Albinism - Knowledge (XXG)

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that in Atz' lobster the pigmentation of this organ can be controlled independently of that integument. It would seem that the retention of essential pigment by the dominant white has been naturally selected and that presumably its whole phenotype has been selected. Arctic white races and species no doubt have this type of allele. True recessive albinos lack tyrosinase (Onslow, 1917; Foster, 1952; Barnicott, 1957; Fitzpatrick et al., 1958) or have the enzyme but no free tyrosine (Verne, 1926, p. 535; Fox and Vevers, 1960, p. 37) but in the dominant white the enzyme is present in the skin, under inhibition.

2051: 1131:. Mutations causing changes in carotenoid-based colour pigments are rare; melanine mutations occur much more frequently. Two types of melanin, eumelanin and phaeomelanin, are present in birds. In the skin and eyes, only eumelanin is present. In some bird species, the colour is completely caused by eumelanin, however, both types of melanin are found in most species. In birds, albinism has been defined as "a total lack of both melanins in feathers, eyes and skin as a result of an inherited absence of tyrosinase", however, this ignores the effects of other pigments and structural colours. 2072: 479: 805: 1217: 66: 2031: 905:) along the coastline of the southern Western Ghats (Kerala and Kanyakumari coast, India). Albinism was observed in jungle cats from the Amaravila area of Trivandrum district in the Kerala State. Albinism in jackals was observed from the Polooni area in Malappuram district and Chaliyam area of Calicut district (Kerala). As albinism is observed in those areas where the density of these mammals is comparatively low, it is concluded that continuous inbreeding could be the reason for expression of albinism. 751: 1230: 960: 495:

whilst taking most taxa into account, ignore others. So, "a person or animal with very pale skin, white hair or fur, and pink eyes caused by a medical condition that they were born with" and "a person or animal with white skin and hair and pink eyes" do not include feathers, scales or cuticles of birds, fish and invertebrates, nor do they include plants. Some definitions are too broad to be of much use, e.g. "an animal or plant with a marked deficiency in pigmentation".

1687: 582:. Mammals have a gene that codes for the presence of tyrosinase in cells – called the TYR gene. If this gene is altered or damaged, melanin cannot be reliably produced and the mammal becomes an albino. Besides the TYR gene, several other genes can cause albinism. This is because other hormones and proteins are involved in melanin production, the presence of which is genetically determined. In mice, a total of 100 genes are known to affect albinism. 763: 2350: 2233: 1319:) differ in their characteristics. Normal individuals of this species are superior to albinos in body weight and total length. Albinos crossed with other albinos require 11 days longer to spawn and produce smaller egg masses. These masses contain eggs of lighter weight with poorer hatchability than crosses of normal fish. The albino fish have lower survival rates than normal fish but dress-out percentages are nearly equal. 41: 555: 89: 824:) is unusual for mammals as it is rich in cones. Central cell densities are less than 5% lower in albino squirrels than in pigmented individuals. This relatively minor disruption to vision is thought to assist in the survivability of albino squirrels in the wild. This is supported by observations that the behaviour of albinos in the wild, e.g. leaping from branch to branch, is similar to pigmented squirrels. 694:

however, it has been stated that in studies where animals had many places to hide, predators captured albino and normally coloured animals at the same rate. Furthermore, in certain species, albino animals may be excluded from families or other groups, or rejected as mates. On the other hand, there is also evidence for positive selection for albinism in some animals, as well as cultural selection favoring

648: 193: 1205: 1792: 1713:". The alligator is partially blind because of lack of pigment in its eyes. The albino alligator hatched from the egg in 1995 in Florida, and was brought to the academy in 2008. This alligator would not have survived in the wild because its whiteness would have made it too easy a prey object. The only known albino alligators are in captivity. While extremely rare, white-coloured 2245: 2176: 1255:. The gross eye morphology, feeding and swimming behaviours between wild-type and albino zebrafish were indistinguishable, except under dim or bright light or low contrast. In mammals, albinism is occasionally associated with hearing impairments. However, when tested, there was no differences in responses between wild-type and albinistic European wels catfish ( 413:. The structures themselves are colourless. Light typically passes through multiple layers and is reflected more than once. The multiple reflections compound one another and intensify the colours. Structural colour differs according to the observer's position whereas pigments appear the same regardless of the angle-of-view. Animals that show iridescence include 660:). In nearly all mammals, the overwhelming majority of photoreceptors are rods rather than cones, which detect color. Albinism specifically affects the rod cells, but the number and distribution of the cones is unaffected. In contrast, the retinas of birds are cone rich, meaning that the vision of albino birds is affected less than albino mammals. 148:. Albinism is a well-recognized phenomenon in molluscs, both in the shell and in the soft parts. It has been claimed by some that albinism can occur for a number of reasons aside from inheritance, including genetic mutations, diet, living conditions, age, disease, or injury. However, this is contrary to definitions where the condition is inherited. 1095: 3179:

gene of the palomino horse is dominant and there is a dominant white in many mammals so that dominance/recessivity is not necessarily positively correlated with excess/deficiency. the dominant white is not so deficient in pigment as the true albino and in particular as the normal eye-pigmentation, so

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that is caught in the wild or cultivated for food. Normal Japanese sea cucumbers start to develop pigmentation when they are about 1 cm long. The upperside becomes a dull, yellowish -brown to maroon and the underside a light brown. The body walls of adult, albino Japanese sea cucumbers contain

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in some environments, and are therefore less able to conceal themselves from their predators or prey. However, in other environments albino animals are less likely to be killed, and selection may favor them. The lower survival rate of animals with albinism in certain environments has been documented,

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Other definitions of albinism encompass most of the major animal taxa, but ignore the several other pigments that non-mammalian animals have and also structural colouration. For example, "Absence of the pigment melanin in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, or feathers." refers only to the pigment melanin.

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Definitions of albinism vary and are inconsistent. While they are clear and precise for humans and other mammals, this is because the majority of mammals have only one pigment, melanin. Many animals have pigments other than melanin, and some also have structural colours. Some definitions of albinism,

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The incidence of albinism in frogs, salamanders, and newts is relatively higher than other taxa. It has been estimated that one in four hundred of these animals is albino. When albino tadpoles hatch, they are almost transparent. This may help camouflage them initially, however, after two weeks, when

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are the most likely type of turtle to express albinism. The shells have an almost yellow colouration and they have pink eyes. For turtles, a pure white colour is nearly impossible, even with albinism. Albino turtles can have a longer lifespan than many other albino animals; their hard shells help to

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fish in the laboratory, i.e. with no predators, sufficient food supply, controlled temperatures, etc., found that albinos had considerably reduced viability; from 800 albino embryos, only 29 survived to full adulthood. Early studies on fish led some researchers to describe albinism as a "semi-lethal

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One definition states that "albinism, (from the Latin albus, meaning "white"), hereditary condition characterized by the absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, or feathers", however, this does not encompass invertebrates, nor does it include plants. Furthermore, it could be interpreted

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In the Hopi culture, albinos were considered special and given special status. Because extensive exposure to sunlight could be damaging or deadly, Hopi male albinos did no agricultural work. Albinism was considered a positive trait rather than a negative physical condition, allowing albinos to have

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Some dominant chromogenic mutations are known and in fact there are more than predicted by the Haldane-Fisher theory of evolution of wild type dominance (Searle, 1968, p. 250)"..."Of 32 dominant mutations known in the mouse as many as nine are chromogenic (Hadorn, 1961, p. 132). This is a very high

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Albinism occurs throughout the animal kingdom. The condition is most commonly seen in birds, reptiles and amphibians, but more rarely seen in mammals and other taxa. It is often difficult to explain occasional occurrences, especially when only one documented incidence has occurred, such as only one

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The most important pigments that determine plumage colouration in birds are melanines and carotenoids. The latter are ingested in food and transformed into colour pigments by enzymes. Aberrations in this pigmentation are mostly caused by food deficiencies and usually do not have a genetic basis.

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Melanin functions in the normal development of various parts of the eye, including the iris, retina, eye muscles, and optic nerve. The absence of melanin results in abnormal development of eyes and leads to problems with focusing, and depth perception. The eyes of albino animals appear red because

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In snakes, partial absence of pigment is more common than absolute albinism. For snakes that are usually patterned in colours, they appear as a faint blue, peach or yellowish. In these cases, there has been a genetic mutation in the melanin and pigment delivery. The appearance comes from the

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Indeed, two Mendelian pigment phenotypes (albinism and brown) are both widespread, highly penetrant, and mediated through loss-of-function mutations in the genes Oca2 and Mc1r, respectively . Recent studies have provided evidence of selection for albinism as a means of increasing catecholamine

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A clear definition appears to be – "Congenital absence of any pigmentation or colouration in a person, animal, or plant, resulting in white hair and pink eyes in mammals." Whilst this does not state specifically that non-mammalian albino animals (or plants) are white, this can be inferred from

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Varied use and interpretation of the terms mean that written reports of albinistic animals can be difficult to verify. Albinism can reduce the survivability of an animal; for example, it has been suggested that albino alligators have an average survival span of only 24 hours due to the lack of

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The term "partial albino" is sometimes used in the literature. However, it has been stated that "A common misnomer is 'partial albino' – this is not possible since albinism affects the whole plumage of a bird, not just part" and the definition of albinism precludes the possibility of "partial

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As with reptiles, many amphibians labeled as albino are, in fact, not completely lacking in all colour pigments. They are actually amelanistic, not albino. Amphibians have six types of chromatophore in their skin, i.e. melanophores, xanthophores, erythrophores, leucophores, cyanophores and

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Many individual albino mammals are in captivity and were caught while young. However, it is worth noting that the survival prospects of these creatures into adulthood outside of captivity are uncertain. It is doubtful whether these individuals would have survived to become adults without the

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has been recognized to be a hereditary phenomenon at least since 1900. Albinism in molluscs can exist to a variable degree. Sometimes an individual snail has a normally pigmented body, but the shell is completely without the normal pigmentation because of a defect in the cells of the

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The costs of albinism for marine mammals may include reduced heat absorption in colder waters, poor camouflage from predators, increased sensitivity to sunlight, and impaired visual communication. Despite the costs, some individuals do reach adult age and breeding status.

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There is no apparent reason why selection for albinism should have been greater at Morton Plains thanelse where in north-western Victoria. It is likely that its high occurrence there is a founder effect from the domestic-type feral population established during the

2071: 2030: 1779:, however, breeders state that albinos are generally recognized by their lack of black pigment and having red eyes is not a requirement to be considered an albino. These three strains are called "tremper albinos", "rainwater albinos" and "bell albinos". 589:

horses, genes coding for coat whiteness are dominant, and this is also true for several arctic mammals who possess dominant white colors which are pseudo-albinistic. However, these mammals differ from truly recessive albinos in that they still produce

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Protas, Meredith E; Hersey, Candace; Kochanek, Dawn; Zhou, Yi; Wilkens, Horst; Jeffery, William R; Zon, Leonard I; Borowsky, Richard; Tabin, Clifford J (2006). "Genetic analysis of cavefish reveals molecular convergence in the evolution of albinism".

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from the sun while allowing beneficial frequencies to enter the body. This means some animals may die from UV radiation due to a lack of protection. Albino humans must use an excessive amount of sunscreen, even if the sun is hidden behind the clouds.

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is the direct opposite of albinism. An unusually high level of melanin pigmentation (and sometimes absence of other types of pigment in species that have more than one) results in an appearance darker than non-melanistic specimens from the same

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Because of the various uses of different terms applied to colouration, some authors have indicated that the colour of the eyes is the defining characteristic of albinism, e.g. "This leads to a good diagnostic feature with which to distinguish

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However, it has been argued that the definition of albinism precludes the possibility of "partial albinism" in which a mostly white bird shows some form of melanin pigmentation. "It is simply impossible, just like being 'partially pregnant'.

916:) found that albinism in this species conferred an advantage for the males compared to the wild-type; albino males had higher mount frequencies than wild-type males. In addition, the albinos had greater differential fertilizing capacity. 609:

Some species, such as white peacocks, swans and geese, are not believed to be true albinos, as they do not have red eyes, rather, their colouration is suggested to be the expression of a white fur or feather gene, not a lack of melanin.

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with some colour tinges remaining on their bodies although looking at first like other albino creatures, thus creating the misconception that the reptiles are albino themselves when they are not. Four such alligators are kept at the

1273:) do not differ in hearing sensitivity from the normally pigmented and eyed surface-dwelling populations. Fish lack melanin in the inner ear, meaning that hearing in fishes is less likely to be affected by albinism than in mammals. 2145:

is the main carotenoid in marine crustaceans (and fish). It has been shown that adding astaxanthin to the feed can improve the skin and muscle colour of marine organisms and thereby increase their commercial and ornamental value.

179:, which can reduce survivability. Some plant variations may have white flowers or other parts. However, these plants are not totally devoid of chlorophyll. Terms associated with this phenomenon are "hypochromia" and "albiflora". 2260:, which can reduce survivability. Some plant variations may have white flowers or other parts. However, these plants are not totally devoid of chlorophyll. Terms associated with this phenomenon are "hypochromia" and "albiflora". 974:

Albino dolphins were first sighted in the Gulf of Mexico in 1962. Since 1994, three further individuals have been seen. These tend to be pink in colour due to blood vessels showing through the blubber and unpigmented skin.

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In all albino mammals studied, the centre of the retina is under-developed and there is a deficit of rod cells, which detect light levels; the central ganglion cell density is approximately 25% below normal (except for the

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strains, laboratory rabbits and ferrets. Some researchers have argued that albino animals are not always the best choice for scientific studies due to the consequences of albinism (e.g. hearing and visual impairments).

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The novelty of albino animals has occasionally led to their protection by groups such as the Albino Squirrel Preservation Society. They have also been protected in studies on their ecology, sociology and behaviour.

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inability for full colours to be present, such as black, red, brown and others. The eyes of an albino snake are typically red or pink. Albino snakes can remain in the sunlight for several hours with minimal harm.

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can be seen through the iris, which has no pigment to obscure this. Some albino animals may have pale-blue eyes due to other colour generating processes. Albino vertebrates exposed to intense light typically lose

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protection from UV radiation and their lack of camouflage to avoid predators. It is a common misconception that all albino animals have characteristic pink or red eyes (resulting from the lack of pigment in the

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Hoste, B.; Simpson, S. J.; Tanaka, S.; De Loof, A.; Breuer, M. (2002). "A comparison of phase-related shifts in behavior and morphometrics of an albino strain, deficient in -corazonin, and a normally colored

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Gunnarsson, Ulrika; Hellström, Anders R.; Tixier-Boichard, Michele; Minvielle, Francis; Bed'hom, Bertrand; Ito, Shin'ichi; Jensen, Per; Rattink, Annemieke; Vereijken, Addie; Andersson, Leif (February 2007).

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albinism" in which a mostly white bird shows some form of melanin pigmentation. "It is simply impossible, just like being 'partially pregnant' ". Conditions that are commonly termed "partial albino" include

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and albino individuals – the colour of the eye." However, there are multiple forms of albinism – currently seven types recognised for humans – most of which do not result in red or pink pupils.

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have three types of chromatophores—iridophores, melanophores, and xanthophores—which produce silver, black, and yellow pigmentation respectively. Zebrafish that lack iridophores are known as

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Total albinism – a simultaneous complete absence of melanin from the eyes, skin, and feathers. This is the rarest form. Only 7% of 1,847 cases of avian albinism examined was this type.

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There are several reports of total albinism in both freshwater and marine fish, however, frequently captured albino fish are only reported in aquarium magazines and local newspapers.

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The lack of clarity about the term is furthered when the name of an animal includes the term "albino" although the animals (clearly) do not have the condition. For example, the

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Consider albino animals of the arctic. Hungry predators may have unwittingly selected for the albino color variant by eating more of the easily visible dark-colored variants.

252:. What is perceived as a plant or animal's "colour" is the wavelengths of light that are not absorbed by the pigment, but instead are reflected. Biological pigments include 4938: 3890: 3044: 3407:"Reduced retinal deficits in an albino mammal with a cone rich retina: A study of the ganglion cell layer at the area centralis of pigmented and albino grey squirrels" 162:, resulting in reduced pigmentation. Type I oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1a) is the form most commonly recognised as 'albino' as this results in a complete absence of 2208:

differs from albinism in that the melanin is, at least, partially absent but the eyes retain their usual colour. Some leucistic animals are white or pale because of

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Allison, W. T.; Hallows, T. E.; Johnson, T.; Hawryshyn, C.W.; Allen, D. M. (2006). "Photic history modifies susceptibility to retinal damage in albino trout".

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is thinner in the albinos and contains fewer melanocytes. Albino individuals are similar to normal individuals in growth rate, digestion rate and fertility.

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in the skin, hair/fur/feathers, and pink pupils, however this has led many to assume that all albinos are pure white with pink pupils, which is not the case.

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allowing the blood vessels of the retina to be visible); this is not the case for some forms of albinism. Familiar albino animals include in-bred strains of

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in an animal or plant resulting in white hair, feathers, scales and skin and reddish pink or blue eyes. Individuals with the condition are referred to as

5204: 3102: 4738: 1109: 5278: 2007:(an amphibian) are also used widely in the laboratory as their transparent skin allows observation of the underlying tissues during limb regeneration. 2501: 562:

Melanin is an organic pigment that produces most of the colour seen in mammals. Depending on how it is created, melanin comes in two colour ranges,

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percentage of the 40 coal-colour genes known among the mouse and implies that dominant mutations are rather characteristic of colour genes. The

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As with other animals, it has been stated that for fish to be properly described as "albino", they must have a white body and pink or red eyes.

2161:) occasionally appear in laboratory colonies, however, these still contain green and yellow pigments. This albinism does not affect mortality. 978:

A report published in 2008 stated that in marine mammals, "anomalously white" individuals have been reported for 21 cetacean species and seven

249: 4054: 1741:. In Australia, a crocodile believed to be "part-albino" and nicknamed by people in the area as "Michael Jackson", attacked and killed a man. 417:

seashells, fish, and peacocks. These are just a few examples of animals with this quality, but it is most pronounced in the butterfly family.

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There are several reports of albino lampreys and it has been estimated that this occurs at a frequency of one in 100,000 normal individuals.

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only 0.24% melanin compared to 3.12% in normal adults. The difference in melanin content becomes visually apparent at 60 days of age. The

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that have been identified in humans (and confirmed in some other animals) and the use of the term "partial albino" is therefore misleading.

1932:) has been attributed to one of three mutations that created a dysfunctional tyrosinase. Two of those mutations involve an insertion of a 5112: 4592: 5463: 4671: 818:

It has been claimed that "Squirrels are the only known albino mammal to survive successfully in the wild". The retina of the squirrel (

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for colouration. The term chromatophore can also refer to coloured, membrane-associated vesicles found in some forms of photosynthetic

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is a species that has evolved specialized characteristics in a series of independent caves. One of these is albinism linked to the

232: 2993: 4575: 1303:. Albinism has been reported in hagfish, lampreys, sharks, rays and numerous teleost fishes, e.g. catfishes, grunts or cyprinids. 1138:

and pink or red eyes. Albinism is only seen in about 1 of every 1,800 birds. The two most common species of albino birds are the

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Pigmentation disorders such as albinism are occasionally associated with hearing impairments in mice, rats, guinea pigs and cats.

4935: 3909: 2180: 4095: 3331: 3487:. The Louise Lindsey Merrick Texas Environment Series, No. 6, pp. 28–31. Texas A&M University Press, College Station (1983) 5076: 3860: 2154:"Depigmented" arthropods have been found, usually in cave populations. "Albino" individuals of normally red citrus red mites ( 5440: 2273:

are rare examples of an albino tree with white needles; despite its lack of chlorophyll it may grow to substantial size as a

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Bondari, K. (1984). "Comparative performance of albino and normally pigmented channel catfish in tanks, cages, and ponds".

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An exhibit showing albino and normal specimens of nine local species of marine molluscs, both gastropods and bivalves (The

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RSA was also used to identify markers associated with the dominant albino phenotype in a Japanese strain of rainbow trout.

3001: 2369: 1906: 1702: 1031:, Louisiana; Carolina Snowball, a popular albino bottlenose dolphin displayed at the Miami Seaquarium in the early 1960s; 424:(reflective/iridescent): sometimes called "guanophores", reflect light using plates of crystalline chemochromes made from 2240:

seedling. The two seedlings are of the same age, but the albino stopped developing once the seed's reserve was exhausted.

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during embryonic development. Mature chromatophores are grouped into subclasses based on their colour under white light:

1924:, some of which have mutations that show no tyrosinase or DOPA oxidase activity in albinos. The albino phenotype of the 4619: 1753:

or diamondback snakes, are the most commonly affected by albinism often appearing to be a pinkish or yellowish colour.

154:(OCA) is a clearly defined set of seven types of genetic mutations which reduce or completely prevent the synthesis of 5489: 2116:

is a mutation causing a congenital lack of normal pigment; it is a similar phenomenon to albinism in other organisms.

1346:, several species of naturally occurring albino rays and sharks have been recorded. Furthermore, an albino individual 478: 5416: 3074: 1475: 1032: 848: 827:

A 2012 survey of the literature reported that in India, there were several records of albino mammals including the

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Zhao, H.; Chen, M.; Yang, H. (2015). "Albinism". In Yang, Hongsheng; Hamel, Jean-Francois; Mercier, Annie (eds.).

203: 5344: 5253: 2316: 1925: 1525: 1375: 677: 606:. In mammals, albinism occurs once in every 10,000 births, but in birds, the rate is once in every 1,764 births. 210: 2101:. The Okinawa strain of this species is deficient in -corazonin and is albino. One of the typical features of 1694:

Many reptiles labeled as albino are, in fact, not completely lacking in all colour pigments. They are actually

3455: 2686:"The Mouse p (pink-eyed dilution) and Human P Genes, Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 2 (OCA2), and Melanosomal pH" 2320: 804: 3999:

Fertl, D.; Rosel, P. E. (2008). "Albinism". In Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.).

3532:"A pleiotropic interaction between vision loss and hypermelanism in Astyanax mexicanus cave x surface hybrids" 2778: 1772:), approximately 12 cm (4.7 in) long and roughly 1 year old, had been found in Victoria, Australia. 4386: 5286: 5139: 5134: 4667: 1826: 1610: 1445: 1216: 1055: 832: 812: 528: 151: 112: 95: 20: 4424: 3306: 585:

Most forms of albinism follow a recessive pattern of inheritance. However, this is not always the case. In

2575: 2126: 1957: 844: 2517: 144:(rats, mice and rabbits), but populations of naturally occurring albino animals exist in the wild, e.g., 5170: 3276: 2738:"Albinism in plants: A major bottleneck in wide hybridization, androgenesis and doubled haploid culture" 2079: 2061: 1898: 1806:

their hindlegs begin to emerge, they become milky white. A survey in 2001 found hundreds of tiny albino

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prevent predation and other environmental challenges. Vision and sensory organs are slightly affected.

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In some animals, albinism-like conditions may affect other pigments or pigment-production mechanisms:

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was reported and photographed. In 2007, it was reported that an albino stumpy-tail lizard (possibly a

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pigments and incomplete differentiation of chloroplast membranes. Albinism in plants interferes with

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pigments and incomplete differentiation of chloroplast membranes. Albinism in plants interferes with

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Whales and dolphins also may appear white if extensively scarred, or covered with a fungus, such as

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petitioned for an election to name their albino squirrel as the university's secondary mascot. The

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is that they are gregarious locusts. However, the albino strain shows more solitarious behaviour.

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Taylor, J. D. (1969). "The effects of intermedin on the ultrastructure of amphibian iridophores".

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Melanin has several functions in most mammals and other animals; these are disrupted by albinism.

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Incomplete albinism – when melanin is not simultaneously absent from the eyes, skin and feathers.

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In one study, albinism in birds has been categorised according to the extent of pigment absence.

1024: 788: 695: 637: 594:, and have normal eye pigmentation. In Japan, research has identified a dominant albinism in the 145: 141: 51: 47: 27: 2024:. Shells of certain mollusc species can be translucent when they lack the normal pigmentation. 3699: 2892: 5484: 5411: 5198: 5109: 4971: 4917: 4879: 4843: 4802: 4794: 4537: 4489: 4340: 4154: 4004: 3834: 3797: 3769: 3703: 3608: 3571: 3553: 3461: 3428: 3374: 3246: 3213: 3163: 3157: 3133: 3127: 2874: 2839: 2805: 2715: 2707: 2666: 2648: 2445: 2173:"Whiteface", a condition that affects some parrot species, is caused by a lack of psittacins. 1981: 1686: 1630: 1495: 1395: 1385: 1296: 840: 698:

in some human societies, which results in the increase of genes associated with albinism. The

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gene, a known pigmentation gene. This trait has evolved independently in at least two caves.

5360: 5235: 5035: 4909: 4833: 4784: 4776: 4527: 4382: 4332: 4304: 4234: 4197: 4144: 3974: 3826: 3759: 3751: 3665: 3561: 3543: 3510: 3418: 3366: 3205: 3069: 2910: 2866: 2829: 2821: 2749: 2697: 2656: 2640: 2437: 2041: 2021: 1757: 1675: 1263: 940: 512: 275: 2065:,. Note that in the albino both the body and the shell are lacking the normal pigmentation. 762: 5116: 4942: 3669: 2968: 2349: 2281: 1818: 1570: 1347: 1312: 1059: 1020: 414: 257: 5226:

Kerr, E. A. (1963). "Inheritance of crinkle, variegation, and albinism in sweet cherry".

5055: 4765:"Genetic and metabolic bases of two "albino" phenotypes in the leopard frog,Rana pipiens" 3030:"Not every white bird is an albino: Sense and nonsense about colour aberrations in birds" 2569: 2441: 2232: 1546:

A study published in 2006 reported albinistic individuals of the following ray species:

1284:

The incidence of albinism can be artificially increased in fish by exposing the eggs to

248:

are substances produced by living organisms that have a colour resulting from selective

4967: 3764: 3739: 3692: 3566: 3531: 2940: 2834: 2809: 2661: 2628: 2405: 2400: 2355: 2270: 2257: 2248:

The foliage of an Albino redwood. Note the distinctive white coloration of the needles.

1580: 1355: 1343: 1300: 1257: 1143: 1051: 1028: 1016: 879: 871: 776: 699: 554: 447: 351: 253: 176: 137: 4913: 4694: 4645: 4149: 4132: 3423: 3406: 2702: 2685: 1788:

iridophores. An amelanistic amphibian therefore, may still have various pigmentation.

278:. Animals may have both biological pigments and structural colours, for example, some 40: 5478: 5123:

online archive; sourced December 2006, actual authoring/publication date unspecified.

4308: 4256:"Albino zebra shark from the Indian ocean with comments on albinism in elasmobranchs" 4032: 3936:"Albinism in jungle cat and jackal along the coastline of the southern Western Ghats" 3830: 3755: 3583: 3515: 3498: 3194:"Genetic mapping of the dominant albino locus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)" 2963: 2870: 2459: 2374: 2209: 1989: 1776: 1640: 1485: 1435: 1365: 1036: 999: 863: 595: 311: 4549: 4394: 4352: 4239: 4218: 4202: 4181: 4166: 4106: 3959:"Effects of albinism on copulatory behavior and sperm competition in prairie voles ( 3846: 3817:

Creel, D. (June 1980). "Inappropriate use of albino animals as models in research".

3440: 3386: 2761: 1944:

of the TYR protein that is defective. The other mutation involves the deletion of a

527:. These conditions result from fundamentally different causes to the seven types of 88: 26:

This article is about the biological term. For the medical condition in humans, see

5445: 5421: 5088: 4822:"Spontaneous tyrosinase mutations identified in albinos of three wild frog species" 3225: 2737: 2285: 2202:

of melanin, resulting in reduction or absence of red and yellow pteridine pigments.

1945: 1941: 1842: 1726: 1560: 1455: 1285: 964: 909: 669: 628: 535:

that "...absence of pigment..." does not include an absence of structural colours.

371: 355: 2629:"Mutations in SLC45A2 Cause Plumage Color Variation in Chicken and Japanese Quail" 775:

Intentionally bred albinistic strains of some animal species are commonly used as

3635:

Founder Effects in Some Victorian Wild Rabbit Oryctolaguscuniculus L. Populations

3602: 2825: 574:, they make multi-coloured individual hairs. The production of melanin occurs in 5309:"Albino And Leucistic White Animals Are Extremely Rare And Incredibly Beautiful" 4449:

Sandoval-Castillo, J.; Mariano-Melendez, E.; Villavicencio-Garayzar, C. (2006).

4082:"Albino Animals from Snowflake the white gorilla to White Diamond the alligator" 3589:

levels, which promote adaptive feeding and sleep behaviors in Astyanax cavefish.

2644: 2253: 2192: 2142: 2084: 1866: 1858: 1765: 1750: 1590: 1535: 1515: 1505: 1151: 1069: 1043: 890: 647: 575: 567: 539: 463: 451: 410: 380: 362: 279: 192: 172: 159: 5165: 4562: 1791: 350:. Chromatophores are largely responsible for generating skin and eye colour in 5450: 5383: 5377: 4532: 4511: 4366:

Reum, J. C. P.; Paulsen, C. E.; Pietsch, T. W.; Parker-Stetter, S. L. (2008).

3548: 3370: 2810:"Mechanisms and behavioural functions of structural coloration in cephalopods" 2753: 2395: 2379: 2345: 2331: 2292: 2264: 2195: 2156: 2131: 2113: 2057: 1949: 1890: 1814: 1746: 1734: 1718: 1714: 1650: 1425: 1204: 1101: 1073: 983: 784: 690: 673: 591: 579: 516: 459: 430: 421: 389: 366: 343: 331: 327: 4991:

Locket, N. A. (1986). "Albinism and eye structure in an Australian scorpion,

4798: 3557: 2711: 2652: 5397: 5040: 5023: 3193: 2476: 2384: 2300: 2244: 2220: 2188: 2136: 1894: 1886: 1799: 1795: 1731: 1695: 1465: 1323: 1240: 1170:

Imperfect albinism – when melanin is reduced in the eyes, skin and feathers.

1064: 924: 920: 852: 641: 563: 504: 455: 375: 315: 155: 5056:"The Parblue Puzzle: Part 4 – Common Parblue Varieties: The Cockatiel [ 4921: 4847: 4780: 4763:

Smith-Gill, Sandra J.; Richards, Christina M.; Nace, George W. (May 1972).

4344: 4158: 3773: 3575: 3378: 3217: 2935: 2843: 2719: 2670: 1173:

Partial albinism – when albinism is localized to certain areas of the body.

5119:

by Dr. Julie Feinstein of the American Museum of Natural History (NY), in

4820:

Miura, Ikuo; Tagami, Masataka; Fujitani, Takeshi; Ogata, Mitsuaki (2017).

4806: 4541: 3838: 3432: 3209: 3144:

The inheritance pattern for most forms of albinism is autosomal recessive.

2878: 2175: 1361:

Albinistic individuals of the following shark species have been reported:

542:

has this name because it is ash-grey whereas other gaur are almost black.

105: 4838: 4789: 4028: 2296: 2274: 2215: 1993: 1134:

An albino bird has a white beak, white plumage, non-coloured skin, white

1124: 979: 932: 586: 524: 467: 347: 299: 4620:"Albino crocodile that killed a fisherman shot dead near Darwin – video" 4131:

Ren, J. Q.; McCarthy, W. R.; Zhang, H.; Adolphc, A. R.; Lia, L. (2002).

3935: 5426: 5008: 3979: 3958: 2782: 2411: 2335: 2237: 2205: 2087:. Without its normal pigment, the shell of this species is translucent. 2016: 2004: 1997: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1933: 1917: 1738: 1722: 1550: 1292: 1154: 1039: 1012: 991: 944: 928: 898: 859: 483: 425: 384: 323: 217: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 163: 125: 4133:"Behavioral visual responses of wild-type and hypopigmented zebrafish" 811:, a blue-eyed western lowland gorilla caught in the wild with Type IV 702:

may explain why some animal populations become selected for albinism.

1953: 1914: 948: 836: 780: 715: 632: 434: 392:(blue): limited taxonomic range but found in some fish and amphibians 335: 5239: 4881:

Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles

4864:

Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles

3497:

Dobosz, ByS; Kohlmann, K.; Goryczko, K.; Kuzminski, H. (July 2008).

2252:

In plants, albinism is characterised by partial or complete loss of

310:, scales and cuticles, contain pigments in specialized cells called 171:

In plants, albinism is characterised by partial or complete loss of

5329: 5193:"A Creepy Monster of the Forest: The Albino, Vampiric Redwood Tree" 4336: 4223:(Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from an Atlantic Forest coastal basin" 1094: 5435: 5391: 4450: 2323:

in Kentucky also has a documented population of albino squirrels.

2243: 2231: 2174: 1790: 1228: 1128: 1047: 958: 936: 828: 803: 646: 603: 553: 477: 2736:

Kumari, M.; Clarke, H. J.; Small, I.; Siddique, K. H. M. (2009).

1709:, as of 2015, has on display an albino American alligator named " 4512:"A seminoma and a leiomyosarcoma in an albino African lungfish ( 4061: 2097:

The neurohormone -corazonin induces darkening of the cuticle of

1331: 1135: 339: 319: 307: 291: 274:

Animals can appear coloured due to two mechanisms, pigments and

5333: 4451:"New records of albinism in two elasmobranchs: The tiger shark 2432:

Oetting, William S; Adams, David (2018). "Albinism: Genetics".

3620:

more children and thus increasing the frequency of the allele.

2263:

Plants that are pale simply from being in the dark are termed

779:

in biomedical research and also as pets. Examples include the

303: 295: 186: 3656:

Menzel, R. W. (1958). "Further notes on the albino catfish".

3280: 1721:

do exist in other places. However, most of these animals are

1251:, and those which lack both melanophores and iridophores are 982:

species but there were no known reports of anomalously white

437:(often guanine) to produce a reflective, shiny, white colour. 314:. These cells are found in a wide range of animals including 4182:"First record of partial albinism in two catfish species of 2311:

The Albino Squirrel Preservation Society was founded at the

2303:

in plants, even several seasons or years after applicating.

433:(reflective white): found in some fish, utilize crystalline 383:(black/brown): contain black and brown pigments such as the 2191:

is a condition common in reptiles and amphibians, in which

5064:

The Genetics of Colour in the Budgerigar and Other Parrots

2408:, unusually yellow pigmentation and lack of yellow pigment 1288:(e.g. arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, selenium, zinc). 743:

Examples of pet mammals artificially selected for albinism

5135:"It's no snow job – handful of redwoods are rare albinos" 4186:(Siluriformes: Ariidae) in an estuary of Southern Brazil" 3242:

Genome Mapping and Genomics in Fishes and Aquatic Animals

2596: 2594: 2592: 4387:

10.1898/1051-1733(2008)89[60:FROAAC]2.0.CO;2

3457:

Myths Of Gender: Biological Theories About Women And Men

374:(red): contain reddish pigments such as carotenoids and 2547:

National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation

4217:

de Brito, Marcelo F. G.; Caramaschi, Érica P. (2005).

3499:"Growth and vitality in yellow forms of rainbow trout" 4003:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 22–24. 3245:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 29. 454:

along with several red and yellow pigments including

3641:. Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria. p. 100. 2326:

Albino animals are often kept as pets, for example,

1913:

tyrosinase gene which still has some tyrosinase and

862:

have been reported in several occasions including a

664:

Reduced protection from sunlight in albino creatures

5085:

LivingUnderworld.com:A Web Project About Amphibians

1197:

Examples of fish artificially selected for albinism

651:

A true albino squirrel. Note the reddish-pink eyes.

4591: 3691: 3132:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 641. 2315:at Austin in 2001. Members of the society at the 2056:Normal (left) and albinistic (right) forms of the 1299:(flatfish), however, it is rarely reported in the 1291:In the wild, albinism is reasonably common in the 558:A hedgehog with albinism due to a genetic mutation 365:(yellow): contain yellow pigments in the forms of 3785: 3783: 2988: 2986: 2471: 2469: 3891:"A case of total albinism in the Bonnet Macaque 3889:Mahabal, Anil; Rane, P. D.; Pati, S. K. (2012). 3300: 3298: 2212:(pigment cell) defects, and do not lack melanin. 4576:"Albino alligator Claude to mark 15th Birthday" 3934:Sanil, R.; Shameer, T. T.; Easa, P. S. (2014). 3126:Schalock, Peter C.; Hsu, Jeffrey T. S. (2012). 2606:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) 2280:Albinism has frequently occurred in progeny of 1115:Blue winged kookaburra with normal pigmentation 796:protection and care they receive in captivity. 5028:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 4368:"First record of an albino Chimaeriforme fish" 3239:Kocher, Thomas D.; Kole, Chittaranjan (2008). 2537: 2535: 446:The primary function of pigments in plants is 5345: 5024:"A recessive albinism in the citrus red mite" 4718:Modesti, A.; Aguzzi, S.; Manenti, R. (2011). 4713: 4711: 1678:has been reported on at least two occasions. 523:, or other depigmentation conditions such as 19:"Albino" redirects here. For other uses, see 8: 5279:"10 Most Incredible Albino Animals on Earth" 4695:"Guide to Leopard Gecko Morphs and Genetics" 4190:Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 2773: 2771: 342:, in contrast, have a class of cells called 4953: 4951: 4884:. Vol. 1. Taylor Brothers. p. 90. 4867:. Vol. 1. Taylor Brothers. p. 92. 4593:"White alligator is one of rarest in world" 4444: 4442: 4055:"Albino dolphin in northern Gulf of Mexico" 3460:(Rev. ed.). Basic Books. p. 172. 3400: 3398: 3396: 1756:Albino tortoises and turtles are uncommon; 1326:have populations that are albinistic. The 71:American alligator with normal pigmentation 5352: 5338: 5330: 5159: 5157: 4025:"Rare Pink Dolphin Seen in Louisiana Lake" 3733: 3731: 3729: 3096: 3094: 3092: 2543:"Information Bulletin – What is Albinism?" 1996:(Arg), respectively. These changes in the 1775:There are three known "albino" strains of 689:Animals with albinism may lack protective 578:in a complex process involving the enzyme 5166:"Albino redwoods hold scientific mystery" 5039: 4837: 4788: 4531: 4238: 4201: 4148: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3978: 3763: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3565: 3547: 3514: 3422: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 2833: 2808:; Marshall, N. J.; Hanlon, R. T. (2009). 2701: 2660: 2083:showing the red oxygen-transport pigment 233:Learn how and when to remove this message 4510:Hubbard, G. B.; Fletcher, K. C. (1985). 3796:. Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing Group. 3023: 3021: 3019: 2731: 2729: 1685: 1267:). Similarly, Mexican blind cave fish ( 401:Animals can also appear coloured due to 3884: 3882: 3867:. Texas Parks & Wildlife Department 3279:. Wonders of the Nature. Archived from 2462:– via John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2424: 2026: 1725:given that they have a general loss of 622:Abnormal eye development and appearance 566:(producing dark browns and blacks) and 4668:"Rare albino lizard found in backyard" 3819:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2814:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 1905:) has been attributed to a failure in 1749:and snakes of larger types, such as a 5077:"Amphibian Biology & Physiology: 4600:from the original on January 12, 2022 4574:Guthrie, Julian (September 14, 2010) 4427:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research 3957:Dewsbury, D. A.; Ward, S. E. (1985). 3670:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106828 3129:Lippincott's Primary Care Dermatology 2859:General and Comparative Endocrinology 2038:Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum 1261:) and South American bronze catfish ( 81:Examples of albino laboratory mammals 16:Disorder causing lack of pigmentation 7: 5164:Krieger, L. M. (November 28, 2010). 3698:. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 3604:Transmission and Population Genetics 2284:, Bing and Hedelfingen varieties of 1817:, albinism has been recorded in the 215:adding citations to reliable sources 5464:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness 4672:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3967:Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 3405:Esteve, J. V.; Jeffery, G. (1998). 2442:10.1002/9780470015902.a0006081.pub3 2000:causes a dysfunctional tyrosinase. 1920:activity. This is in contrast with 1019:living off the coast of Australia; 5203:. December 8, 2010. Archived from 5133:Stienstra, T. (October 11, 2007). 4964:: History, Biology and Aquaculture 2742:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 1247:, those that lack melanophores as 14: 4722:Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis 4490:"Rare Albino Whale Shark Spotted" 4180:Leal, M. E.; et al. (2013). 4096:"Albinism in the Great Gray Owl ( 3192:Nakamura, K.; Ozaki (June 2001). 2703:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2001.140203.x 1889:have focused on mutations in the 1875:Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis 354:animals and are generated in the 4720:"A case of complete albinism in 4608:– via www.telegraph.co.uk. 4565:. California Academy of Sciences 3756:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00762.x 3738:Lechner, W.; Ladich, F. (1987). 3516:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2000.00147.x 2348: 2181:Audubon Aquarium of the Americas 2070: 2049: 2029: 1215: 1203: 1108: 1093: 761: 749: 290:Many animal body-parts, such as 191: 104: 87: 64: 39: 5054:Hesford, Clive (January 1998). 4769:Journal of Experimental Zoology 4263:Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 4240:10.1590/S1679-62252005000100009 4203:10.1590/S1516-89132013000200008 4001:Encyclopaedia of Marine Mammals 3530:Gross, Joshua (June 30, 2016). 3198:Molecular Genetics and Genomics 1921: 1885:Genetic studies of albinism in 1146:. Famous albino birds include " 668:Melanin protects the skin from 450:, which uses the green pigment 202:needs additional citations for 4031:. July 3, 2007. Archived from 3503:Journal of Applied Ichthyology 3454:Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2008). 3159:The Significance of Zoochromes 2915:Cambridge Dictionaries On-line 1311:Albino and normally pigmented 1011:Famous albino mammals include 602:albino gorilla and one albino 56:California Academy of Sciences 1: 5110:"Feather Colors: What We See" 4995:(Scorpiones, Scorpionidae)". 4914:10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00106-3 4878:Taylor, John William (1900). 4861:Taylor, John William (1900). 4150:10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00284-X 3424:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00229-0 3305:Nasr, S. R. (July 15, 2008). 3002:British Trust for Ornithology 2684:Brilliant, Murray H. (2001). 2568:McCardle, Hayley (May 2012). 2179:A leucistic alligator at the 1871:Lissotriton vulgaris vulgaris 1865:) and two sub-species of the 1703:California Academy of Science 1690:"Albino" California kingsnake 124:is the congenital absence of 4902:Journal of Insect Physiology 4520:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 4309:10.1016/0044-8486(84)90295-3 4269:(2): 120–122. Archived from 3831:10.1016/0091-3057(80)90461-X 3601:Pierce, Benjamin A. (2008). 2871:10.1016/0016-6480(69)90157-9 2826:10.1098/rsif.2008.0366.focus 2571:Albinism in wild vertebrates 2387:, unusually red pigmentation 4826:Genes & Genetic Systems 4455:and the giant electric ray 4219:"An albino armored catfish 3690:Purdom, C. F., ed. (1993). 3632:Shepherd, Rosamond (1996). 2645:10.1534/genetics.106.063107 2124:The Japanese sea cucumber ( 1940:, resulting in a truncated 919:Albinism can also occur in 5506: 5417:Color terminology for race 5228:Canadian Journal of Botany 4941:February 26, 2015, at the 3740:"How do albino fish hear?" 3694:Genetics and Fish Breeding 2375:Albino and white squirrels 1907:post-translational control 1476:Scalloped hammerhead shark 849:five-striped palm squirrel 267: 25: 18: 5459: 5407: 5367: 4737:: 395–396. Archived from 4533:10.7589/0090-3558-21.1.72 4488:Haith, Sara-Lise (2008). 3607:. Macmillan. p. A1. 3549:10.1186/s12862-016-0716-y 3371:10.1017/s0952523806231031 3162:. Springer. p. 325. 2941:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2754:10.1080/07352680903133252 2602:"Oculocutaneous Albinism" 2317:University of North Texas 2165:Related pigment disorders 1972:), a substitution from a 1930:Pelophylax nigromaculatus 1526:Whitespotted bamboo shark 1376:Broadnose sevengill shark 889:Albinism was observed in 678:electromagnetic radiation 3908:(12): 22. Archived from 3536:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2321:University of Louisville 2198:is affected rather than 2183:, New Orleans, Louisiana 2077:Albino freshwater snail 1460:Carcharhinus amboinensis 1430:Carcharhinus amboinensis 1123:Well-known examples are 1027:living in and around in 5140:San Francisco Chronicle 5121:Birder's World Magazine 5115:March 28, 2009, at the 4580:San Francisco Chronicle 4375:Northwestern Naturalist 4227:Neotropical Ichthyology 4094:Alaja, P.; Mikkola, H. 3156:Needham, A. E. (2012). 3075:Encyclopædia Britannica 3043:: 79–89. Archived from 2994:"Leucisam and albinism" 1827:gold-striped salamander 1611:Giant oceanic manta ray 1530:Chiloscyllium plagiosum 1446:Narrownose smooth-hound 1056:Jamestown, North Dakota 833:lesser mouse-tailed bat 813:oculocutaneous albinism 672:radiation in sunlight. 550:Mechanism and frequency 529:oculocutaneous albinism 152:Oculocutaneous albinism 113:oculocutaneous albinism 96:oculocutaneous albinism 21:Albino (disambiguation) 5022:Wilkes, J. T. (1963). 4997:Journal of Arachnology 4962:Apostichopus japonicus 4781:10.1002/jez.1401800203 2576:Texas State University 2291:Some herbicides (e.g. 2249: 2241: 2184: 2127:Apostichopus japonicus 1863:Ichthyosaura alpestris 1802: 1691: 1555:Myliobatis californica 1390:Carcharodon carcharias 1380:Notorynchus cepedianus 1237: 1222:Albino peacock cichlid 1058:, and inspiration for 967: 908:A study on albinistic 845:northern palm squirrel 815: 652: 559: 513:neural crest disorders 491: 183:Biological colouration 5258:Utah State University 5171:San Jose Mercury News 5058:Nymphicus hollandicus 5041:10.1093/aesa/56.6.792 4744:on September 24, 2015 4596:. February 16, 2009. 3790:Halls, K. M. (2004). 3332:"Albinism in animals" 3210:10.1007/s004380100464 3103:"Color on, color off" 3028:de Grouw, H. (2006). 2690:Pigment Cell Research 2247: 2235: 2178: 2080:Biomphalaria glabrata 2062:Pseudofusulus varians 1831:Chioglossa lusitanica 1823:Salamandra salamandra 1794: 1737:in the U.S. state of 1689: 1420:Orectolobus japonicus 1400:Mustelus californicus 1232: 1190:Artificially selected 1007:Famous albino mammals 962: 807: 736:Artificially selected 658:eastern gray squirrel 650: 557: 481: 5207:on September 6, 2019 4970:. pp. 211–226. 4936:Fruit Fly Phenotypes 4934:Service, Elizabeth. 4839:10.1266/ggs.16-00061 4425:"Albinism in sharks" 4221:Schizolecis guntheri 4035:on February 24, 2010 3961:Microtus ochrogaster 3895:(Geoffroy) from Goa" 3483:Ilo Hiler, Albinos. 3307:"How albinism works" 2897:MacMillan Dictionary 2820:(Suppl 2): 149–163. 2514:The Georgia Aquarium 2370:Albinism in chickens 2299:) can cause partial 1988:(Gly) changes to an 1970:Fejervarya kawamurai 1835:Italian crested newt 1808:plains leopard frogs 1540:Stegostoma fasciatum 1440:Triakis semifasciata 1410:Hemitriakis japanica 1050:for White Cloud), a 914:Microtus ochrogaster 821:Sciurus carolinensis 521:Waardenburg syndrome 490:) with her offspring 211:improve this article 5289:on January 20, 2015 5075:Miller, Jessica J. 4993:Urodacus yaschenkoi 4276:on February 2, 2015 4254:Nakaya, K. (1973). 3915:on February 8, 2015 3902:Zoos' Print Journal 3658:Journal of Heredity 3359:Visual Neuroscience 3336:Science Illustrated 3283:on January 28, 2015 3004:. December 13, 2011 2785:on February 2, 2015 2520:on January 20, 2015 2510:GeorgiaAquarium.org 2481:The Free Dictionary 2328:African clawed frog 2313:University of Texas 1938:frameshift mutation 1851:Iberian ribbed newt 1847:Triturus marmoratus 1764:In 2012, an albino 1621:Ocellate spot skate 1358:has been reported. 1317:Ictalurus punctatus 1277:Naturally occurring 1140:common house martin 800:Naturally occurring 407:coherent scattering 246:Biological pigments 5490:Animal coat colors 5254:"Herbicide Injury" 4898:Locusta migratoria 4514:Protopterus dolloi 3980:10.3758/bf03329782 3744:Journal of Zoology 2549:. January 27, 2018 2506:Albino Alligators" 2365:Albinism in humans 2250: 2242: 2185: 2103:Locusta migratoria 2099:Locusta migratoria 1803: 1770:shingleback lizard 1707:Steinhart Aquarium 1692: 1635:Dasyatis americana 1601:Giant electric ray 1595:Rhinoptera bonasus 1575:Dasyatis pastinaca 1500:Nebrius ferigineus 1416:Japanese wobbegong 1406:Japanese topeshark 1370:Cetorhinus maximus 1352:Hydrolagus colliei 1328:Mexican cave tetra 1270:Astyanax mexicanus 1238: 1025:bottlenose dolphin 968: 816: 789:Sprague Dawley rat 653: 627:the colour of the 560: 492: 397:Structural colours 282:with white wings. 276:structural colours 264:Animal colouration 146:Mexican cave tetra 142:laboratory animals 52:American alligator 28:Albinism in humans 5472: 5471: 5412:Fitzpatrick scale 5234:(10): 1395–1404. 4977:978-0-12-799953-1 4960:The Sea Cucumber 4731:Herpetology Notes 4693:Sage, P. (2006). 4626:. August 20, 2014 4457:Narcine entemedor 4453:Galeocerdo cuvier 4112:on August 2, 2018 4100:) and Other Owls" 4010:978-0-12-373553-9 3803:978-1-58196-019-8 3721:albinism in fish. 3709:978-0-412-33040-7 3614:978-1-4292-1118-5 3467:978-0-7867-2390-4 3311:HowStuffWorks.com 3252:978-3-540-73837-4 3169:978-3-642-80766-4 3139:978-1-4511-4877-0 1998:polypeptide chain 1982:missense mutation 1962:Glandirana rugosa 1893:gene. The albino 1855:Pleurodeles waltl 1839:Triturus carnifex 1758:Sulcata tortoises 1631:Southern stingray 1605:Narcine entemedor 1510:Galeocerdo cuvier 1496:Tawny nurse shark 1490:Squalus acanthias 1450:Mustelus schmitti 1396:Grey smooth-hound 1386:Great white shark 1354:) from the order 1338:In Chondrichthyes 1307:In Actinopterygii 1297:Pleuronectiformes 1295:, especially the 841:common palm civet 723:Hearing disorders 710:Reduced viability 442:Plant colouration 403:structural colour 270:Animal coloration 250:colour absorption 243: 242: 235: 94:Mice with Type I 5497: 5398:Dark/Black/Ebony 5378:Light/White/Fair 5361:Human skin color 5354: 5347: 5340: 5331: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5285:. Archived from 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5199:DiscoverMagazine 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5130: 5124: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5087:. Archived from 5072: 5066: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4955: 4946: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4841: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4792: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4743: 4728: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4595: 4588: 4582: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4535: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4404:on March 4, 2016 4403: 4397:. Archived from 4372: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4275: 4260: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4152: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4111: 4105:. Archived from 4104: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4029:Fox News Channel 4021: 4015: 4014: 3996: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3914: 3899: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3865:Young Naturalist 3857: 3851: 3850: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3767: 3735: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3697: 3687: 3674: 3673: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3569: 3551: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3494: 3488: 3485:Young Naturalist 3481: 3475: 3474: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3426: 3402: 3391: 3390: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3277:"Albino animals" 3273: 3260: 3259: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3098: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3050:on July 13, 2017 3049: 3034: 3025: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2804:Mäthger, L. M.; 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2781:. Archived from 2775: 2766: 2765: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2705: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2664: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2598: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2516:. Archived from 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2429: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2307:In human culture 2074: 2053: 2042:Sanibel, Florida 2033: 2011:In invertebrates 1952:that code for a 1676:African lungfish 1674:Albinism in the 1670:In Sarcopterygii 1625:Okamejei kenojei 1264:Corydoras aeneus 1219: 1207: 1112: 1097: 765: 753: 405:, the result of 238: 231: 227: 224: 218: 195: 187: 111:Rat with Type I 108: 91: 68: 43: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5455: 5403: 5363: 5358: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5240:10.1139/b63-122 5225: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5117:Wayback Machine 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5091:on May 27, 2007 5074: 5073: 5069: 5053: 5049: 5021: 5020: 5016: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4943:Wayback Machine 4933: 4929: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4629: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4325:Nature Genetics 4321: 4320: 4316: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4137:Vision Research 4130: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4084:. 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K. 3100: 3099: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2969:Merriam-Webster 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2600: 2599: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2475: 2474: 2467: 2452: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2354: 2347: 2344: 2309: 2282:Black Tartarian 2271:Albino redwoods 2230: 2167: 2152: 2122: 2095: 2088: 2075: 2066: 2054: 2045: 2034: 2013: 1883: 1819:fire salamander 1785: 1684: 1672: 1664: 1615:Manta birostris 1585:Torpedo torpedo 1571:Common stingray 1520:Rhincodon typus 1348:spotted ratfish 1340: 1313:channel catfish 1309: 1279: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1184: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1105: 1104: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1060:Herman Melville 1009: 957: 802: 777:model organisms 773: 772: 771: 770: 769: 766: 758: 757: 754: 745: 744: 738: 733: 725: 712: 687: 666: 629:red blood cells 624: 616: 552: 476: 444: 415:mother of pearl 399: 288: 272: 266: 258:flower pigments 239: 228: 222: 219: 208: 196: 185: 119: 118: 117: 116: 115: 109: 100: 99: 98: 92: 83: 82: 76: 75: 74: 73: 72: 69: 60: 59: 58: 44: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5477: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5325: 5300: 5270: 5245: 5218: 5184: 5153: 5125: 5102: 5067: 5047: 5034:(6): 792–795. 5014: 5003:(1): 101–115. 4983: 4976: 4968:Academic Press 4947: 4927: 4908:(8): 791–801. 4887: 4870: 4853: 4832:(4): 189–196. 4812: 4775:(2): 157–167. 4755: 4707: 4685: 4659: 4646:"Albino anole" 4637: 4611: 4583: 4567: 4555: 4502: 4480: 4438: 4423:Martin, R. A. 4415: 4358: 4337:10.1038/ng1700 4331:(1): 107–111. 4314: 4303:(4): 293–301. 4287: 4246: 4233:(1): 123–125. 4209: 4196:(2): 237–240. 4172: 4143:(3): 293–299. 4123: 4098:Strix nebulosa 4086: 4074: 4046: 4016: 4009: 3986: 3949: 3926: 3893:Macaca radiata 3878: 3852: 3825:(6): 969–967. 3809: 3802: 3793:Albino Animals 3779: 3750:(3): 186–192. 3725: 3708: 3675: 3664:(6): 284–293. 3648: 3624: 3613: 3593: 3522: 3509:(3): 117–120. 3489: 3476: 3466: 3446: 3417:(6): 937–940. 3392: 3349: 3323: 3294: 3261: 3251: 3231: 3204:(4): 687–693. 3184: 3168: 3148: 3138: 3118: 3088: 3061: 3015: 2982: 2955: 2927: 2902: 2884: 2865:(3): 405–416. 2849: 2796: 2767: 2748:(6): 393–409. 2725: 2676: 2639:(2): 867–877. 2618: 2588: 2574:(MSc thesis). 2560: 2531: 2493: 2465: 2450: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2406:Xanthochromism 2403: 2401:Mongolian spot 2398: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2356:Animals portal 2343: 2340: 2308: 2305: 2258:photosynthesis 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2213: 2203: 2186: 2166: 2163: 2151: 2148: 2121: 2120:In echinoderms 2118: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2035: 2028: 2012: 2009: 1980:(A) creates a 1956:(Lys). In the 1882: 1879: 1784: 1781: 1683: 1680: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1662:In Hyperoartia 1660: 1659: 1658: 1648: 1638: 1628: 1618: 1608: 1598: 1588: 1581:Common torpedo 1578: 1568: 1558: 1544: 1543: 1533: 1523: 1513: 1503: 1493: 1483: 1480:Sphyrna lewini 1473: 1463: 1453: 1443: 1433: 1423: 1413: 1403: 1393: 1383: 1373: 1356:Chimaeriformes 1344:Chondrichthyes 1339: 1336: 1308: 1305: 1278: 1275: 1258:Silurus glanis 1249:albino mutants 1221: 1214: 1213: 1210:Albino catfish 1209: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1144:American robin 1114: 1107: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1029:Calcasieu Lake 1017:humpback whale 1008: 1005: 988:Enhydra lutris 956: 955:Marine mammals 953: 880:bonnet macaque 872:rhesus macaque 801: 798: 767: 760: 759: 755: 748: 747: 746: 742: 741: 740: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 724: 721: 711: 708: 700:founder effect 686: 685:Survival value 683: 676:block harmful 665: 662: 638:photoreceptors 623: 620: 615: 612: 551: 548: 475: 472: 448:photosynthesis 443: 440: 439: 438: 428: 398: 395: 394: 393: 387: 378: 369: 352:poikilothermic 312:chromatophores 287: 284: 268:Main article: 265: 262: 254:plant pigments 241: 240: 199: 197: 190: 184: 181: 177:photosynthesis 110: 103: 102: 101: 93: 86: 85: 84: 80: 79: 78: 77: 70: 63: 62: 61: 45: 38: 37: 36: 35: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5502: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5219: 5206: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5106: 5103: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5080: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5059: 5051: 5048: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4790:2027.42/38071 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4696: 4689: 4686: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4604:September 19, 4599: 4594: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4503: 4491: 4484: 4481: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4124: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4075: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3119: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3037:Dutch Birding 3031: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2944:(Online). n.d 2943: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806:Denton, E. J. 2800: 2797: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2619: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2561: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2497: 2494: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2451:9780470016176 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2210:chromatophore 2207: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1992:(Asp) and an 1991: 1990:aspartic acid 1987: 1984:, in which a 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964:) and in the 1963: 1959: 1958:wrinkled frog 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:Salamandridae 1811: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783:In amphibians 1782: 1780: 1778: 1777:leopard gecko 1773: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1688: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1669: 1667: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641:Thornback ray 1639: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1486:Spiny dogfish 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436:Leopard shark 1434: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1402:) – two cases 1401: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1372:) – two cases 1371: 1367: 1366:Basking shark 1364: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1342:In the class 1337: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1301:elasmobranchs 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1235:giant gourami 1231: 1218: 1206: 1189: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1111: 1103: 1096: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1037:Barcelona Zoo 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1001: 1000:Lacazia loboi 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 972: 966: 961: 954: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 910:prairie voles 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 864:toque macaque 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 823: 822: 814: 810: 806: 799: 797: 793: 790: 786: 782: 778: 768:Albino rabbit 764: 756:Albino ferret 752: 735: 730: 728: 722: 720: 717: 709: 707: 703: 701: 697: 696:albino people 692: 684: 682: 679: 675: 671: 663: 661: 659: 649: 645: 643: 639: 634: 630: 621: 619: 613: 611: 607: 605: 599: 597: 596:rainbow trout 593: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 556: 549: 547: 543: 541: 536: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 508: 506: 500: 496: 489: 485: 480: 473: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 441: 436: 432: 429: 427: 423: 420: 419: 418: 416: 412: 409:perceived as 408: 404: 396: 391: 388: 386: 382: 379: 377: 373: 372:erythrophores 370: 368: 364: 361: 360: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 285: 283: 281: 277: 271: 263: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 237: 234: 226: 216: 212: 206: 205: 200:This section 198: 194: 189: 188: 182: 180: 178: 174: 169: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 147: 143: 139: 133: 131: 127: 123: 114: 107: 97: 90: 67: 57: 53: 50:", an albino 49: 42: 33: 29: 22: 5318:November 18, 5316:. Retrieved 5313:AnimalsGuide 5312: 5303: 5291:. Retrieved 5287:the original 5282: 5273: 5263:November 24, 5261:. Retrieved 5257: 5248: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5211:November 23, 5209:. Retrieved 5205:the original 5196: 5187: 5177:November 23, 5175:. Retrieved 5169: 5144:. Retrieved 5138: 5128: 5120: 5105: 5093:. Retrieved 5089:the original 5084: 5078: 5070: 5063: 5057: 5050: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4963: 4959: 4930: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4880: 4873: 4863: 4856: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4746:. Retrieved 4739:the original 4734: 4730: 4721: 4698:. Retrieved 4688: 4676:. Retrieved 4662: 4650:. Retrieved 4640: 4628:. Retrieved 4624:The Guardian 4623: 4614: 4602:. Retrieved 4586: 4579: 4570: 4558: 4526:(1): 72–74. 4523: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4495:November 19, 4493:. Retrieved 4483: 4471:. Retrieved 4469:(2): 191–192 4466: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4429:. Retrieved 4418: 4406:. Retrieved 4399:the original 4378: 4374: 4361: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4278:. 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Retrieved 2480: 2433: 2427: 2391:Isabellinism 2325: 2310: 2290: 2286:sweet cherry 2279: 2269: 2262: 2251: 2168: 2155: 2153: 2150:In arachnids 2141: 2125: 2123: 2112:mutation in 2109: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2078: 2060: 2015:Albinism in 2014: 2002: 1969: 1961: 1929: 1909:in a single 1903:Rana pipiens 1902: 1899:leopard frog 1884: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1854: 1846: 1843:marbled newt 1838: 1830: 1822: 1813:In European 1812: 1804: 1798:with albino 1786: 1774: 1763: 1755: 1743: 1727:pigmentation 1700: 1693: 1673: 1665: 1654: 1645:Raja clavata 1644: 1634: 1624: 1614: 1604: 1594: 1584: 1574: 1564: 1561:Common skate 1554: 1545: 1539: 1529: 1519: 1509: 1499: 1489: 1479: 1469: 1459: 1456:Pigeye shark 1449: 1439: 1429: 1419: 1409: 1399: 1389: 1379: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1341: 1321: 1316: 1310: 1290: 1286:heavy metals 1283: 1280: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1253:ruby mutants 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1185: 1176: 1159: 1133: 1121: 1063: 1010: 998: 996: 987: 977: 973: 969: 965:killer whale 918: 913: 907: 903:Canis aureus 902: 894: 888: 883: 875: 867: 857: 826: 819: 817: 794: 774: 726: 713: 704: 688: 670:ultra-violet 667: 654: 625: 617: 614:Consequences 608: 600: 584: 561: 544: 537: 533: 509: 501: 497: 493: 464:anthocyanins 445: 400: 381:melanophores 363:xanthophores 356:neural crest 289: 273: 244: 229: 220: 209:Please help 204:verification 201: 170: 167: 150: 134: 129: 121: 120: 32: 5394:(III–IV–V.) 5384:Beige/Olive 5380:(I–II–III.) 5293:January 20, 5146:December 6, 5095:January 18, 4748:January 27, 4473:February 2, 4431:February 2, 4408:February 2, 4297:Aquaculture 4280:January 26, 4116:January 24, 4067:January 30, 3919:January 29, 3715:February 2, 3342:January 24, 3316:January 23, 3287:January 24, 3111:January 22, 3081:January 27, 3054:January 24, 3008:January 31, 2975:January 31, 2920:January 31, 2789:January 28, 2779:"Albiflora" 2581:January 24, 2524:January 20, 2486:January 31, 2332:guinea pigs 2254:chlorophyll 2193:xanthophore 2143:Astaxanthin 2114:fruit flies 2085:haemoglobin 1950:nucleotides 1867:smooth newt 1859:alpine newt 1747:Corn snakes 1696:amelanistic 1682:In reptiles 1655:Raja naevus 1591:Cownose ray 1536:Zebra shark 1516:Whale shark 1506:Tiger shark 1470:Lamna nasus 1245:roy mutants 1152:Bristol Zoo 1087:Kookaburras 1070:sperm whale 1044:Mahpiya Ska 895:Felis chaus 891:jungle cats 809:"Snowflake" 719:mutation". 714:Studies on 674:Melanosomes 576:melanocytes 568:pheomelanin 540:albino gaur 460:carotenoids 452:chlorophyll 431:leucophores 422:iridophores 411:iridescence 390:cyanophores 367:carotenoids 344:melanocytes 332:cephalopods 328:crustaceans 280:butterflies 173:chlorophyll 160:pheomelanin 5479:Categories 4945:. unc.edu. 4630:August 11, 3542:(1): 145. 3070:"Albinism" 2964:"Albinism" 2477:"Albinism" 2419:References 2396:Leukoderma 2380:Dyschromia 2293:glyphosate 2236:An albino 2196:metabolism 2157:Panonychus 2132:echinoderm 2093:In insects 2058:land snail 1976:(G) to an 1891:tyrosinase 1887:amphibians 1735:theme park 1719:alligators 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