333:, 1659 (the last synod permitted by the French government), decided against the excommunication of Amyraut but delimited his views in order to avoid further variance with historic Reformed orthodoxy. He gave the assurance that he did not change the doctrine but only the method of instruction. His opponents allowed that the idea of a universal grace by which no one was actually saved unless included in the particular, effective decree of election, was permissible. In this way hypothetical universalism was sanctioned as a permissible view, along with the particularism that had characterized historic Reformed orthodoxy, and a schism in the French Church was avoided. The literary controversy continued for several years longer and developed a large amount of learning and ability, until it was brought to an abrupt close by the political oppressions of the
220:
Amyraut distinguished between objective grace which is offered to all, and subjective grace in the heart which is given only to the elect. He also makes a distinction between natural ability and moral ability, or the power to believe and the willingness to believe; man possesses the former but not the latter in consequence of inherent depravity. It, therefore, takes an act of God to illuminate the mind, thereby engaging the will towards action. He was disposed, like
216:, but his view on double predestination is modified slightly by his view of double election. He also taught that God foreordained a universal salvation through the universal sacrifice of Christ offered to all alike, on condition of faith, so that on the part of God's will and desire, the grace is universal, but as regards the condition it is particular, or only for those who do not reject it which would thereby make it ineffective.
970:
22:
360:. He promoted "hypothetical universalism, a general atonement in the sense of intention as well as sufficiency, a common blessing of the cross, and a conditional salvation. The "root principle of the Davenant School" was the "notion of a universal desire in God for the salvation of all men." In the floor debate on redemption at the Westminster Assembly,
313:
which teach that God loves 'the whole world', that he will have 'all men to be saved', that Christ died 'not for our sins only, but also for the sins of the whole world', that 'he shut up all in unbelief that he might have mercy upon all'. On the other hand, it was objected that God does not really
231:
Those who never heard of Christ are condemned if they reject the general grace of providence, but the same persons would also reject Christ if he were offered to them. As regards the result, Amyraut agreed with the particularists. His ideology is unavailable, except for those in whom God previously
219:
The universal redemption scheme precedes the particular election scheme, and not vice versa. He reasons from the benevolence of God towards his creatures; the traditional
Reformed presentation of predestination, he thought, improperly reasons from the result and makes facts interpret the decrees.
101:
have termed it "an inconsistent and therefore unstable form of
Calvinism". Amyraut additionally proposed an alternative view to covenant theology in which the Mosaic covenant was seen as neither a covenant of grace nor one of works, but rather as a third substance, being a subservient covenant.
528:
Amyraldism has been strongly criticized in recent years by contemporary
Calvinist theologians who argue that one cannot accept that Christ died for all people in the world if not all are saved. That belief either requires a second payment for sin at the judgment, the adoption of a form of
544:
suggests there is confusion about what the doctrine of limited atonement actually teaches. While he considered it possible for a person to believe four points without believing the fifth, he claimed that a person who really understands the other four points
314:
will and intend what is never accomplished; that he could not purpose an end without providing adequate means; God did not actually offer salvation to all; and that a hypothetical universalism based on an unlikely condition is an unfruitful abstraction.
163:, had prepared the way. His object was not to set aside but to moderate Calvinism by ingrafting this doctrine upon the particularism of election, and thereby to fortify it against the objections of
378:
held to a form of
Amyraldism, although he was less Calvinistic than Amyraut. He "devised an eclectic middle route between Reformed, Arminian, and Roman doctrines of grace: interpreting the
228:, and may produce in them a sort of unconscious Christianity, a faith without knowledge; while within the Church he operates more fully and clearly through the means of grace.
97:, and is viewed as a variety of Calvinism in that it maintains the particularity of sovereign grace in the application of the atonement. However, detractors such as
224:, to extend the grace of God beyond the limits of the visible Church, inasmuch as God by his general providence operates upon the heathen, as in the case of
208:
and foreknowledge of God, whereby he caused all things to pass, the good efficiently, the bad permissively. He also admitted the double decree of
949:
873:
147:
402:
and faith, being obedience to this law, are the believer's personal saving righteousness… the fruit of the seeds which Baxter sowed was
457:
906:
773:
660:
306:(1623–1687). Amyraut's teaching was not, however, considered to be heretical or outside the Reformed confessions by its opponents.
268:
151:, an able divine and voluminous writer, developed the doctrine of hypothetical or conditional universalism, for which his teacher,
918:
899:
Amyraut
Affirmed, or Owenism, a Caricature of Calvinism: a Reply to Ian Hamilton's Amyraldianism – is it Modified Calvinism?
1007:"Divine Covenants, Absolute and Conditional: John Cameron and the Early Orthodox Development of Reformed Covenant Theology"
309:
The friends of
Amyraut emphasised the love, benevolence, and impartial justice of God as well as the numerous passages in
975:
709:
1034:
607:
497:
477:
334:
152:
71:
60:
424:
Popularised in
England by the Reformed pastor Richard Baxter, Amyraldism also gained strong adherence among the
984:
530:
894:
492:, pastor of the Norwich Reformed Church, tirelessly promotes Amyraldism in self-published pamphlets such as
361:
298:
Similar charges were leveled against the
Puritan great, Richard Baxter, who dealt frequently with Cyrus and
383:
209:
87:
115:
Hypothetical universalist teachings may be found in the writings of early
Reformed theologians including
79:
1006:
879:
365:
357:
225:
386:(penal and vicarious, but not substitutionary), in virtue of which God has made a new law offering
988:
534:
517:
425:
280:
272:
190:
116:
232:
works the condition of faith: for those who are included in the particular decree of election.
945:
902:
769:
656:
501:
461:
453:
433:
326:
179:
160:
124:
120:
382:
in terms of contemporary political ideas, he explained Christ's death as an act of universal
509:
303:
276:
221:
185:
in important diplomatic negotiations with the government, he came in frequent contact with
299:
164:
128:
630:
926:
852:
Blunt, David (January–March 1996), "Debate of
Redemption at the Westminster Assembly",
835:
687:
588:
569:
449:
379:
375:
349:
288:
248:
240:
205:
132:
98:
75:
732:
English Hypothetical Universalism: John Preston and the Softening of Reformed Theology
255:(1591–1655), and others considered it innocent and consistent with the decrees of the
1028:
813:
626:
550:
489:
445:
429:
353:
345:
256:
252:
171:
138:
94:
25:
867:
673:
541:
505:
465:
414:
403:
706:"Report of the Committee to Study Republication: The Orthodox Presbyterian Church"
21:
264:
244:
213:
198:
194:
969:
817:
965:
399:
322:
74:, prior to his decree of election, for all alike if they believe, but he then
914:
513:
481:
473:
369:
310:
279:(Molinæus) (since 1621 professor of the rival theological school of Sedan),
175:
83:
40:
649:
748:"Richard Muller on Non-Amyraldian Precedents to Hypothetical Universalism"
82:, seeing that none would believe on their own, and thereby preserving the
411:
407:
395:
156:
142:
840:, Theological School of the Protestant Reformed Churches, pp. 82–84
705:
795:
747:
595:, vol. VI. The Westminster Assembly and Its Work, pp. 138–144
485:
469:
418:
391:
260:
201:, which likewise teaches a universal atonement and a limited election.
90:. The efficacy of the atonement remains limited to those who believe.
635:, vol. II, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, pp. 321–324
387:
330:
292:
284:
236:
193:, who esteemed him highly. His system is an approach, not so much to
186:
168:
694:, Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, pp. 119–120
235:
Amyraut's doctrine created a commotion in the Reformed Churches of
496:. Yet "Five point" Calvinism remains prevalent especially in more
318:
182:
20:
67:
790:, vol. 1, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker, pp. 79–80
348:(1576–1641), like Amyraut a student of John Cameron, was an
878:, The Banner of Truth Trust, pp. 9–10, archived from
204:
Amyraut maintained the Calvinistic premises of an eternal
919:"Amyraut Affirmed, or Owenism, a Caricature of Calvinism"
291:(1572–1651, Professor in Leiden), and the theologians of
302:. In Geneva, the chief opponent of Amyraut's scheme was
178:, were surrounded and threatened. Being employed by the
576:, vol. V. Calvin and Calvinism, pp. 364–365
141:, originally a lawyer, but converted to the study of
822:, vol. 1, Harper & Brothers, pp. 483ff
648:
651:Deviant Calvinism: Broadening Reformed Theology
267:delegates professed similar views against the
549:believe in limited atonement because of what
93:This doctrine is named after its formulator,
8:
28:(1596–1664), after whom Amyraldism is named.
356:and influenced some of the members of the
768:, Translated by James R. Willson (1978),
540:Reformed theologian, pastor, and author
448:, Amyraldism can be found among various
368:attempted to insert Amyraldism into the
944:, Reformation Trust, pp. 140–142,
561:
730:Muller, Richard A. (2008). "Review of
436:, during the 17th and 18th centuries.
197:, which he decidedly rejected, as to
131:. Several theologians who signed the
7:
148:Institutes of the Christian Religion
794:Ponter, David W. (4 October 2007).
788:Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics
989:"A review of Brian G. Armstrong's
655:. Augsburg Fortress. p. 185.
458:Evangelical Free Church of America
159:, and for two years headmaster of
43:doctrine. It is also known as the
14:
341:17th century England and Scotland
135:were hypothetical universalists.
991:Calvinism and the Amyraut Heresy
968:
746:Ponter, David W. (19 May 2008).
480:hold to a modified "four point"
1014:Mid-America Theological Journal
997:Westminster Theological Journal
612:Four Views on Eternal Security
66:Amyraldism is the belief that
1:
837:The History of the Free Offer
976:Reformed Christianity portal
710:Orthodox Presbyterian Church
610:, Pinson, J. Matthew (ed.),
78:those whom he will bring to
1005:Muller, Richard A. (2006).
796:"Richard Muller on Amyraut"
786:Muller, Richard A. (2003),
553:called a resistless logic.
145:by the reading of Calvin's
1051:
736:Calvin Theological Journal
478:Anglican Diocese of Sydney
912:, critically reviewed in
872:Baxter, Richard (1979) ,
647:Crisp, Oliver D. (2014).
537:theory of the atonement.
335:Reformed Church in France
283:(1600–1649, Professor in
61:hypothetical universalist
57:hypothetical universalism
854:British Reformed Journal
533:, or abandonment of the
531:universal reconciliation
766:The Atonement of Christ
516:in England and in some
362:Edmund Calamy the Elder
59:. It is one of several
942:The Truth of the Cross
940:Sproul, R. C. (2007),
901:, Charenton Reformed,
895:Clifford, Alan Charles
834:Hanko, Herman (1989),
520:evangelical churches.
88:unconditional election
29:
870:, "Introduction," in
819:Creeds of Christendom
692:The Plan of Salvation
24:
800:Calvin and Calvinism
752:Calvin and Calvinism
734:by Jonathan Moore".
688:Warfield, Benjamin B
589:Warfield, Benjamin B
570:Warfield, Benjamin B
512:, among evangelical
358:Westminster Assembly
875:The Reformed Pastor
764:Turretin, Francis,
632:Systematic Theology
1035:Calvinist theology
999:, Frame, Poythress
535:penal substitution
518:non-denominational
488:, one author, Dr.
462:dispensationalists
426:Congregationalists
281:Friedrich Spanheim
191:Cardinal Richelieu
117:Heinrich Bullinger
72:Christ's atonement
53:moderate Calvinism
49:post redemptionism
30:
16:Christian doctrine
951:978-1-56769-087-3
917:(November 2004),
524:Contrasting views
510:Reformed Baptists
500:groups among the
454:Southern Baptists
434:American colonies
269:supralapsarianism
125:Zacharias Ursinus
121:Wolfgang Musculus
1042:
1021:
1011:
1000:
978:
973:
972:
956:
954:
937:
931:
929:
923:Evangelicals Now
911:
891:
885:
883:
865:
859:
857:
849:
843:
841:
831:
825:
823:
810:
804:
803:
791:
783:
777:
762:
756:
755:
743:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
702:
696:
695:
684:
678:
677:
671:
669:
654:
644:
638:
636:
623:
617:
615:
604:
598:
596:
585:
579:
577:
566:
494:Amyraut Affirmed
468:and independent
452:groups, such as
352:delegate at the
304:Francis Turretin
277:Pierre Du Moulin
222:Huldrych Zwingli
45:School of Saumur
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1025:
1024:
1009:
1004:
987:(24 May 2012),
983:
974:
967:
964:
962:Further reading
959:
952:
939:
938:
934:
913:
909:
893:
892:
888:
882:on 30 June 2006
871:
866:
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763:
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729:
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703:
699:
686:
685:
681:
667:
665:
663:
646:
645:
641:
625:
624:
620:
608:Horton, Michael
606:
605:
601:
587:
586:
582:
568:
567:
563:
559:
526:
464:in independent
442:
366:Davenant School
343:
329:, 1645; and at
300:Peter du Moulin
226:Malachi 1:11,14
165:Roman Catholics
155:(1580–1625), a
129:Girolamo Zanchi
113:
108:
80:faith in Christ
17:
12:
11:
5:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1002:
980:
979:
963:
960:
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957:
950:
932:
907:
886:
860:
844:
826:
816:, ed. (1876),
814:Schaff, Philip
805:
778:
757:
722:
697:
679:
661:
639:
627:Hodge, Charles
618:
599:
580:
560:
558:
555:
525:
522:
476:, many in the
466:Bible Churches
441:
438:
406:Moderatism in
380:kingdom of God
376:Richard Baxter
342:
339:
241:Dutch Republic
206:foreordination
167:, by whom the
161:Saumur Academy
133:Canons of Dort
112:
109:
107:
104:
99:B. B. Warfield
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908:0-9526716-7-0
904:
900:
896:
890:
887:
881:
877:
876:
869:
868:Packer, J. I.
864:
861:
855:
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838:
830:
827:
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820:
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809:
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723:
711:
707:
701:
698:
693:
689:
683:
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664:
662:9781451487596
658:
653:
652:
643:
640:
634:
633:
628:
622:
619:
614:, p. 113
613:
609:
603:
600:
594:
590:
584:
581:
575:
571:
565:
562:
556:
554:
552:
551:Martin Luther
548:
543:
538:
536:
532:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:Alan Clifford
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:churches. In
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:United States
439:
437:
435:
431:
430:Presbyterians
427:
422:
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413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
371:
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363:
359:
355:
354:Synod of Dort
351:
347:
346:John Davenant
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:The national
315:
312:
307:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:Reformed and
262:
258:
257:Synod of Dort
254:
253:David Blondel
251:(1594–1670),
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
227:
223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
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150:
149:
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140:
139:Moses Amyraut
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
105:
103:
100:
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95:Moses Amyraut
91:
89:
85:
81:
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73:
69:
64:
62:
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54:
50:
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38:
37:Amyraldianism
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1013:
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941:
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898:
889:
880:the original
874:
863:
853:
847:
836:
829:
818:
808:
799:
787:
781:
765:
760:
751:
739:
735:
731:
725:
713:. Retrieved
700:
691:
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674:Project MUSE
672:– via
666:. Retrieved
650:
642:
631:
621:
611:
602:
592:
583:
573:
564:
546:
542:R. C. Sproul
539:
527:
506:Presbyterian
498:conservative
493:
443:
423:
415:Unitarianism
374:
344:
316:
308:
297:
295:opposed it.
234:
230:
218:
203:
153:John Cameron
146:
137:
114:
92:
86:doctrine of
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985:Frame, John
792:, cited in
484:, while in
450:evangelical
325:, 1637; at
289:André Rivet
249:Jean Daillé
245:Switzerland
214:reprobation
199:Lutheranism
195:Arminianism
189:, and with
172:Protestants
35:(sometimes
915:Helm, Paul
744:quoted in
742:: 149–150.
715:9 November
668:6 December
557:References
508:churches,
412:moralistic
400:Repentance
384:redemption
111:Background
33:Amyraldism
514:Anglicans
482:Calvinism
474:Australia
428:and some
404:neonomian
370:Catechism
327:Charenton
311:Scripture
176:Huguenots
84:Calvinist
63:systems.
41:Calvinist
1029:Category
1020:: 11–56.
897:(2004),
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502:Reformed
408:Scotland
396:penitent
265:Anglican
259:, where
210:election
180:Reformed
143:theology
70:decreed
486:England
470:Baptist
444:In the
432:in the
419:England
394:to the
392:amnesty
364:of the
350:English
323:Alençon
273:Gomarus
187:bishops
106:History
76:elected
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948:
905:
856:: 5–10
772:
659:
460:, the
456:, the
440:Recent
388:pardon
331:Loudun
319:Synods
293:Geneva
285:Leiden
275:. But
261:German
243:, and
239:, the
237:France
169:French
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593:Works
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55:, or
946:ISBN
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