:from that era include the Dutch designer
1496:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
854:
676:composites in the tails; less expensive
158:Many early developments were spurred by
131:maiden flight, showing the potential of
106:
1132:
1071:The incident bears comparison with the
792:in 1998, was the first widely produced
19:For the novel by Michael Crichton, see
1337:
1327:
1285:The DC-3: 50 Years of Legendary Flight
1236:"Airplanes that Transformed Aviation"
841:In February 2017, Airbus installed a
734:are the dominant assemblers of large
664:system was developed in 1969 for the
200:By the 1915/16 timeframe, the German
123:Modern airframe history began in the
7:
1398:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1356:"Top 100 Airplanes:Platinum Edition"
1216:Aviation Week & Space Technology
847:electron beam additive manufacturing
315:, proving to be useful for aircraft
1507:Sara Kehaulani Goo (Oct 27, 2004).
1317:Aircraft and Aerospace Applications
240:; it was replaced by the prevalent
221:for its D-series biplane fighters.
16:Mechanical structure of an aircraft
682:McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
573:. The generally higher speeds and
455:was specifically constructed with
276:concept for their outer skinning.
14:
217:, and would later be licensed to
1362:. November 11, 2013. p. 11.
1234:Richard P. Hallion (July 2008).
680:were used for wing skins on the
596:were critical to these designs.
1537:Michael Gubisch (9 July 2018).
1392:Graham Warwick (Jan 11, 2017).
1210:Graham Warwick (Nov 21, 2016).
757:The vertical stabilizer of the
678:carbon fiber reinforced polymer
413:assembled with newly developed
287:-wing, stressed-skin monoplane
2482:In-flight entertainment system
2179:Horizontal situation indicator
311:and Soviet aerospace engineer
193:and the German/Austrian Taube
1:
856:Airliner composition by mass
648:North American XB-70 Valkyrie
444:' firms developed the iconic
2462:Environmental control system
1373:Leslie Wayne (May 7, 2006).
1077:American Airlines Flight 587
1034:Royal Aircraft Establishment
666:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
244:structural configuration as
33:cutaway showing its airframe
834:became the first certified
690:Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit
394:between skin panels in the
317:up to 60 meters in wingspan
174:'s combat aircraft for the
2546:
2139:Course deviation indicator
1830:Electro-hydraulic actuator
1304:. Regents Press of Kansas.
1298:Charles D. Bright (1978).
642:was used for the Mach 2.8
228:biplane fighters featured
202:Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft
18:
2370:Conventional landing gear
1272:. Cumberland Enterprises.
1270:The Saga of the Tin Goose
252:for their light two-seat
250:Hannoversche Waggonfabrik
204:firm had devised a fully
2154:Flight management system
1430:10.3390/recycling2040021
1283:Peter M. Bowers (1986).
1240:Air & space magazine
1142:A Dictionary of Aviation
1140:Wragg, David W. (1974).
1075:crash on takeoff of the
146:fuselage formed of thin
2457:Emergency oxygen system
2219:Turn and slip indicator
2014:Leading-edge droop flap
1984:Drag-reducing aerospike
1959:Adaptive compliant wing
1954:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1268:David A. Weiss (1996).
824:aluminium-lithium alloy
644:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25
345:Zeppelin-Staaken E-4/20
268:and higher-performance
266:Siemens-Schuckert D.III
2497:Passenger service unit
2298:Self-sealing fuel tank
2194:Multi-function display
1046:Lockheed L-188 Electra
1017:
724:
709:
533:core and formed using
478:
461:Boeing 307 Stratoliner
417:by U.S. railcar maker
309:William Bushnell Stout
180:
120:
34:
2477:Ice protection system
2395:Tricycle landing gear
2385:Landing gear extender
1602:Aft pressure bulkhead
1490:James H. Williams Jr.
1012:
715:
703:
662:computer-aided design
569:engines, and then on
523:de Havilland Mosquito
469:
403:Savoia-Marchetti S.56
140:Deperdussin Monocoque
110:
77:aerospace engineering
29:
2442:Auxiliary power unit
1850:Flight control modes
1470:Todd Curtis (2002).
1083:broke away from the
1056:. Its 1959 crash of
1052:and planning around
828:narrow-body aircraft
716:Wing structure with
704:Rough interior of a
633:supersonic transport
609:Douglas X-3 Stiletto
496:B-17 Flying Fortress
457:cabin pressurization
85:materials technology
65:, and excludes the
39:mechanical structure
2523:Aircraft components
2421:Escape crew capsule
2328:War emergency power
2199:Pitot–static system
2044:Variable-sweep wing
1752:Vertical stabilizer
1121:Vertical stabilizer
1111:Chord (aeronautics)
1089:composite materials
1081:vertical stabilizer
1079:in 2001, after its
1038:Farnborough Airport
1015:Farnborough Airshow
857:
763:commercial aircraft
670:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
541:used later for the
357:Spirit of St. Louis
349:Commercial aircraft
224:In 1916 the German
219:Pfalz Flugzeugwerke
2129:Attitude indicator
2109:Airspeed indicator
2104:Aircraft periscope
1058:Braniff Flight 542
1026:de Havilland Comet
1018:
855:
832:Cirrus Vision SF50
820:Bombardier CSeries
725:
710:
543:de Havilland Comet
508:Vickers Wellington
479:
341:passenger aircraft
323:Between World wars
133:fixed-wing designs
121:
115:construction, (4)
35:
2528:Structural system
2510:
2509:
2437:Aircraft lavatory
2174:Heading indicator
2119:Annunciator panel
2099:Air data computer
2009:Leading-edge cuff
1166:"FAA Definitions"
1036:investigation at
998:
997:
809:wing aspect ratio
790:type certificated
752:regional airliner
475:geodesic airframe
471:Wellington Mark X
407:Budd BB-1 Pioneer
365:Charles Lindbergh
359:flown across the
262:Siemens-Schuckert
67:propulsion system
2535:
2492:Navigation light
2472:Hydraulic system
2447:Bleed air system
2375:Drogue parachute
2049:Vortex generator
1667:Interplane strut
1574:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1546:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1137:
1116:Aircraft fairing
858:
794:general aviation
607:resistance, the
575:tensile stresses
482:Second World War
279:German engineer
264:for their later
260:designs, and by
185:
182:Luftstreitkräfte
93:aerodynamic drag
45:is known as the
21:Airframe (novel)
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2502:Ram air turbine
2467:Flight recorder
2425:
2404:
2337:
2318:Thrust reversal
2242:
2233:
2204:Radar altimeter
2169:Head-up display
2079:
2068:
1964:Anti-shock body
1946:
1934:
1795:Artificial feel
1777:Flight controls
1771:
1637:Fabric covering
1587:
1583:components and
1578:
1536:
1533:
1531:Further reading
1528:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1513:Washington Post
1506:
1505:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1450:Washington Post
1443:
1442:
1438:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1326:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1209:
1208:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1097:
1003:
830:. In 2016, the
698:
652:stainless steel
619:; the Mach 3.2
559:
484:
411:stainless steel
325:
215:LFG Roland C.II
156:
154:First World War
105:
73:Airframe design
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2487:Landing lights
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2409:Escape systems
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2347:arresting gear
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Splitter plate
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Cruciform tail
1619:
1617:Crack arrestor
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1532:
1529:
1526:
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1499:
1481:
1462:
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1403:
1384:
1379:New York Times
1365:
1347:
1324:on 2006-03-08.
1307:
1290:
1275:
1260:
1245:
1242:. Smithsonian.
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1177:
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900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
881:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
800:in the 2000s.
798:light aircraft
697:
694:
672:and both used
611:was the first
558:
555:
512:Avro Lancaster
506:, and British
504:P-38 Lightning
483:
480:
453:Lockheed XC-35
442:Donald Douglas
438:Tupolev ANT-20
378:naval fighter
369:Ford Trimotors
353:Radial engines
324:
321:
319:by the 1930s.
313:Andrei Tupolev
299:, invented by
230:semi-monocoque
226:Albatros D.III
172:Anthony Fokker
155:
152:
129:Wright Flyer's
117:Semi-monocoque
104:
101:
79:that combines
75:is a field of
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:Other systems
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Ejection seat
2414:
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2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
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2360:Arrestor hook
2358:
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2355:Aircraft tire
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2197:
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2177:
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2172:
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2167:
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2160:
2159:Glass cockpit
2157:
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2137:
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2132:
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2110:
2107:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Air data boom
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
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1972:
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1965:
1962:
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1951:
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1945:
1941:
1937:
1931:
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1918:
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1911:
1908:
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1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
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1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Rudder pedals
1873:
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1733:
1732:Trailing edge
1730:
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1713:
1712:Stressed skin
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1151:0-85045-163-9
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1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:metal fatigue
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:metal fatigue
1027:
1023:
1016:
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1007:
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987:
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791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:jet airliners
733:
729:
723:
719:
714:
707:
702:
695:
693:
691:
687:
686:F/A-18 Hornet
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:Lockheed A-12
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:required its
602:
601:skin friction
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:B-25 Mitchell
497:
493:
492:C-47 Skytrain
489:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
451:In 1937, the
449:
447:
443:
440:in 1934, and
439:
435:
434:Joseph Stalin
431:
427:
426:Junkers Ju 52
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
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298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:stressed skin
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
189:
184:
183:
177:
176:German Empire
173:
169:
166:. Well known
165:
162:needs during
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
136:
135:in aircraft.
134:
130:
126:
125:United States
119:construction.
118:
114:
109:
102:
100:
98:
95:, as well as
94:
90:
89:manufacturing
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:undercarriage
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
28:
22:
2452:Deicing boot
2380:Landing gear
2323:Townend ring
2313:Thrust lever
2288:NACA cowling
2253:Autothrottle
2245:fuel systems
2243:devices and
2034:Stall strips
2004:Krueger flap
1974:Channel wing
1920:Wing warping
1910:Stick shaker
1905:Stick pusher
1825:Dual control
1810:Centre stick
1677:Leading edge
1647:Flying wires
1607:Cabane strut
1592:
1543:Flightglobal
1542:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1502:
1494:"Flight 587"
1484:
1475:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1397:
1387:
1378:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1322:the original
1316:
1310:
1300:
1293:
1287:. Tab Books.
1284:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1215:
1169:. Retrieved
1160:
1141:
1135:
1070:
1043:
1022:jet airliner
1019:
1004:
851:Sciaky, Inc.
840:
817:
802:
783:
769:in 1987 and
756:
726:
659:
650:used brazed
640:nickel steel
637:
598:
560:
520:
488:World War II
485:
473:showing the
450:
446:Douglas DC-3
423:
419:Budd Company
415:spot welding
388:flush rivets
373:
339:, all-metal
329:Junkers F.13
326:
281:Hugo Junkers
278:
273:
223:
210:
199:
191:flying boats
157:
138:In 1912 the
137:
122:
81:aerodynamics
71:
46:
36:
2400:Tundra tire
2283:Intake ramp
2214:Transponder
1999:Gurney flap
1940:Aerodynamic
1855:Fly-by-wire
1737:Triple tail
1476:AirSafe.com
1338:|work=
1073:Airbus A300
1050:oscillation
953:Composites
843:3D printing
813:Airbus A350
786:Cirrus SR20
759:Airbus A310
674:boron fiber
629:Boeing 2707
571:jet engines
405:, the 1931
399:flying boat
392:butt joints
343:, the sole
305:Junkers D.I
301:Alfred Wilm
289:Junkers J 1
274:Wickelrumpf
211:Wickelrumpf
186:, and U.S.
164:World War I
127:during the
97:reliability
31:Van's RV-14
2517:Categories
2390:Oleo strut
2278:Inlet cone
2273:Gascolator
2239:Propulsion
2229:Yaw string
2224:Variometer
2080:instrument
2059:Wing fence
1994:Gouge flap
1969:Blown flap
1925:Yaw damper
1900:Stabilator
1885:Side-stick
1820:Dive brake
1707:Stabilizer
1682:Lift strut
1672:Jury strut
1171:2020-04-30
1127:References
1066:technology
884:Aluminium
805:Boeing 787
744:Bombardier
706:Boeing 747
696:Modern era
617:supersonic
547:Fokker F27
285:cantilever
195:monoplanes
99:and cost.
2365:Autobrake
2293:NACA duct
2268:Fuel tank
2258:Drop tank
2241:controls,
2124:Astrodome
2114:Altimeter
1979:Dog-tooth
1944:high-lift
1895:Spoileron
1880:Servo tab
1860:Gust lock
1815:Deceleron
1800:Autopilot
1757:Wing root
1742:Twin tail
1727:Tailplane
1662:Hardpoint
1632:Empennage
1595:structure
1518:April 23,
1455:April 23,
1423:(4): 21.
1417:Recycling
1340:ignored (
1330:cite book
930:Titanium
861:Material
836:light jet
818:The 2013
781:in 2005.
750:lead the
655:honeycomb
631:Mach 2.7
590:magnesium
579:aluminium
567:turboprop
563:airliners
531:balsawood
430:Luftwaffe
380:prototype
371:in 1926.
333:Duralumin
297:duralumin
238:bulkheads
234:longerons
206:monocoque
144:monocoque
113:Monocoque
59:empennage
2333:Wet wing
2308:Throttle
2054:Vortilon
1915:Trim tab
1845:Flaperon
1835:Elevator
1790:Airbrake
1762:Wing tip
1687:Longeron
1657:Fuselage
1593:Airframe
1581:Aircraft
1492:(2002).
1101:Longeron
1095:See also
1085:fuselage
720:and one
708:airframe
613:titanium
376:Hall XFH
361:Atlantic
331:made of
291:made of
256:through
168:aircraft
160:military
51:fuselage
47:airframe
43:aircraft
2343:Landing
2134:Compass
2082:systems
2074:Avionic
2064:Winglet
1947:devices
1890:Spoiler
1785:Aileron
1767:Wingbox
1692:Nacelle
1642:Fairing
1585:systems
1062:airline
879:A300B4
748:Embraer
557:Postwar
539:bonding
486:During
396:Hall PH
384:riveted
188:Curtiss
148:plywood
103:History
2078:flight
2039:Strake
1870:Rudder
1840:Elevon
1805:Canard
1747:V-tail
1722:T-tail
1652:Former
1612:Canopy
1360:Flying
1148:
1106:Former
1024:, the
1001:Safety
976:Other
907:Steel
738:while
732:Boeing
728:Airbus
586:copper
582:alloys
527:bonded
337:engine
41:of an
2263:FADEC
2149:EICAS
2024:Slats
1865:HOTAS
1717:Strut
849:from
625:SR-71
584:with
565:, on
535:molds
529:to a
293:steel
254:CL.II
246:metal
63:wings
2345:and
2209:TCAS
2189:ISIS
2144:EFIS
2089:ACAS
2076:and
2029:Slot
1989:Flap
1942:and
1930:Yoke
1702:Spar
1627:Dope
1520:2010
1457:2010
1342:help
1146:ISBN
1044:The
925:12%
902:77%
876:B787
873:B777
870:B757
867:B767
864:B747
803:The
784:The
779:A380
775:A340
771:A330
767:A320
746:and
730:and
722:spar
718:ribs
688:and
623:and
605:heat
594:zinc
592:and
549:and
545:and
516:jets
502:and
390:and
374:The
270:D.IV
258:CL.V
236:and
87:and
61:and
37:The
2184:INS
2164:GPS
2019:LEX
1697:Rib
1425:doi
994:3%
971:4%
968:50%
965:11%
948:4%
945:15%
922:10%
919:11%
916:12%
913:14%
910:13%
899:20%
896:70%
893:78%
890:80%
887:81%
740:ATR
551:F28
363:by
178:'s
2519::
1541:.
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1474:.
1448:.
1419:.
1415:.
1396:.
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1358:.
1334::
1332:}}
1328:{{
1238:.
1224:^
1214:.
1180:^
1068:.
991:5%
988:1%
985:1%
982:1%
979:1%
962:3%
959:3%
956:1%
942:7%
939:6%
936:2%
933:4%
788:,
742:,
692:.
684:,
660:A
635:.
588:,
553:.
498:,
494:,
421:.
347:.
83:,
69:.
57:,
53:,
1573:e
1566:t
1559:v
1545:.
1522:.
1478:.
1459:.
1433:.
1427::
1421:2
1400:.
1381:.
1344:)
1218:.
1174:.
1154:.
773:/
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
