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828:
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152:
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915:
chest against a termite nest. It is also possible that the alvarezsaurids filled some ecological niche that has not yet been considered. Studies of the tails in various alvarezsaur genera also suggest they were possessed of an incredible ability to change their rotational inertia, and combined with their forelimbs, this suggests their ecological niches were similar to those of aardvarks, pangolins, and anteaters.
5796:
807:. Martin (1997) performed a cladistic analysis but Sereno criticized it strongly, finding it flawed by incorrect codings, use of only select data, and results that did not support his conclusions. Sereno (1999) performed a new analysis, revising the anatomical interpretations and clarifying the characters. He found that alvarezsaurids were more parsimoniously related to the
129:
5876:
758:
110:
937:
637:. Alvarezsaurids were highly specialized. They had tiny but stout forelimbs, with compact, bird-like hands. Their skeletons suggest that they had massive breast and arm muscles, possibly adapted for digging or tearing. They had long, tube-shaped snouts filled with tiny teeth. They have been interpreted as
914:
The lifestyle of alvarezsaurids has been debated since the nature of these dinosaurs was established. It has been suggested by numerous palaeontologists that they used their claws to break into ant and termite colonies, though the arm anatomy of an alvarezsaurid would require the animal to lie on its
814:
As the more primitive members of the
Alvarezsauridae were better characterized, the monophyly of the clade was strongly supported, but the more primitive members lacked the most birdlike traits. Some of these traits had been misinterpreted, also. The remaining similarities between birds and
770:
These mistaken assignments of alvarezsaurids to birds were caused primarily by features that are strikingly, or even uniquely, avian. The sternum, for example, is elongated and deeply keeled for an enlarged pectoralis muscle, as it is in
1076:. Some authors have used the name Mononykinae for the sub-group of alvarezsaurs including the advanced Mongolian species. However, Choiniere and colleagues argued that Parvicursorinae has priority, since its coordinate name under the
2133:
Schweitzer, M. H.; Watt, J. A.; Avci, R.; Knapp, L.; Chiappe, L.; Norell, M.; Marshall, M. (1999). "Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the
Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti".
2395:
Agnolin, Federico L.; Powell, Jaime E.; Novas, Fernando E.; Kundrát, Martin (June 2012). "New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost
Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs".
2203:
Meso, J.G.; Qin, Z.; Pittman, M.; Canale, J.I.; Salgado, L.; Díez Díaz, V. (March 2021). "Tail anatomy of the
Alvarezsauria (Theropoda, Coelurosauria), and its functional and behavioural implications".
4369:
1088:, but a few recent studies have placed them just outside Alvarezsauridae, some of which do not even recover them in a single clade, making Patagonykinae turn out to be paraphyletic.
1062:
than to modern birds. In 2009, Livezey and Zusi used the name
Alvarezsauroidea for the total group of all alvarezsaurs, restricting the name Alvarezsauridae to the clade defined by
2423:
Xu, Xing; Choiniere, Jonah; Tan, Qingwei; Benson, Roger B.J; Clark, James; Sullivan, Corwin; Zhao, Qi; Han, Fenglu; Ma, Qingyu; He, Yiming; Wang, Shuo; Xing, Hai; Tan, Lin (2018).
918:
Additionally, it is known that alvarezsaurids, with their long legs, appear to be built for speed. What implications this has on possible lifestyle is unknown. The discovery of
2605:
Averianov AO, Sues HD (2022). "New material and diagnosis of a new taxon of alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper
Cretaceous Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan".
2341:
Choiniere, J. N.; Xu, X.; Clark, J. M.; Forster, C. A.; Guo, Y.; Han, F. (29 January 2010). "A Basal
Alvarezsauroid Theropod from the Early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China".
1040:
Alvarezsauridae was first coined by Jose
Bonaparte in 1991, but given no specific phylogenetic definition. Novas later defined the group as the most recent common ancestor of
851:
Alvarezsaurids ranged from 50 centimetres (20 in) to 2 metres (6.6 ft) in length, although some possible members may have been larger, including the
European
803:(1998), Feduccia (1994), Ostrom (1994), Wellnhofer (1994), Kurochkin (1995), Zhou (1995), and Sereno (1997) considered it unlikely that alvarezsaurids were members of
727:. They argued that the family Alvarezsauridae was actually a group of Mesozoic flightless birds on the basis of several features that were supposedly unique to birds.
5965:
2640:
Xu, Xing; Sullivan, Corwin; Pittman, Michael; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Hone, David; Upchurch, Paul; Tan, Qingwei; Xiao, Dong; Tan, Lin; Han, Fenglu (8 February 2011).
1077:
819:; where the derived alvarezsaurids developed birdlike characters through convergent evolution, rather than inheriting them from a common ancestor with birds.
928:
eggs, indicates that the advanced alvarezsaurids may also have been specialists in nest raiding, using their robust thumb claws to crack open eggshells.
1856:
1872:
Bonaparte, José F. (1991). "Los vertebrados fósiles de la formación Río
Colorado, de la ciudad de Neuquén y cercanías, Cretácico Superior, Argentina".
1036:
The taxonomy of the alvarezsaurs has been somewhat confused, due to different authors using different names for groups with the same definition. The
898:(1999) subjected these filaments to microscopic, morphological, mass spectrometric, and immunohistochemical studies and found that they consisted of
5952:
6029:
2760:
2187:
2090:
6024:
2239:
Lü, Jun-chang; Xu, Li; Chang, Hua-li; Jia, Song-hai; Zhang, Ji-ming; Gao, Dian-song; Zhang, Yi-yang; Zhang, Cheng-jun; Ding, Fang (2018).
1942:
Altangerel, Perle; Norell, Mark A.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Clark, James M. (15 April 1993). "Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia".
2147:
1899:
Altangerel, Perle; Norell, Mark A.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Clark, James M. (April 1993). "Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia".
2321:
3613:
5789:
1033:, particularly in relation to the skull structure and development of the hand, has provided further support for that relationship.
2014:
Karhu, A. A.; Rautian, A. S. (1996). "A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia".
661:
5350:
4376:
2033:
Chiappe, Luis M.; Norell, Mark A.; Clark, James M. (March 1998). "The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus".
572:
2521:
Denver W. Fowler; John P. Wilson; Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler; Christopher R. Noto; Daniel Anduza; John R. Horner (2020).
151:
1997:
4362:
2570:
from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: implications for the phylogeny and taxonomy of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs".
576:
2722:
2705:
5355:
1080:, Parvicursoridae, was named earlier. Another subfamily, Patagonykinae, has been named to include the South American
5866:
2241:"A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation of Luanchuan, Henan Province, central China"
1070:. This was followed by Choiniere and colleagues in 2010, who described the first non-alvarezsaurid alvarezsauroid,
792:. Other birdlike characters included the palatine, foramen magnum, cervical and caudal vertebrae, and many others.
776:
3607:
857:
that may have reached 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) long. Fossils attributed to alvarezsaurids have also been found in
3553:
2753:
2081:
Sereno, Paul (2001). "Alvarezsaurids: Birds or ornithomimosaurs?". In Gauthier, Jacques; Ostrom, John H. (eds.).
3906:
2851:
3601:
5475:
4310:
5892:
5853:
5452:
5396:
6019:
5991:
5712:
3932:
3497:
5683:
5939:
5930:
5795:
2746:
2653:
2477:
2350:
2285:
2042:
1951:
1908:
674:
273:
2735:
hypothesis seeing print for the first time; it had been rumored on the list for several years prior)
788:
appeared to be an ectethmoid fused to a prefrontal. The ectethmoid is an ossification known only in
4684:
4209:
4075:
3710:
2713:
1852:
763:
732:
2527:
gen. et sp. nov., the last alvarezsaurid: Hell Creek Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), Montana"
2106:
Hutchinson; Chiappe (1998). "The first known alvarezsaurid (Theropoda: Aves) from North America".
1988:
Novas, Fernando E. (1996). "Alvarezsauridae, Cretaceous basal birds from Patagonia and Mongolia".
5740:
4812:
4761:
4438:
4178:
3401:
2878:
2622:
2587:
2548:
2374:
2221:
2058:
1967:
1924:
558:
146:
4589:
4529:
2729:, by Thomas R. Holtz Jr., from the Dinosaur Mailing List (mentions in passing the alvarezsaurid
2425:"Two Early Cretaceous Fossils Document Transitional Stages in Alvarezsaurian Dinosaur Evolution"
996:
in 1998. Everything has since been lumped into Alvarezsauridae, with Mononykinae surviving as a
827:
587:
5996:
5640:
5024:
5978:
5592:
4936:
4791:
4064:
3849:
3453:
2820:
2681:
2503:
2446:
2366:
2303:
2183:
2151:
2086:
1881:
1020:
1012:
1004:
962:
808:
687:
253:
5983:
5970:
591:
5880:
5823:
5748:
5690:
5283:
5174:
4928:
4821:
4519:
4253:
4232:
3542:
3476:
3383:
3020:
2671:
2661:
2614:
2579:
2538:
2493:
2485:
2466:"A new alvarezsaurian theropod from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of western China"
2436:
2405:
2358:
2293:
2252:
2213:
2143:
2115:
2050:
1959:
1916:
1467:
1037:
966:
679:
619:
235:
5770:
5763:
5726:
5647:
5631:
5211:
5183:
4770:
4428:
4287:
4218:
4090:
4053:
3895:
3880:
3799:
3755:
3734:
3511:
3390:
3347:
3172:
2836:
2726:
2709:
2272:
Turner, A. H.; Pol, D.; Clarke, J. A.; Erickson, G. M.; Norell, M. A. (7 September 2007).
28:
2657:
2481:
2354:
2289:
2046:
1955:
1912:
5813:
5755:
5719:
5616:
5548:
5523:
5496:
5464:
5108:
5078:
4883:
4722:
4640:
4539:
4299:
4225:
4188:
3686:
3483:
3242:
3138:
3077:
3056:
2676:
2641:
2498:
2465:
1874:
Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Paleontología
1142:
1029:, which exhibits transitional features between the more derived alvarezsaurs and other
456:
346:
6013:
5833:
5828:
5697:
5557:
5441:
5385:
5064:
4983:
4950:
4914:
4867:
4837:
4784:
4777:
4663:
4654:
4468:
4448:
3991:
3980:
3866:
3835:
3792:
3741:
3727:
3421:
3153:
3131:
3116:
3034:
2642:"A monodactyl nonavian dinosaur and the complex evolution of the alvarezsauroid hand"
2626:
2591:
2552:
2225:
2180:
Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages
2174:
1525:
1508:
1180:
1042:
992:
was discovered shortly after, and placed in its own family Parvicursoridae, and then
957:
862:
858:
853:
723:
707:, because the earlier spelling was already the genus name of an extant beetle. Perle
649:
327:
307:
296:
138:
67:
2378:
2000:
678:, from an incomplete skeleton found in Patagonia, Argentina. Bonaparte also named a
645:, with the short arms acting as effective digging instruments to break into nests.
5843:
5705:
5432:
5306:
5299:
5238:
5156:
4943:
4829:
4708:
4620:
4549:
4508:
4458:
4276:
4129:
4114:
4099:
4033:
3921:
3873:
3785:
3675:
3530:
3490:
3469:
3462:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3375:
3360:
3296:
3253:
3214:
3084:
3063:
2994:
2972:
2119:
2062:
1971:
1928:
1860:
1605:
1481:
1317:
1072:
1025:
1008:
899:
638:
514:
416:
262:
2618:
2583:
2543:
2522:
2409:
2217:
5924:
5668:
5578:
5513:
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5204:
5135:
5087:
4852:
4798:
4746:
4693:
4579:
4559:
4498:
4262:
4012:
4002:
3665:
3504:
3269:
3228:
3199:
3192:
3160:
3070:
3004:
2944:
2931:
2890:
2769:
1685:
1549:
1285:
1218:
1125:
1053:
1030:
1016:
988:
974:
952:
925:
772:
738:
631:
484:
436:
396:
386:
356:
42:
2646:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2489:
1096:
presented here follows a 2012 phylogenetic analysis by Agnolin and colleagues.
5733:
5601:
5408:
5292:
5262:
5229:
5197:
5163:
5149:
5142:
4966:
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4630:
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4478:
4407:
4394:
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4145:
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4107:
4043:
3970:
3858:
3828:
3821:
3764:
3720:
3414:
3303:
3287:
3276:
3235:
3221:
3185:
3146:
3124:
2441:
2424:
1654:
1574:
1367:
1235:
920:
891:
789:
654:
524:
494:
446:
426:
376:
317:
209:
87:
52:
5915:
5838:
5818:
5654:
5609:
5571:
5564:
5121:
5054:
5034:
5014:
5004:
4994:
4904:
4738:
4731:
4700:
4195:
4022:
3814:
3696:
3368:
3310:
3262:
3206:
3092:
2961:
2863:
2811:
2719:
2702:
2666:
2362:
2298:
2273:
1885:
1849:
1748:
1453:
1334:
1252:
1093:
1048:
997:
816:
713:
703:
658:
534:
474:
406:
222:
163:
119:
92:
36:
2685:
2507:
2450:
2370:
2307:
2155:
2148:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990815)285:2<146::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-A
128:
5909:
5661:
5533:
5190:
5128:
4890:
4844:
4488:
4239:
4163:
3807:
3771:
3317:
3049:
2802:
2793:
1731:
1384:
1058:
882:
784:
749:
642:
634:
626:. Although originally thought to represent the earliest known flightless
623:
544:
196:
183:
82:
77:
62:
57:
47:
757:
5957:
5675:
5421:
5269:
5094:
4609:
3949:
3778:
3644:
3631:
3565:
2731:
2257:
2240:
903:
887:
878:
804:
736:. Karhu and Rautian (1996) described a Mongolian member of the family;
718:
97:
72:
109:
5246:
5044:
4921:
4599:
2983:
2787:
1963:
1920:
978:, demonstrated that it was a link between the more primitive (basal)
779:
173:
5886:
1056:, used a more inclusive definition, such as all dinosaurs closer to
936:
701:(meaning "one claw"). A month later they changed the genus name to
3041:
2054:
935:
826:
756:
2274:"A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight"
5944:
5373:
5318:
866:
627:
5890:
5371:
4392:
3629:
2929:
2780:
2742:
2464:
Qin, Zichuan; Clark, James; Choiniere, Jonah; Xu, Xing (2019).
1003:
There may be a relationship between the alvarezsaurids and the
2738:
951:(2007) place the alvarezsaurs as the most basal group in the
730:
In 1996, Novas described another member of the group called
2083:
New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds
754:, and found it to be a bird as in Perle et al.'s analysis.
697:
described the next alvarezsaur to be discovered, naming it
869:, and range in age from about 86 to 66 million years ago.
815:
alvarezsaurs, like the keeled sterna, are another case of
630:, they are now thought to be an early diverging branch of
5864:
2085:. Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University.
5628:
5589:
5545:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5280:
5226:
5105:
5075:
5060:
5050:
5040:
5030:
5020:
5010:
5000:
4990:
4979:
4901:
4864:
4809:
4758:
4719:
4681:
4651:
4636:
4626:
4616:
4605:
4595:
4585:
4575:
4565:
4555:
4545:
4535:
4525:
4515:
4504:
4494:
4484:
4474:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4424:
4296:
4250:
4206:
4175:
4158:
4087:
4071:
4060:
4049:
4039:
4029:
4018:
4008:
3998:
3987:
3976:
3966:
3918:
3892:
3846:
3752:
3707:
3692:
3682:
3671:
3661:
3539:
3344:
3017:
3000:
2990:
2979:
2968:
2957:
2566:
Averianov AO, Lopatin AV (2022). "A re-appraisal of
672:
Bonaparte (1991) described the first alvarezsaurid,
540:
530:
520:
510:
502:
490:
480:
470:
462:
452:
442:
432:
422:
412:
402:
392:
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364:
352:
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333:
323:
313:
303:
292:
269:
5899:
5627:
5588:
5544:
5494:
5463:
5440:
5431:
5407:
5384:
5317:
5279:
5225:
5173:
5104:
5074:
4964:
4900:
4863:
4808:
4757:
4718:
4680:
4650:
4405:
4321:
4295:
4286:
4249:
4205:
4174:
4143:
4086:
3947:
3917:
3891:
3845:
3751:
3706:
3642:
3564:
3538:
3529:
3452:
3400:
3343:
3286:
3252:
3171:
3102:
3015:
2942:
2889:
2862:
2835:
2390:
2388:
2173:
1052:plus all its descendants, though others, such as
877:At least one specimen of alvarezsaurid, from the
682:, Alvarezsauridae, to contain it. He argued that
2336:
2334:
965:. The alvarezsaurs are more primitive than the
2328:Dave Hone's Archosaur Musings, April 23, 2011.
641:, adapted to prey on colonial insects such as
2754:
8:
2076:
2074:
2072:
831:Size comparison of several parvicursorines:
1983:
1981:
894:structures covering the fossil. Schweitzer
747:(1998) described another Mongolian member,
5887:
5502:
5437:
5413:
5381:
5368:
5113:
4972:
4417:
4413:
4402:
4389:
4292:
4151:
3959:
3955:
3654:
3650:
3639:
3626:
3535:
3406:
3352:
3340:
3177:
3108:
3026:
2950:
2939:
2926:
2868:
2841:
2832:
2777:
2761:
2747:
2739:
127:
108:
20:
2675:
2665:
2542:
2497:
2440:
2297:
2256:
795:Several researchers disagreed with Perle
2167:
2165:
5871:
1841:
16:Family of extinct long-legged dinosaurs
1857:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
686:might be most closely related to the
7:
2720:The Holy of Holies... Dinosauria II
2572:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2175:"Ornithomimosaurs and Alvarezsaurs"
1723:
1677:
1670:
1646:
1597:
1590:
1566:
1541:
1500:
1473:
1463:
1359:
1309:
1302:
1277:
1210:
1197:
1172:
1117:
1109:
1099:
2607:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2108:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
986:, and reinforced their monophyly.
902:, which is the primary protein in
14:
2716:, from the Dinosaur Mailing List.
2182:. Random House Children's Books.
657:of the family, was named for the
5874:
5849:
5848:
5794:
5788:
5354:
5349:
4375:
4368:
4361:
3612:
3606:
3600:
1990:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
982:and the more advanced (derived)
150:
2136:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1007:as sister clades within either
2120:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011073
961:and two more derived than the
1:
6030:Prehistoric dinosaur families
2703:RE: Alvarezsauridae splitting
2619:10.1080/02724634.2021.2036174
2584:10.1080/14772019.2021.2013965
2544:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104560
2410:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014
2218:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104830
2172:Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2007).
955:, one step more derived than
1701:Tugriken Shireh alvarezsaur
6025:Santonian first appearances
1848:i.e. not the more familiar
972:Novas' 1996 description of
782:. One bone in the skull of
6046:
2525:Trierarchuncus prairiensis
2490:10.1038/s41598-019-48148-7
761:Reconstructed skeleton of
5808:
5786:
5505:
5416:
5380:
5367:
5347:
5116:
4975:
4420:
4416:
4401:
4388:
4359:
4154:
3962:
3958:
3657:
3653:
3638:
3625:
3598:
3409:
3355:
3339:
3180:
3111:
3029:
2953:
2938:
2925:
2871:
2844:
2831:
2776:
2442:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.057
1745:
1728:
1721:
1699:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1651:
1644:
1619:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1571:
1564:
1546:
1539:
1522:
1505:
1498:
1478:
1471:
1381:
1364:
1357:
1331:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1282:
1275:
1249:
1232:
1215:
1208:
1195:
1177:
1170:
1139:
1122:
1115:
1107:
721:, one more advanced than
564:
557:
289:
284:
268:
261:
147:Scientific classification
145:
135:
126:
116:
107:
23:
1855:, who proposed that the
2667:10.1073/pnas.1011052108
2363:10.1126/science.1182143
2299:10.1126/science.1144066
2016:Paleontological Journal
886:, preserved down-like,
2320:Choiniere, J. (2010).
944:
848:
767:
622:of small, long-legged
5992:Paleobiology Database
3498:Paralitherizinosaurus
939:
830:
760:
711:mistakenly described
2435:(17): 2853–2860.e3.
940:Life restoration of
924:in association with
837:Ceratonykus oculatus
699:Mononychus olecranus
675:Alvarezsaurus calvoi
274:Alvarezsaurus calvoi
117:Mounted holotype of
4685:Patagopterygiformes
4210:Confuciusornithidae
4076:Scansoriopterygidae
3711:Scansoriopterygidae
2714:Thomas R. Holtz Jr.
2658:2011PNAS..108.2338X
2568:Parvicursor remotus
2531:Cretaceous Research
2482:2019NatSR...911727Q
2398:Cretaceous Research
2355:2010Sci...327..571C
2290:2007Sci...317.1378T
2284:(5843): 1378–1381.
2206:Cretaceous Research
2047:1998Natur.392..275C
1956:1993Natur.362..623A
1913:1993Natur.362..623A
1023:. The discovery of
845:Mononykus olecranus
833:Parvicursor remotus
799:(1993) and Chiappe
764:Patagonykus puertai
733:Patagonykus puertai
4813:Songlingornithidae
4762:Hongshanornithidae
4179:Omnivoropterygidae
4091:Jeholornithiformes
3402:Therizinosauroidea
2725:2016-08-06 at the
2708:2016-08-06 at the
2537:: Article 104560.
2470:Scientific Reports
2326:, the Skillful One
2258:10.31035/cg2018005
945:
849:
768:
136:Skeletal mount of
6007:
6006:
5979:Open Tree of Life
5893:Taxon identifiers
5862:
5861:
5804:
5803:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5684:Lutetodontopteris
5593:Gastornithiformes
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5374:Aves / Neornithes
5363:
5362:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5319:Aves / Neornithes
5221:
5220:
4960:
4959:
4792:Parahongshanornis
4384:
4383:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4139:
4138:
4065:Archaeopterygidae
3943:
3942:
3850:Archaeopterygidae
3621:
3620:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3454:Therizinosauridae
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2821:Maniraptoriformes
2578:(16): 1097–1128.
2349:(5965): 571–574.
2189:978-0-375-82419-7
2092:978-0-912532-57-8
2041:(6673): 275–278.
1950:(6421): 623–626.
1907:(6421): 623–626.
1859:was caused by an
1832:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1710:
1709:
1633:
1632:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1346:
1345:
1264:
1263:
1154:
1153:
1021:Ornithomimiformes
1013:Arctometatarsalia
1005:Ornithomimosauria
963:Ornithomimosauria
809:Ornithomimosauria
613:
612:
607:
595:
580:
257:
6037:
6000:
5999:
5987:
5986:
5974:
5973:
5961:
5960:
5948:
5947:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5870:
5852:
5851:
5824:Deinonychosauria
5799:
5798:
5792:
5749:Protodontopteryx
5691:Macrodontopteryx
5630:
5591:
5547:
5531:
5521:
5511:
5503:
5438:
5414:
5382:
5369:
5358:
5353:
5284:Cimolopterygidae
5282:
5228:
5175:Hesperornithidae
5114:
5107:
5077:
5062:
5052:
5042:
5032:
5022:
5012:
5002:
4992:
4981:
4973:
4903:
4866:
4811:
4760:
4721:
4683:
4653:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4567:
4557:
4547:
4537:
4527:
4517:
4506:
4496:
4486:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4403:
4390:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4365:
4298:
4293:
4254:Jinguofortisidae
4252:
4233:Eoconfuciusornis
4208:
4177:
4160:
4152:
4089:
4073:
4062:
4051:
4041:
4031:
4020:
4010:
4000:
3989:
3978:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3920:
3894:
3848:
3754:
3709:
3694:
3684:
3673:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3640:
3627:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3554:Oviraptorosauria
3543:Oviraptorosauria
3541:
3536:
3477:Nanshiungosaurus
3407:
3384:Jianchangosaurus
3353:
3346:
3341:
3178:
3109:
3027:
3021:Alvarezsauroidea
3019:
3002:
2992:
2981:
2970:
2959:
2951:
2940:
2927:
2869:
2842:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2778:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2652:(6): 2338–2342.
2637:
2631:
2630:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2338:
2329:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2177:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1964:10.1038/362623a0
1939:
1933:
1932:
1921:10.1038/362623a0
1896:
1890:
1889:
1869:
1863:
1846:
1724:
1678:
1671:
1647:
1598:
1591:
1567:
1562:Parvicursorinae
1542:
1501:
1474:
1468:Alvarezsauroidea
1464:
1360:
1310:
1303:
1278:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1193:Parvicursorinae
1173:
1167:
1118:
1110:
1100:
967:Oviraptorosauria
942:Shuvuuia deserti
883:Shuvuuia deserti
841:Shuvuuia deserti
688:ornithomimosaurs
668:History of study
662:Gregorio Álvarez
601:
586:
579:, 1975 (in part)
571:
542:
532:
522:
512:
504:
492:
482:
472:
464:
454:
444:
434:
424:
414:
404:
394:
384:
374:
366:
354:
344:
335:
325:
315:
305:
294:
271:
252:
247:
236:Alvarezsauroidea
234:
155:
154:
131:
112:
102:
39:
27:Temporal range:
21:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5995:
5990:
5982:
5977:
5969:
5964:
5956:
5951:
5943:
5938:
5931:Alvarezsauridae
5929:
5928:
5923:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5901:Alvarezsauridae
5895:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5865:
5863:
5858:
5800:
5793:
5776:
5771:Tympanonesiotes
5764:Pseudodontornis
5727:Palaeochenoides
5648:Caspiodontornis
5632:Pelagornithidae
5623:
5584:
5540:
5482:
5459:
5427:
5403:
5376:
5359:
5333:
5313:
5275:
5217:
5212:Parahesperornis
5184:Asiahesperornis
5169:
5100:
5070:
4969:
4956:
4896:
4859:
4804:
4771:Archaeornithura
4753:
4714:
4676:
4646:
4429:Archaeorhynchus
4410:
4397:
4380:
4367:
4337:
4317:
4288:Ornithothoraces
4282:
4245:
4219:Changchengornis
4201:
4170:
4148:
4135:
4082:
4054:Anchiornithidae
3952:
3939:
3913:
3907:Dromaeosauridae
3896:Dromaeosauridae
3887:
3881:Anchiornithidae
3841:
3800:Liaoningvenator
3756:Anchiornithidae
3747:
3735:Scansoriopteryx
3702:
3647:
3634:
3617:
3580:
3560:
3517:
3512:Therizinosaurus
3448:
3396:
3391:Lingyuanosaurus
3348:Therizinosauria
3323:
3282:
3248:
3173:Parvicursorinae
3167:
3104:Alvarezsauridae
3098:
3023:
3011:
2947:
2934:
2905:
2885:
2858:
2852:Avemetatarsalia
2837:Avemetatarsalia
2827:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2727:Wayback Machine
2710:Wayback Machine
2699:
2694:
2693:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2613:(5): e2036174.
2604:
2603:
2599:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2429:Current Biology
2422:
2421:
2417:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2319:
2315:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1711:
1634:
1621:"Ornithomimus"
1495:Alvarezsauridae
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1347:
1265:
1206:
1202:
1168:
1165:
1155:
1104:Alvarezsauridae
1091:
934:
912:
875:
825:
717:as a member of
693:In 1993, Perle
670:
616:Alvarezsauridae
584:Parvicursoridae
368:Parvicursorinae
280:
279:Bonaparte, 1991
277:
251:
249:Alvarezsauridae
245:
232:
149:
103:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
34:
33:
32:
29:Late Cretaceous
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6043:
6041:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6012:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5988:
5975:
5962:
5949:
5936:
5921:
5905:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5884:
5883:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5814:Archaeornithes
5809:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5756:Protopelicanus
5752:
5745:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5720:Osteodontornis
5716:
5709:
5702:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5634:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5617:Dromornithidae
5613:
5606:
5597:
5595:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5553:
5551:
5549:Dromornithidae
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5527:
5524:Perplexicervix
5517:
5506:
5500:
5497:Incertae sedis
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5476:Pangalliformes
5469:
5467:
5465:Pangalliformes
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5390:
5388:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5303:
5296:
5288:
5286:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5234:
5232:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5111:
5109:Hesperornithes
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5091:
5083:
5081:
5079:Ichthyornithes
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5048:
5038:
5028:
5018:
5008:
4998:
4988:
4976:
4970:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4908:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4884:Similiyanornis
4880:
4872:
4870:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4834:
4826:
4817:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4766:
4764:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4727:
4725:
4723:Ambiortiformes
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4687:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4659:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4641:Zhongjianornis
4634:
4624:
4614:
4603:
4593:
4583:
4573:
4563:
4553:
4543:
4540:Jianchangornis
4533:
4523:
4513:
4502:
4492:
4482:
4472:
4462:
4452:
4442:
4432:
4421:
4411:
4406:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4311:Enantiornithes
4304:
4302:
4300:Enantiornithes
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4226:Confuciusornis
4222:
4214:
4212:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4192:
4189:Omnivoropteryx
4184:
4182:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4155:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4069:
4058:
4047:
4037:
4027:
4016:
4006:
3996:
3985:
3974:
3963:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3900:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3854:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3687:Pneumatoraptor
3680:
3669:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3484:Neimongosaurus
3480:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3243:Trierarchuncus
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3139:Bonapartenykus
3135:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3078:Shishugounykus
3074:
3067:
3060:
3057:Bonapartenykus
3053:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2988:
2977:
2966:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2936:
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2751:
2743:
2737:
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2717:
2698:
2697:External links
2695:
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2513:
2456:
2415:
2384:
2330:
2313:
2264:
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2195:
2188:
2161:
2142:(2): 146–157.
2125:
2114:(3): 447–450.
2098:
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2068:
2025:
2006:
1977:
1934:
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1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:Bonapartenykus
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1113:Patagonykinae
1108:
1106:
1098:
1086:Bonapartenykus
933:
932:Classification
930:
911:
908:
874:
871:
824:
821:
669:
666:
639:myrmecophagous
611:
610:
609:
608:
596:
581:
562:
561:
555:
554:
553:
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
538:
528:
518:
500:
499:
498:
488:
478:
460:
457:Trierarchuncus
450:
440:
430:
420:
410:
400:
390:
380:
362:
361:
360:
350:
347:Bonapartenykus
331:
321:
311:
301:
287:
286:
282:
281:
278:
266:
265:
259:
258:
243:
239:
238:
230:
226:
225:
220:
213:
212:
207:
200:
199:
194:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
143:
142:
133:
132:
124:
123:
114:
113:
105:
104:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
40:
26:
24:Alvarezsaurids
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6042:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5882:
5872:
5868:
5855:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5834:Odontornithes
5832:
5830:
5829:Odontognathae
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5797:
5791:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5758:
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5751:
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5746:
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5742:
5738:
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5731:
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5724:
5722:
5721:
5717:
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5710:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5685:
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5678:
5677:
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5670:
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5664:
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5650:
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5598:
5596:
5594:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5558:Barawertornis
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5454:
5453:Anserimorphae
5450:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5442:Anserimorphae
5439:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5398:
5397:Palaeognathae
5394:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5386:Palaeognathae
5383:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5357:
5352:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5224:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5065:Tingmiatornis
5059:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:Antarcticavis
4978:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4951:Shuilingornis
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4915:Changzuiornis
4912:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4868:Yanornithidae
4862:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4838:Songlingornis
4835:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4785:Longicrusavis
4782:
4780:
4779:
4778:Hongshanornis
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4664:Mengciusornis
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4655:Schizoouridae
4649:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4469:Changzuiornis
4463:
4461:
4460:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:Brevidentavis
4443:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4364:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:Cretaaviculus
3986:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3867:Archaeopteryx
3864:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3836:Yixianosaurus
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3793:Fujianvenator
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:Epidexipteryx
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:Beipiaosaurus
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3342:
3338:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:Heptasteornis
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:Alvarezsaurus
3129:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:Achillesaurus
3114:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:Achillesaurus
3032:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3014:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:China Geology
2242:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:10.1038/32642
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2022:(5): 583–592.
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
2001:page 40091128
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1880:(3): 15–123.
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:Alvarezsaurus
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:Achillesaurus
1503:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:Alvarezsaurus
1175:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:Alvarezsaurus
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:Alvarezsaurus
1039:
1034:
1032:
1031:maniraptorans
1028:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
990:
985:
981:
980:Alvarezsaurus
977:
976:
970:
968:
964:
960:
959:
958:Ornitholestes
954:
950:
943:
938:
931:
929:
927:
923:
922:
916:
909:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
864:
863:South America
860:
856:
855:
854:Heptasteornis
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
822:
820:
818:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
786:
781:
778:
774:
766:
765:
759:
755:
753:
751:
746:
742:
740:
735:
734:
728:
726:
725:
724:Archaeopteryx
720:
716:
715:
710:
706:
705:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
684:Alvarezsaurus
681:
677:
676:
667:
665:
663:
660:
656:
652:
651:
650:Alvarezsaurus
646:
644:
640:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
605:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:
578:
574:
569:
568:Bradycnemidae
566:
565:
563:
560:
556:
547:
546:
539:
537:
536:
529:
527:
526:
519:
517:
516:
509:
508:
507:
501:
497:
496:
489:
487:
486:
479:
477:
476:
469:
468:
467:
461:
459:
458:
451:
449:
448:
441:
439:
438:
431:
429:
428:
421:
419:
418:
411:
409:
408:
401:
399:
398:
391:
389:
388:
381:
379:
378:
371:
370:
369:
363:
359:
358:
351:
349:
348:
341:
340:
338:
337:Patagonykinae
332:
330:
329:
328:Heptasteornis
322:
320:
319:
312:
310:
309:
308:Alvarezsaurus
302:
299:
298:
297:Achillesaurus
291:
290:
288:
283:
276:
275:
267:
264:
260:
255:
250:
244:
241:
240:
237:
231:
229:Superfamily:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
144:
141:
140:
139:Alvarezsaurus
134:
130:
125:
122:
121:
115:
111:
106:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
38:
30:
22:
19:
6020:Alvarezsaurs
5900:
5844:Unenlagiidae
5769:
5762:
5754:
5747:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5706:Odontopteryx
5704:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5615:
5608:
5600:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5532:
5522:
5512:
5495:
5433:Galloanserae
5420:
5307:Lamarqueavis
5305:
5300:Cimolopteryx
5298:
5291:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5239:Australornis
5237:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5162:
5157:Pasquiaornis
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5093:
5086:
5063:
5053:
5043:
5033:
5023:
5013:
5003:
4993:
4982:
4949:
4944:Khinganornis
4942:
4935:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4851:
4843:
4836:
4830:Piscivoravis
4828:
4820:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4745:
4737:
4730:
4709:Patagopteryx
4707:
4699:
4692:
4669:
4662:
4639:
4629:
4621:Xinghaiornis
4619:
4608:
4598:
4588:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4550:Jiuquanornis
4548:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4509:Gargantuavis
4507:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4459:Changmaornis
4457:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4366:
4277:Jinguofortis
4275:
4268:
4261:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4194:
4187:
4161:
4130:Neimengornis
4128:
4121:
4115:Jixiangornis
4113:
4106:
4100:Dalianraptor
4098:
4074:
4063:
4052:
4042:
4034:Yandangornis
4032:
4021:
4011:
4001:
3990:
3979:
3969:
3933:Troodontidae
3922:Troodontidae
3879:
3874:Wellnhoferia
3872:
3865:
3857:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3791:
3786:Eosinopteryx
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3695:
3685:
3676:Palaeopteryx
3674:
3664:
3605:
3531:Pennaraptora
3510:
3503:
3496:
3491:Nothronychus
3489:
3482:
3475:
3470:Erlikosaurus
3468:
3463:Erliansaurus
3461:
3443:Suzhousaurus
3441:
3436:Martharaptor
3434:
3429:Enigmosaurus
3427:
3420:
3413:
3389:
3382:
3376:Fukuivenator
3374:
3367:
3361:Eshanosaurus
3359:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3297:Albertonykus
3295:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:Ceratonykini
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3215:Nemegtonykus
3213:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3103:
3091:
3085:Tugulusaurus
3083:
3076:
3069:
3064:Haplocheirus
3062:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3003:
2995:Migmanychion
2993:
2982:
2973:Fukuivenator
2971:
2960:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2730:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2476:(1): 11727.
2473:
2469:
2459:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2401:
2397:
2346:
2342:
2324:Haplocheirus
2323:
2322:Guest Post:
2316:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2251:(1): 28–35.
2248:
2244:
2234:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2179:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2082:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1861:impact event
1853:Luis Alvarez
1844:
1747:
1746:
1730:
1729:
1700:
1684:
1683:
1653:
1652:
1622:
1620:
1606:Albertonykus
1604:
1603:
1573:
1572:
1548:
1547:
1524:
1523:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1482:Haplocheirus
1480:
1479:
1457:
1452:
1383:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1333:
1332:
1318:Albertonykus
1316:
1315:
1284:
1283:
1251:
1250:
1234:
1233:
1217:
1216:
1205:Ceratonykini
1179:
1178:
1141:
1140:
1124:
1123:
1103:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1073:Haplocheirus
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1026:Haplocheirus
1024:
1009:Thomas Holtz
1002:
993:
987:
983:
979:
973:
971:
956:
948:
946:
941:
919:
917:
913:
900:beta-keratin
895:
892:integumental
881:
876:
852:
850:
844:
843:(blue), and
840:
836:
832:
813:
800:
796:
794:
783:
769:
762:
748:
744:
737:
731:
729:
722:
712:
708:
702:
698:
694:
692:
683:
673:
671:
648:
647:
632:maniraptoran
615:
614:
603:
598:
583:
567:
543:
533:
523:
515:Albertonykus
513:
505:
493:
483:
473:
466:Ceratonykini
465:
455:
445:
435:
425:
417:Nemegtonykus
415:
405:
395:
385:
375:
367:
355:
345:
336:
326:
316:
306:
295:
272:
263:Type species
248:
216:
203:
190:
137:
118:
18:
5925:Wikispecies
5741:Proceriavis
5713:Odontoptila
5669:Gigantornis
5579:Ilbandornis
5514:Asteriornis
5255:Neogaeornis
5205:Hesperornis
5136:Chupkaornis
5088:Ichthyornis
4853:Yixianornis
4799:Tianyuornis
4747:Palintropus
4694:Alamitornis
4580:Meemannavis
4560:Juehuaornis
4499:Eogranivora
4439:Bellulornis
4263:Chongmingia
4013:Overoraptor
4003:Fukuipteryx
3666:Imperobator
3505:Segnosaurus
3270:Ceratonykus
3229:Parvicursor
3200:Khulsanurus
3193:Jaculinykus
3161:Patagonykus
3071:Patagonykus
3005:Yaverlandia
2945:Maniraptora
2932:Maniraptora
2891:Maniraptora
2770:Maniraptora
1996:: 675–702.
1686:Parvicursor
1550:Patagonykus
1298:Mononykini
1286:Parvicursor
1219:Ceratonykus
1126:Patagonykus
1082:Patagonykus
1054:Paul Sereno
1017:Paul Sereno
989:Parvicursor
975:Patagonykus
953:Maniraptora
926:oviraptorid
823:Description
773:neognathous
739:Parvicursor
599:Mononykidae
485:Ceratonykus
437:Parvicursor
397:Khulsanurus
387:Jaculinykus
357:Patagonykus
35:97–66
6014:Categories
5812:See also:
5734:Pelagornis
5602:Brontornis
5409:Neognathae
5328:see below↓
5293:Ceramornis
5263:Polarornis
5230:Vegaviidae
5198:Fumicollis
5164:Potamornis
5150:Judinornis
5143:Enaliornis
4967:Ornithurae
4877:Abitusavis
4671:Schizooura
4631:Yumenornis
4590:Platanavis
4570:Kaririavis
4530:Horezmavis
4479:Chaoyangia
4408:Euornithes
4395:Euornithes
4332:see below↓
4323:Euornithes
4270:Cratonavis
4146:Pygostylia
4123:Kompsornis
4108:Jeholornis
4044:Zhongornis
3971:Alcmonavis
3859:Alcmonavis
3829:Xiaotingia
3822:Serikornis
3765:Anchiornis
3721:Ambopteryx
3575:see below↓
3415:Alxasaurus
3304:Linhenykus
3288:Mononykini
3277:Xixianykus
3236:Qiupanykus
3222:Ondogurvel
3186:Dzharaonyx
3147:Bradycneme
3125:Alnashetri
2900:see below↓
2803:Dinosauria
2212:: 104830.
1836:References
1655:Xixianykus
1575:Linhenykus
1368:Linhenykus
1236:Xixianykus
921:Qiupanykus
790:Neornithes
775:birds and
743:. Chiappe
655:type genus
525:Linhenykus
506:Mononykini
495:Xixianykus
447:Qiupanykus
427:Ondogurvel
377:Dzharaonyx
318:Bradycneme
285:Subgroups
210:Saurischia
197:Dinosauria
5881:Dinosaurs
5839:Sauriurae
5819:Carinatae
5655:Cyphornis
5641:Aequornis
5610:Gastornis
5572:Genyornis
5565:Dromornis
5122:Baptornis
5055:Limenavis
5035:Iaceornis
5025:Guildavis
5015:Gallornis
5005:Cerebavis
4995:Apatornis
4905:Gansuidae
4739:Apsaravis
4732:Ambiortus
4701:Kuszholia
4196:Sapeornis
4023:Rahonavis
3815:Pedopenna
3697:Rahonavis
3369:Falcarius
3311:Mononykus
3263:Albinykus
3093:Xiyunykus
2962:Elopteryx
2879:Theropoda
2864:Theropoda
2812:Theropoda
2786:Kingdom:
2627:247391327
2592:247222017
2553:225630913
2404:: 33–56.
2226:233858300
1850:physicist
1749:Mononykus
1456:after Xu
1454:Cladogram
1335:Mononykus
1253:Albinykus
1094:cladogram
1078:ICZN Code
1068:Mononykus
1049:Mononykus
998:subfamily
984:Mononykus
910:Lifestyle
847:(violet).
835:(green),
817:homoplasy
714:Mononykus
704:Mononykus
659:historian
635:theropods
624:dinosaurs
535:Mononykus
475:Albinykus
254:Bonaparte
223:Theropoda
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
120:Mononykus
5910:Wikidata
5854:Category
5662:Dasornis
5534:Qinornis
5191:Canadaga
5129:Brodavis
4937:Iteravis
4929:Hollanda
4891:Yanornis
4845:Yanornis
4822:Hollanda
4520:Hollanda
4489:Dingavis
4240:Yangavis
4164:Proornis
3808:Ostromia
3772:Aurornis
3318:Shuvuuia
3050:Bannykus
2794:Chordata
2792:Phylum:
2788:Animalia
2723:Archived
2706:Archived
2686:21262806
2508:31409823
2451:30146153
2379:36904501
2371:20110503
2308:17823350
2156:10440726
1886:29480292
1732:Shuvuuia
1460:, 2011:
1385:Shuvuuia
1059:Shuvuuia
994:Shuvuuia
904:feathers
888:feathery
873:Feathers
785:Shuvuuia
750:Shuvuuia
643:termites
602:Chiappe
573:Harrison
559:Synonyms
545:Shuvuuia
242:Family:
184:Chordata
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
5984:4946621
5958:3238995
5945:4433695
5916:Q134179
5676:Laornis
5422:Neoaves
5270:Vegavis
5095:Janavis
4610:Wyleyia
3950:Avialae
3779:Caihong
3645:Paraves
3632:Paraves
3566:Paraves
2732:Rapator
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1968:S2CID
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