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entrepreneurs can theoretically position themselves along a continuum ranging from entirely formal to entirely illegal, contemporary societies are unmistakably trending towards the informal extreme. From a comparative analysis of various socio-anthropological studies on street vendors, recurring and interconnected figures emerge, which can be categorized into distinct types: the recognized vendor, whose role is legitimate and/or institutionally accepted; the ephemeral vendor, whose activity is sporadic and often goes unrecognized; the clandestine trader, whose work lacks legitimacy. Furthermore, they can be classified based on their mobility: the stationary vendor, conducting business in a fixed location; the semi-stationary vendor, operating in makeshift structures; and the mobile vendor, conducting business by moving to different locations. According to M. Meneghetti, informal street vending in global society often represents a complex and highly flexible form of agency that allows for the adaptation and functional development of the social actor practicing it in relation to a given personal or collective situation of distress (real or perceived), whether it be social, legal, cultural, economic, or political.
135:
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198:, hawkers, commonly referred to as "vendors", are seen everywhere. They sell a wide range of goods such as fish, fruits, vegetables, clothes and books. In suburban areas, they go door to door, and in more commercial areas, they usually have stands or lay their goods on the ground. In the afternoon, many of them sell commercial goods in the more crowded parts of the cities, and at night, they sell juices, tea and snacks. The prices are lower than in shops and so attract people on low incomes.
91:. However, hawkers are distinguished from other types of street vendors in that they are mobile. In contrast, peddlers, for example, may take up a temporary pitch in a public place. Similarly, hawkers tend to be associated with the sale of non-perishable items such as brushes and cookware while costermongers are exclusively associated with the sale of fresh produce. When accompanied by a demonstration or detailed explanation of the product, the hawker is sometimes referred to as a
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went by a variety of labels including: ambulator (a person who walks around); circitor (to go around); circulator (a broad term which included itinerant entertainers) and institor (a business manager). She found that hawkers and street vendors were an important part of the distribution system. The vendors mainly sold everyday food at low prices and clustered around temples, theatres, bathhouses and forums where to take advantage of the optimal commercial opportunities. Their
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on 4 March 2014. Only three states have implemented the bill as of April 2017. The bill handed governance over public space and vendors over to municipalities. Although, one of the main purposes of the Street
Vendors Act was to allow the vendors to have a voice in governance, the bill made conditions
168:
Traditionally deeply rooted in the social and economic fabric of many countries in the Global South, the practice of street vending has, in recent decades, extended its reach to even the most developed nations, taking on various forms. While not strictly confined to the informal economy, since street
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Literary references and images of hawkers and peddlers during the medieval period are relatively rare. Hawkers, hucksters and peddlers occupied a different social position to merchants and were regarded as marginal in society. However, English narratives from the 12th and 13th centuries suggest that
150:
Hawkers have been known since antiquity and possibly earlier. Claire
Holleran has examined literary, legal and pictorial sources to provide evidence for the presence of hawkers in antiquity, especially ancient Rome. Her findings indicate that the Romans had no specific term for hawkers – rather they
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dates to the pre-Hispanic era and the government has struggled to control it, with the most recent clearing of downtown streets of vendors occurring in 2007. Still, there is a persistent presence of many thousands illegally. In 2003 it was estimated that there were 199,328 street vendors in Mexico
259:
ended for most retailing in the 1990s, it continues in this trade. Inappropriate license ceiling in most cities, like Mumbai which has a ceiling 14,000 licenses, means more vendors hawk their goods illegally, which also makes them prone to the bribery and extortion culture under local police and
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There are sometimes disputes between established merchants and ambulantes. Bribes are also a problem. Many vendors operate illegally. In order to avoid overwhelming tourists or shoppers, ambulantes are known to establish territories and limit their numbers. Thieves stealing their goods can be a
312:
In the capital city of Dhaka, street vendors such as small tea stalls, and popular food stalls (fuchka, chotpoti) along the public spaces (university campuses, bus terminals, market places) have a significant role to cater to the urban population. Street vendors are a source of food security,
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were part of the fabric of street life yet were largely viewed as an unwelcome disturbance. In Roman society, hawkers experienced the same disdain that Romans held for retail generally; hawkers were low in social status, with privileged groups often referring to them in pejorative terms.
121:
wrote, "Among the more ancient of the trades, then carried on in
England, is that of the hawker or pedlar", and he notes, "the hawker dealt, in the old times, more in textile fabrics than in anything else." In several passages of his work, Mayhew categorises hawkers,
126:, and peddlers as a single group of itinerant salesman, and claims that he is unable to say what distinction was drawn between a hawker and a huckster. Mayhew estimated the number of licensed pedlars in 1861 as 14,038 in England, 2,561 in Scotland, and 624 in Wales.
271:'s have started working for them. In fact, The National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) based in Delhi, is a federation of 715 street vendor organizations, trade unions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Kolkata has two such unions, namely the
1025:, who sell snack items, such as deep-fried bananas, cotton candy, fried noodles, beverages like bubble tea, and ice cream, along with non-edible items, such as jewelry, clothes, books, and paintings. Hawkers are also found selling various items to fans at a
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s or informal commercial importers. They sell items in small roadside stands, public transit hubs, or other places where consumers would want items such as snacks, cigarettes, phone cards, or other less expensive items.
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often break larger items into small individual consumable portions for re-sale and use. Buying these items from more traditional vendors, farmers, or merchants for re-sale via their informal network in communities.
1161:
Claire
Holleran, "Representations of food hawkers in Ancient Rome", in: Melissa Calaresu and Danielle van den Heuvel eds, Food Hawkers: Selling in the Streets from Antiquity to the Present, Routledge, 2016, pp
1151:
Claire
Holleran, "Representations of food hawkers in Ancient Rome", in: Melissa Calaresu and Danielle van den Heuvel eds, Food Hawkers: Selling in the Streets from Antiquity to the Present, Routledge, 2016, p.
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is also sometimes used. The difference between camelĂ´s and so-called "ambulantes" is that camelĂ´s have fixed "storefronts" on a particular sidewalk, whereas "ambulantes" sell their wares throughout an area.
800:, although their lifestyle might be better referred to as "subemployment." Many people who work as camelĂ´s sell their products knowing that they are of low quality, and charge high prices nonetheless.
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especially to the poorer section of the urban population. Street vending is significant portion of Dhaka's informal economy, an employment opportunity for better livelihoods of the urban poor.
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Across Asia, stalls have been set up with little to no government monitoring. Due to health concerns and other liability problems, the food culture has been seriously challenged in
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251:, more than 150,000, and Ahmedabad, 100,000. Most of them are immigrants or laid-off workers, work for an average 10–12 hours a day, and remain impoverished. Though the prevalent
1974:
Talleristas y vendedores ambulantes en Lima (Shoppers and Street
Vendors In Lima) by Martha Lazarte Salina, Desco, Minaya Elizabeth Fernandez, Alternative, 2002 136 pages
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134:
105:
1965:(Mobile Workers/ Street Workers) by Martha RocĂo CarantĂłn CarantĂłn, Carolina Motta Manrique, Jenny Zoraida Santoyo Angulo, AlcaldĂa Mayor de Bogotá D.C., Colombia 2001
1352:
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James Davis, Medieval Market
Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200–1500, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 103 and p., 262
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853:(announcement or street-seller's cry) is a type of song based on the hawking by street vendor of their goods ("canto de los vendedores ambulantes").
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689:. This commerce poses an illegal competition with the regular retail shops. The shops at the Avellaneda street estimated that the presence of
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James Davis, Medieval Market
Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200–1500, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 97
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James Davis, Medieval Market
Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200–1500, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 96
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2011:
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Law enforcement often enters into conflict – sometimes physical – with camelôs, for selling low-quality products (often imported from
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are helped by retail shops at other locations, which store their products in the night, even if not allowed to work as warehouses.
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704:(CAME), as of December 2013 there were 463 manteros working in Once, 16.8% of the total in Buenos Aires. The daily sales of
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rights, and regulated the prevalent license system. The Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 6 September 2013 and by the
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return days, even hours, after the raids. Still, the government attempts to weaken the organizations that back the
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and
Malaysia, these stands have become so successful that many have chosen to set up shop more permanently in a
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A hawker is a type of street vendor; "a person who travels from place-to-place selling goods." Synonyms include
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municipal authorities, besides harassment, heavy fines and sudden evictions. In Kolkata, the profession was a
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Over the years the street vendors have organized themselves into trade unions and associations, and numerous
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2006:
1443:"Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Bill, 2012 passed by Lok Sabha"
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hardworking hawkers could advance to positions as packmen and ultimately wealthy wholesalers or merchants.
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142:
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Fresco from the House of Julia Felix, Pompeii depicting scenes of various hawkers and traders at the Forum
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Sogni sospesi: vite ambulanti e vulnerabilitĂ nelle strade del mondo. Uno studio etnografico in Colombia
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92:
1272:"Street Vendors: Tabled in Parliament's last session, this Bill could bring security to our urban poor"
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In the early 20th century, a street corner hawker of hot potatoes and pies could be referred to as an
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were at their peak in the 19th century. Organised, yet semi-obvious, they were ubiquitous, and their
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727:, removing them from the sidewalks and seizing their products. The police also made 35 successful
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1493:
Hemlata, Sharma (2015). "Laws Pertaining to the Rights of Street Vendors in India: An Analysis".
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that licensed retailers pay. Their presence is considered to be a result of the alarming rise in
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1746:[After the blockades in the morning, the manteros renewed their protests in the night].
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1242:
1217:"Why African cities are full of street vendors and hawkers – and how we can create better jobs"
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is a vendor of merchandise that can be easily transported; the term is roughly synonymous with
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1718:"Flores: la policĂa metropolitana desalojĂł a los manteros de Avellaneda con balas de goma"
804:
662:
288:
1630:"Diario de sesiones – Uruguay. Asamblea General. Cαmara de Representantes – Google Books"
543:, began in 1845 with Robert and Mary White selling their drinks around south London in a
1971:(Communication and Mobile Workers/Street Workers) FĂ©lix LĂ©vano EDAPROSPO, 1989 32 pages
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677:. They work at the sidewalks of locations with an important daily traffic, such as the
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set up in a fixed location while others are mobile. Some ambulantes sell their goods
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1720:[Flores: the metropolitan police removed the manteros with rubber bullets].
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1744:"Después de los cortes matinales, los manteros volvieron a protestar por la noche"
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63:, or food items. Whether stationary or mobile, hawkers often advertise by loud
1577:. Researched and written, variously, with J. Binny, B. Hemyng and A. Halliday.
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are worth 300 million pesos in Buenos Aires, and 52 million in Once. A single
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way, in most cases placing them over a blanket. They are, in their most part,
480:
292:
281:
Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act
937:. Many of the ambulantes come from rural areas to sell their goods including
1619:
The Peasant Marketing System of Oaxaca, Mexico by Ralph Leon Beals pages 42,
1542:
Hong Kong Legal Principles: Important Topics for Students and Professionals.
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hawker restrictions have put a burden on this mobile food culture. The term
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850:
59:. In most places where the term is used, a hawker sells inexpensive goods,
1985:
1243:"Lagos Street Vendors and Informal Economy in Africa | Africa from Africa"
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Street vendor with a string and sheet set-up allowing for quick departure.
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407:) has been used to describe vendors often running away from local police.
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more difficult for vendors as they have become more heavily scrutinized.
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at illegal warehouses in January 2014. However, despite this operation,
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In the English-speaking Caribbean, hawkers are commonly referred to as
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299:(upper house) on 19 February 2014. The bill received the assent of the
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547:. Muffin men, a type of hawker who would travel door to door selling
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240:
110:
68:
36:
1959:
edited by Stanley D. Brunn, Maureen Hays-Mitchell, Donald J. Zeigler
1804:
917:(hagglers) is used for those who buy goods to resell for a profit.
1941:"Attacked An All-Hot Man". The Hartford Courant. 21 November 1913.
1417:"Parliament nod to bill to protect rights of urban street vendors"
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The government of Buenos Aires usually attempts to eradicate the
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Musical hawkers from the house of Dioskourides of Samos, Pompeii
40:
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Redes sociales y comercio en vĂa pĂşblica en la Ciudad de MĂ©xico
793:
630:"Mantero" redirects here. For the Argentine municipality, see
268:
551:
as a snack bread, also became common in 19th century London.
215:
A girl selling plastic containers for carrying Ganges water,
595:, a term also used in Italy. In Argentina they are known as
391:, though without marked success. However, in Hong Kong, the
1517:"Street foods in developing countries: lessons from Asia"
1029:; more commonly, this person is simply referred to as a
810:, meaning "merchant of low-quality goods", and the term
219:, India. Many street vendors in South Asia are children.
71:
with customers, to attract attention and enhance sales.
1868:
Gender and the Boundaries of Dress in Contemporary Peru
1353:"Bill in Lok Sabha to protect rights of street vendors"
1956:
Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development
645:
Two Argentine children working as "manteros" at the
599:. In Brazil, they are also known as "camelĂ´s". Some
539:
could be heard everywhere. The soft drinks company,
1927:A Dictionary of Old Trades, Titles and Occupations
1367:"Govt introduces street vending bill in Lok Sabha"
618:Street vendors face various regulations and fees.
1789:"A Theory of Petty Trading: The Jamaican Higgler"
784:), making improper use of public space (blocking
233:Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
227:A fruit seller's customized mobile stall in India
743:reacts to the raids with common demonstrations.
348:, which is soft tofu served with syrup. In both
287:(Lower of Indian Parliament) aimed at providing
1605:. Oxford University Press:Oxford, 1999 (p. 517)
712:may earn between 2,000 and 3,500 in a day. The
39:hawkers selling bags and sunglasses in central
1827:Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba
1653:edited by Carlos A. Aguirre, Robert Buffington
693:would make them lose 200 million pesos in the
1901:. Mentalfloss.com. 6 May 2009. Archived from
1694:(in Spanish). 3 February 2014. Archived from
1666:Economies and the Transformation of Landscape
1301:
1299:
702:ConfederaciĂłn Argentina de la Mediana Empresa
653:The street vendors in Argentina are known as
8:
1668:edited by Lisa Cliggett, Christopher A. Pool
1661:
1659:
109:Audio of a hawker selling books on a bus in
1651:Reconstructing Criminality in Latin America
1391:"Street Vendors Bill passed in Rajya Sabha"
1839:""Toreros", un mal del Centro HistĂłrico",
164:Global society and informal street vending
1266:
1264:
1083:(Asia) a centre where street food is sold
324:is a popular dish sold by hawkers in the
235:, there are 10 million street vendors in
1587:Kotler, Philip; Armstrong, Gary (2010).
1286:"Reclaiming the city for street vendors"
634:. For other uses of a similar name, see
1690:[Manteros, mafias and crimes].
1355:. The Economic Times. 6 September 2012.
1118:
951:
409:
1969:ComunicaciĂłn y Trabajadores Ambulantes
1899:"Nine Famous Baseball Stadium Vendors"
1682:
1680:
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1674:
1613:
1611:
1337:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1330:
792:traffic), and for not paying the same
770:name given to street vendors in major
657:, after the Spanish word for blanket,
513:, north London in 1877. Photograph in
340:. Another common food you will see in
356:, hawkers' inventories often include
7:
933:were used against the ambulantes in
1142:, volume 1, 1861, p. 364 and p. 377
279:. In September, 2012, long-awaited
1375:. 7 September 2012. Archived from
661:. They sell varied products in an
25:
1591:. Pearson Education. p. 278.
1575:London Labour and the London Poor
1140:London Labour and the London Poor
669:without documents and victims of
1984:
1274:. Mint, Lounge. 2 November 2012.
1021:, hawkers are commonly known as
1000:
988:
973:
954:
468:
448:
428:
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1066:Disabled veteran street vendors
1750:(in Spanish). 12 February 2014
1724:(in Spanish). 11 December 2013
1564:. Penguin p43–56; 97–98.
803:The word is borrowed from the
1:
899:street vendors in Mexico City
591:("mobile vendors") or simply
455:Cart hawkers selling various
1880:The Stadium Vendor Hierarchy
1688:"Manteros, mafias y delitos"
913:vendors. In Oaxaca the term
881:. Some sell textiles such a
695:Christmas and holiday season
1774:September 11, 2011, at the
1199:Meneghetti, Matteo (2023).
555:Latin America and Caribbean
277:Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union
2048:
629:
273:Bengal Hawkers Association
264:and non-bailable offense.
2012:Food services occupations
1885:January 18, 2010, at the
1829:. La Habana. vol 3, p262.
1769:Jamaica Glossary of Terms
1573:Mayhew, Henry 1851–1861.
739:with constant raids. The
87:, chapman or in Britain,
1603:Oxford Companion to Food
1562:The Victorian Underworld
1540:Mau, Stephen D. (2006).
1447:Press Information Bureau
865:, women, many from the
243:accounting for 250,000,
1787:Wong, David C. (1996).
1589:Principles of Marketing
1017:In large cities across
435:Street vendors selling
67:or chants, and conduct
1924:Waters, Colin (2005).
1560:Chesney, Kellow 1970.
1469:"Gazette Notification"
949:(embroidered skirts).
877:ethnic groups, peddle
760:
683:Retiro railway station
650:
572:
520:
283:was introduced in the
228:
220:
191:
147:
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114:
44:
1963:Vendedores Ambulantes
1544:HK University Press.
1129:". Collins Dictionary
754:
644:
589:vendedores ambulantes
565:vendedores ambulantes
562:
516:Street Life in London
505:
226:
214:
185:
145:
137:
108:
35:
2017:Informal occupations
1993:at Wikimedia Commons
1930:. Countryside Books.
1857:, Norma GĂłmez MĂ©ndez
1825:Giro, Radamés 2007.
1793:The Economic Journal
1087:Hawkers in Hong Kong
967:Maracaibo, Venezuela
847:Latin American music
768:Brazilian Portuguese
679:Once railway station
1843:, February 18, 2013
945:(embroideries) and
939:prickly pear cactus
729:search and seizures
579:are known in local
541:R. White's Lemonade
405:running from ghosts
117:Social commentator
1870:by Blenda FemenĂas
1698:on 3 February 2014
1474:. Gazette of India
1449:. 6 September 2013
1423:. 20 February 2014
1397:. 19 February 2014
1379:on 4 January 2013.
1372:The Times of India
1292:. 3 November 2012.
1092:Hawkers in Kolkata
761:
667:illegal immigrants
651:
615:stalls or stands.
575:Street vendors in
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301:President of India
257:Indian bureaucracy
253:license-permit raj
229:
221:
196:metropolitan areas
192:
148:
140:
115:
45:
2022:Sales occupations
1989:Media related to
1905:on 4 October 2012
700:According to the
671:human trafficking
636:Mantero (surname)
419:A cart hawker in
370:roasted chestnuts
231:According to the
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16:(Redirected from
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897:The presence of
871:Kaqchikel people
755:CamelĂ´ stand in
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439:out of a car in
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194:In many African
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1307:"Archived copy"
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5:
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2027:Street culture
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:Street vendors
1999:
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1979:External links
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27:Street vendor
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2032:Street cries
1968:
1962:
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1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:the original
1893:
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1747:
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1721:
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1696:the original
1691:
1646:
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1624:
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1463:
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1420:
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1377:the original
1370:
1361:
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1289:
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1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
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1194:
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1176:
1167:
1157:
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1139:
1134:
1121:
1071:Door-to-door
1061:Costermonger
1037:
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1027:sports venue
1022:
1016:
980:"CamelĂ´" in
931:water cannon
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798:unemployment
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757:Porto Alegre
740:
736:
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725:police raids
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675:forced labor
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537:street cries
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477:Antananarivo
404:
403:(literally:
386:
320:
311:
266:
230:
193:
186:A vendor in
167:
158:
153:street cries
149:
119:Henry Mayhew
116:
96:
93:demonstrator
89:costermonger
78:
65:street cries
53:costermonger
48:
46:
29:
1841:Más por Más
1754:12 February
1728:12 February
1702:12 February
1521:www.fao.org
1453:20 February
1427:20 February
1401:20 February
1323:9 September
1253:14 November
1227:14 November
1107:Street food
1038:all-hot man
982:Rio, Brazil
879:handicrafts
869:(including
843:Cuban music
545:wheelbarrow
507:Ginger beer
475:Vendors in
463:, Indonesia
441:Johor Bahru
374:stinky tofu
326:Philippines
297:Rajya Sabha
61:handicrafts
2001:Categories
1114:References
1076:Food truck
961:Vendor of
812:marreteiro
790:pedestrian
685:, and the
601:ambulantes
593:ambulantes
585:Portuguese
569:ConcepciĂłn
481:Madagascar
443:, Malaysia
308:Bangladesh
293:livelihood
262:cognisable
75:Definition
1909:18 August
1748:La NaciĂłn
1722:La NaciĂłn
1692:La NaciĂłn
1395:The Hindu
1290:The Hindu
1221:MG Africa
915:regatones
857:Guatemala
819:Caribbean
786:sidewalks
772:Brazilian
626:Argentina
622:problem.
511:Hampstead
389:Indonesia
378:Singapore
362:beef ball
358:fish ball
354:Hong Kong
285:Lok Sabha
124:hucksters
18:Ambulante
1883:Archived
1772:Archived
1636:26 March
1526:23 March
1495:Pranjana
1333:cite web
1044:See also
963:parrilla
947:polleras
943:bordados
911:tortilla
830:Higglers
759:, Brazil
741:manteros
737:manteros
733:manteros
721:manteros
714:manteros
706:manteros
691:manteros
663:informal
655:manteros
597:manteros
563:Chilean
509:sold in
483:selling
457:culinary
401:Jau Gwei
397:licensed
366:butzaigo
334:Cambodia
275:and the
217:Haridwar
173:Regional
97:pitchman
81:huckster
1991:hawkers
1813:2235264
1478:7 March
1097:Peddler
1051:Arabber
863:Antigua
825:haggler
808:camelot
710:mantero
609:Puestos
581:Spanish
533:England
461:Jakarta
437:durians
423:, India
421:Wayanad
395:versus
338:Vietnam
249:Kolkata
239:, with
130:History
113:, India
85:peddler
57:peddler
43:, Italy
1811:
1632:. 1895
1548:
1127:Hawker
1102:Retail
1056:Bazaar
902:City.
893:Mexico
875:Ladino
873:) and
851:pregĂłn
805:French
775:cities
764:CamelĂ´
747:Brazil
681:, the
613:market
529:London
493:Europe
372:, and
336:, and
241:Mumbai
178:Africa
111:Odisha
69:banter
49:hawker
37:Street
1809:JSTOR
1472:(PDF)
1317:(PDF)
1310:(PDF)
1162:22–42
794:taxes
766:is a
723:with
659:manta
393:lease
376:. In
350:China
322:Balut
245:Delhi
237:India
207:India
1911:2013
1756:2014
1730:2014
1704:2014
1638:2018
1546:ISBN
1528:2024
1501:(2).
1480:2014
1455:2014
1429:2014
1403:2014
1339:link
1325:2018
1255:2017
1229:2017
927:Peru
921:Peru
887:su't
883:po't
867:Maya
849:, a
845:and
837:Cuba
788:and
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346:taho
330:Laos
291:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
