144:
598:–beads (made from shell, bone, ivory, amber, coal, shale, slate and fish vertebrae), woodcarvings in relation to Alutiiq religion, skin sown articles of clothing for celebratory and traditional use, and grass weaving of both artistic expression and functional application. During festivals, story telling, singing and dancing were all important means of passing down history through generations as Alutiiq lacked a formal system of writing.
1688:
60:
772:(= Names derived from a combination of Russian and Native words include: Alutiiq, from the Russian word Aleut (a term something like English "Eskimo" but referring to the people of the Aleutian Islands, the Alaska Peninsula, and the Kodiak archipelago); plus the Russian plural suffix -y; plus the Native singular suffix -q)
593:
Traditional
Alutiiq art are sources of pride for many as they typically highlight the importance of ancestors, the endurance and preservation of tradition, and the beauty of the natural world that sustain Alutiiq life. Physical medians of expression include
486:
The people traditionally lived a coastal lifestyle, subsisting primarily on ocean resources that were supplemented with rich land resources, such as berries and land mammals. The exact methods of subsistence would change throughout the seasons. Ugnerkaq, or
941:(= "Aleut," "Alutiiq," "Sugpiaq," "Russian," "Pacific Eskimo," "Unegkuhmiut," and "Chugach Eskimo" are all different names that have been used to identify the group of Native people living on the Lower Kenai Peninsula of Alaska.)
1246:
563:
migrating south for the winter. Much of there harvest would be preserve for winter. This was done a variety of ways from drying, smoking, storing in oil, or freezing foods. During the harsh storms of Uksuq, or
584:
Today, in the 21st century, the
Alutiiq live in coastal fishing communities in more modern housing. They work in all aspects of the modern economy, while also maintaining the cultural value of subsistence.
364:). In the early 1800s there were more than 60 Alutiiq villages in the Kodiak archipelago, with an estimated population of 13,000 people. Today more than 4,000 Alutiiq people live in Alaska.
1299:. A story about the Old Village of Afognak up to and including the strongest earthquake ever recorded on the North American continent and the resulting tsunami of March 27, 1964. 1991
1884:
491:, was often regarded as the most difficult season to survive in due to the winter's limiting of resources. During this time, the Alutiiq people would turn to the shore, collecting
1519:
Names derived from a combination of
Russian and Native words include: Alutiiq, from the Russian word Aleut; plus the Russian plural suffix -y; plus the Native singular suffix -q
1622:
1250:
622:
of these languages. The Kodiak dialect of the language was being spoken by only about 50 persons, all of them elderly, and the dialect was in danger of being lost entirely.
539:, and other were harvested for their medical and nutritional value. During this time trade would emerge with the natives of mainland Alaska for materials such as antler,
1395:
2075:
143:
572:
and ermine, hunting ducks, or fishing through lake or river ice. While inside, celebrations and festivals would be held in honor of the harvest, and ancestors
515:, approached, activity increased out on the open ocean. Fishing for halibut and cod would continue to remain prevalent, along with the hunting and harvest at
499:, and pick greens during low tide. As the season furthered, fish and sea mammals would gradually move closer to shore to feed. Alutiiq people would then hook
1877:
1573:
831:
745:
is the
Sugtestun pronunciation of the Russian-introduced name Aleut and is commonly used as a self-designation by the people of the Chugach region";
860:
469:
to refer to the language. All three names (Alutiiq, Aleut, and
Sugpiaq) are used now, according to personal preference. Over time, many other
1897:
1870:
1534:
1325:
439:, some Alaska Natives from the region have advocated use of the terms that the people themselves use to describe their people and language:
2065:
1309:
Lee, Molly. 2006. ""If It's Not a
Tlingit Basket, Then What Is It?": Toward the Definition of an Alutiiq Twined Spruce Root Basket Type",
1492:
1462:
1374:
1360:
1304:
1290:
307:
261:
195:
1448:
131:
1649:
1402:
1553:
1482:
1209:
906:
1119:
1503:
1071:
763:
1830:
1219:
615:
1167:
1143:
1095:
1047:
1023:
115:
1787:
1741:
1341:. Donning Company Publishers. Distributed by the Alutiiq Museum & Archaeological Repository, Kodiak, Alaska.
568:, most of the season would be spent insides, with occasional breaks in the storms allowing for the trapping of
1582:
842:
890:
999:
1954:
119:
1420:
975:
809:
1808:
1803:
1386:
1194:(1990). "Alaska Native Languages in Russian America". In Smith, Barbara S.; Barnett, Redmond J. (eds.).
832:"Regulating a Mystery: Science, colonialism, and the politics of knowing in the Pacific halibut commons"
1608:
1330:
Mishler, Craig. 1997. "Aurcaq: Interruption, Distraction, and
Reversal in an Alutiiq Men's Dart Game",
867:
433:
Given the violence underlying the colonial period, and confusion because the
Sugpiaq term for Aleut is
1575:
Regulating a
Mystery: Science, colonialism, and the politics of knowing in the Pacific halibut commons
1344:
Mishler, Craig, and Rachel Mason. 1996. "Alutiiq
Vikings: Kinship and Fishing in Old Harbor, Alaska",
1751:
1436:
729:
663:
334:
1906:
1642:
911:
637:
1949:
1862:
1822:
1818:
928:
421:
351:
148:
681:
407:
1544:
884:
1530:
1488:
1458:
1370:
1356:
1321:
1300:
1286:
1191:
417:
785:
691:
2060:
920:
746:
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611:
536:
355:
272:
226:
208:
166:
102:
21:
406:
gave to the native people in the region. Russian occupation began in 1784, following their
1672:
1612:
1454:
1380:
907:"What is in a Name?: The Predicament of Ethnonyms in the Sugpiaq-Alutiiq Region of Alaska"
646:, also known as Peter the Aleut, an Eastern Orthodox saint, reportedly from Kodiak Island.
643:
619:
488:
338:
1450:
The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: archaeological evidence from the North Pacific
333:
Their traditional homelands date back to over 7,500 years ago, and include areas such as
2070:
2001:
1893:
1844:
1761:
1746:
1635:
686:
659:
655:
607:
532:
524:
403:
327:
205:
1391:. Anchorage, Alaska (3212 West 30th Ave., Anchorage 99517-1660): H.J. Simeonoff, 1996.
580:
Before contact with Russian fur traders, they lived in semi-subterranean homes called
2054:
1977:
1919:
1756:
1703:
1658:
932:
152:
1385:
Origins of the Sun and Moon Alutiiq Legend from Kodiak Island, Alaska, Collected by
2029:
1779:
1677:
212:
135:
28:
1557:
1473:
1339:
Black Ducks and Salmon Bellies: An Ethnography of Old Harbor and Ouzinkie, Alaska
1224:
710:
2024:
1929:
1924:
951:
936:
649:
1972:
1939:
543:, caribou pelts, and glassy stone, not available on Kodiak. During Uksuaq, or
528:
547:, much of the work that was in done was in preparation for winter. They pick
2039:
1687:
1507:
1215:
767:
492:
1996:
1721:
1474:"Report on Population and Resources of Alaska at the Eleventh Census: 1890"
711:"Report on Population and Resources of Alaska at the Eleventh Census: 1890"
59:
924:
1346:
Human Organization : Journal of the Society for Applied Anthropology
520:
516:
470:
2034:
1988:
1944:
1353:
Birth & Rebirth on an Alaskan Island; The Life of an Alutiiq Healer
676:
508:
504:
496:
344:
1964:
1733:
1711:
565:
552:
544:
512:
86:
1934:
1198:. Tacoma, WA: Washington State Historical Society. pp. 205–213.
719:(= "The Kaniagmiut, to whom the Russians applied the name of Aleut")
610:
responded to requests from Alutiiq students and agreed to teach the
1276:
Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on Alutiiq Culture and People
457:(plural) — to identify the people (meaning "the real people"), and
2019:
1914:
1851:
548:
540:
142:
1627:
560:
556:
215:"; plural often "Alutiit"), also called by their ancestral name
1866:
1631:
1617:
1283:
Looking Both Ways; Heritage and Identity of the Alutiiq People
1278:. Anchorage, Alaska: Stephen R. Braund & Associates, 1993.
569:
500:
523:
haulouts, and bird rookeries even common feeding grounds for
250:
178:
1605:
1527:
Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America
1600:
1367:
Making History Alutiiq/Sugpiaq Life on the Alaska Peninsula
861:"Assimilation and Identity among the Kodiak Island Sugpiat"
551:
sweetened by the first frosts; harvest large quantities of
290:
169:
1601:
Alaska Native Language Center: Alaska Native Languages Map
281:
235:
296:
284:
247:
238:
184:
1369:. Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 2001.
1285:. Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 2001.
330:
that inhabit the southern-central coast of the region.
1281:
Crowell, Aron, Amy F. Steffian, and Gordon L. Pullar.
1247:"2007 Fellows Individual Pages - MacArthur Foundation"
1396:"The Afognak Alutiiq People: Our History and Culture"
308:
299:
293:
278:
262:
253:
241:
232:
196:
187:
1623:
List of Native American peoples in the United States
287:
244:
181:
175:
2012:
1963:
1905:
1817:
1796:
1778:
1732:
1702:
1695:
1665:
275:
229:
172:
125:
109:
96:
84:
79:
69:
1554:"Kodiak High School Adding Alutiiq Language Class"
1401:. Afognak Native Corporation. 2008. Archived from
1210:"Kodiak High School Adding Alutiiq Language Class"
1437:"East Prince William Sound Landscape Assessment"
1435:East Prince William Sound Landscape Assessment.
1297:Derevnia's Daughters, Saga of an Alaskan Village
737:Cordova Ranger District, Chugach National Forest
730:"East Prince William Sound Landscape Assessment"
1506:. Alaska Native Language Center. Archived from
1320:. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2008.
1878:
1643:
1556:. Alaska Public Radio Network. Archived from
1355:. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001.
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
425:
411:
397:
391:
390:(plural). These terms derive from the names (
385:
379:
373:
359:
342:
217:
8:
1318:Alutiiq Villages Under Russian and U.S. Rule
372:At present, the most commonly used title is
38:
715:United States Census Office - Alaska - 1893
1885:
1871:
1863:
1699:
1650:
1636:
1628:
1606:Alaskan Orthodox Christian texts (Alutiiq)
830:Richmond, Laurie Shannon (February 2011).
652:, Lieutenant-governor of Alaska, 2002-2006
37:
1529:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
2076:Native American language revitalization
1196:Russian America: The Forgotten Frontier
702:
410:of hundreds of Sugpiat at Refuge Rock (
318:; plural often "Sugpiat"), as well as
1274:Braund, Stephen R. & Associates.
905:DeHass, Medeia Csoba (January 2012).
7:
1472:United States Census Office (1893).
780:
778:
555:spawning in local streams; hunt fat
473:were used to refer to this people.
155:. Photographed by N. B. Miller, 1889
80:Regions with significant populations
1504:"Mapping Alaska's Native languages"
1223:. December 17, 2010. Archived from
764:"Mapping Alaska's Native languages"
559:headed for hibernation, and shoot
511:, and hunt for seals. As Kiak, or
14:
1572:Richmond, Laurie Shannon (2011).
1686:
1332:The Journal of American Folklore
420:near the present-day village of
404:Russian fur traders and settlers
271:
225:
165:
147:Salmon drying. Alutiiq village,
58:
1334:. (Vol. 110, no. 436): 189–202.
1:
1484:Written Voices Become History
460:Sugstun, Sugcestun, Sugt'stun
326:, are one of eight groups of
1894:Indigenous peoples of Alaska
1423:. Afognak Native Corporation
810:""Alutiiq / Suqpiaq Nation""
658:, executive director of the
2066:Alaska Native ethnic groups
1220:Alaska Public Radio Network
889:Museum of Natural History,
606:In 2010 the high school in
527:. Trees and shrubs such as
398:
2092:
1545:"About the Alutiiq People"
1421:"Afognak Village Timeline"
1348:(Vol. 55, no. 3): 263–269.
859:Pullar, Gordon L. (2010).
786:"Alutiiq / Sugpiaq People"
116:Orthodox Church in America
18:
16:Alaska Native ethnic group
1839:
1684:
1525:Miller, Gwenn A. (2010).
1379:Simeonoff, Helen J., and
750:
392:
130:
114:
101:
74:
57:
1481:Haakanson, Sven (2010).
416:) just off the coast of
27:Not to be confused with
891:Smithsonian Institution
662:, and winner of a 2007
482:Fishing and Subsistence
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
426:
412:
386:
380:
374:
360:
343:
218:
1447:Fitzhugh, Ben (2003).
1337:Mishler, Craig. 2003.
692:Alutiiq Museum Website
640:, painter and muralist
634:, painter and sculptor
616:Eskimo–Aleut languages
156:
20:For the language, see
1387:Alphonse Louis Pinart
1365:Partnow, Patricia H.
925:10.1353/arc.2012.0010
146:
126:Related ethnic groups
1487:. Left Coast press.
1457:/Plenum Publishers.
739:. September 9, 2008.
664:MacArthur Fellowship
335:Prince William Sound
120:traditional religion
1797:Notable individuals
1351:Mulcahy, Joanne B.
1311:Arctic Anthropology
912:Arctic Anthropology
885:"Looking Both Ways"
638:Linda Infante Lyons
618:, belonging to the
614:. It is one of the
54:
1696:Homelands by state
1611:2015-05-08 at the
1316:Luehrmann, Sonja.
352:Kodiak Archipelago
157:
2048:
2047:
1860:
1859:
1774:
1773:
1536:978-0-8014-4642-9
1326:978-1-60223-010-1
1313:. 43, no. 2: 164.
1172:alutiiqmuseum.org
1148:alutiiqmuseum.org
1124:alutiiqmuseum.org
1100:alutiiqmuseum.org
1076:alutiiqmuseum.org
1052:alutiiqmuseum.org
1028:alutiiqmuseum.org
1004:alutiiqmuseum.org
980:alutiiqmuseum.org
956:alutiiqmuseum.org
790:alutiiqmuseum.org
418:Sitkalidak Island
204:in English; from
141:
140:
2083:
1991:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1700:
1690:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1589:
1587:
1581:. Archived from
1580:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1548:
1540:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1498:
1477:
1468:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1389:, March 20, 1872
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1249:. Archived from
1243:
1237:
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1234:
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1206:
1200:
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1188:
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996:
990:
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986:
972:
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962:
948:
942:
940:
935:. Archived from
902:
896:
895:
881:
875:
874:
872:
866:. Archived from
865:
856:
850:
849:
847:
841:. Archived from
836:
827:
821:
820:
814:
806:
800:
799:
797:
796:
782:
773:
771:
766:. Archived from
760:
754:
752:
740:
734:
726:
720:
718:
707:
632:Alvin Eli Amason
612:Alutiiq language
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
429:
415:
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395:
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389:
383:
377:
363:
356:Alaska Peninsula
349:
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70:Total population
64:A Sugpiaq dancer
62:
55:
32:
25:
22:Alutiiq language
2091:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2008:
1997:Central Alaskan
1987:
1983:Alutiiq–Sugpiaq
1959:
1955:Upper Kuskokwim
1901:
1898:Tribal entities
1891:
1861:
1856:
1835:
1821:
1813:
1792:
1770:
1728:
1691:
1682:
1673:Yupik languages
1661:
1656:
1613:Wayback Machine
1597:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1561:
1552:Jacob Resnick.
1551:
1543:
1537:
1524:
1513:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1455:Kluwer Academic
1446:
1439:
1434:
1426:
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1270:
1268:Further reading
1265:
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1192:Krauss, Michael
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1000:"Cultural Arts"
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984:
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969:
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952:"Plant Gallery"
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709:
708:
704:
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682:Awa'uq Massacre
673:
628:
604:
591:
578:
525:humpback whales
484:
479:
370:
339:Kenai Peninsula
313:
309:
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164:
85:United States (
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1618:Alutiiq Museum
1615:
1603:
1596:
1595:External links
1593:
1591:
1590:
1588:on 2013-01-24.
1569:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1522:
1502:Holton, Gary.
1499:
1493:
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1432:
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1307:
1295:Harvey, Lola.
1293:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1238:
1227:on May 5, 2021
1214:Jacob Resneck
1201:
1183:
1159:
1135:
1120:"Storytelling"
1111:
1087:
1063:
1039:
1015:
991:
967:
943:
939:on 2020-05-18.
897:
876:
873:on 2016-03-04.
851:
848:on 2013-01-24.
822:
817:Alutiiq Museum
801:
774:
770:on 2015-01-06.
755:
721:
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699:
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695:
694:
689:
687:Alutiiq Museum
684:
679:
672:
669:
668:
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660:Alutiiq Museum
656:Sven Haakanson
653:
647:
641:
635:
627:
626:Notable people
624:
603:
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369:
366:
361:Koniag Alutiiq
328:Alaska Natives
320:Pacific Eskimo
206:Promyshlenniki
161:Alutiiq people
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1659:Yupik peoples
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1072:"Skin Sewing"
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1005:
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976:"Subsistence"
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620:Yup'ik branch
617:
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589:Cultural Arts
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153:Kodiak Island
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1780:Organisation
1716:
1583:the original
1574:
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1508:the original
1483:
1449:
1425:. Retrieved
1410:. Retrieved
1403:the original
1384:
1381:A. L. Pinart
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1225:the original
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843:the original
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789:
768:the original
758:
742:
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714:
705:
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595:
592:
581:
579:
537:Sitka spruce
509:herring eggs
485:
445:(singular),
432:
378:(singular),
371:
332:
323:
319:
216:
163:(pronounced
160:
158:
75:4,000-12,000
50:
46:
41:
35:Ethnic group
29:Aleut people
1907:Athabaskans
839:Conservancy
650:Loren Leman
533:Kenai birch
368:Terminology
2055:Categories
1940:Holikachuk
1920:Deg Hitʼan
1850:See also:
1823:settlement
1564:2010-12-18
1514:2014-11-15
1427:2014-11-15
1412:2014-11-15
1257:2018-10-14
1177:2023-05-07
1153:2023-05-07
1129:2023-05-07
1105:2023-05-07
1081:2023-05-07
1057:2023-05-07
1033:2023-05-07
1009:2023-05-07
985:2023-05-07
961:2023-05-07
795:2023-05-07
698:References
507:, collect
495:, hunting
422:Old Harbor
337:and outer
149:Old Harbor
2040:Tsimshian
1168:"Dancing"
1144:"Singing"
1096:"Weaving"
1048:"Carving"
1024:"Beading"
933:154511087
644:Cungagnaq
582:ciqlluaq.
497:octopuses
493:shellfish
471:ethnonyms
466:Sugtestun
211:Алеутъ, "
105:, English
103:Sugcestun
97:Languages
92:>4,000
2002:Siberian
1930:Gwichʼin
1925:Denaʼina
1845:Category
1819:European
1752:Chaplino
1747:Yupighyt
1742:Chukotka
1609:Archived
919:: 3–17.
671:See also
602:Language
521:sea lion
451:(dual),
408:massacre
384:(dual),
354:and the
110:Religion
2061:Alutiiq
2035:Tlingit
1989:Chugach
1973:Iñupiat
1945:Koyukon
1831:Siberia
1762:Serinik
1717:Alutiiq
1666:Culture
751:Алутиик
747:Russian
743:Alutiiq
677:Chugach
596:pinguat
576:Housing
549:berries
505:halibut
477:Culture
454:Sugpiat
448:Sugpiak
442:Sugpiaq
436:Alutiiq
402:) that
387:Alutiit
381:Alutiik
375:Alutiiq
350:), the
347:Sugpiaq
345:Chugach
219:Sugpiaq
209:Russian
51:Sugpiak
47:Sugpiaq
42:Sugpiat
39:Alutiiq
1965:Eskimo
1950:Tanana
1809:Russia
1788:Global
1757:Naukan
1734:Russia
1722:Yup'ik
1712:Alaska
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608:Kodiak
566:winter
553:salmon
513:summer
489:spring
427:Nuniaq
413:Awa'uq
393:Алеутъ
266:-byahk
132:Yup'ik
87:Alaska
53:(dual)
2071:Yupik
2030:Haida
2020:Aleut
2013:Other
1978:Yupik
1915:Ahtna
1852:Inuit
1678:Thule
1586:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1440:(PDF)
1406:(PDF)
1399:(PDF)
929:S2CID
871:(PDF)
864:(PDF)
846:(PDF)
835:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
733:(PDF)
561:ducks
557:bears
541:ivory
529:Cedar
463:, or
399:Aleut
312:-pee-
213:Aleut
136:Aleut
49:(sg)
2025:Eyak
1531:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1233:2010
1216:KMXT
545:fall
519:and
517:seal
503:and
310:SUUG
264:SUUG
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159:The
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570:fox
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