Fish locomotion - Knowledge (XXG)

1109:

fertilization. Compared with adults, larval fish experience relatively high viscous force. To enhance thrust to an equal level with the adults, it increases its tail beat frequency and thus amplitude. In zebrafish, tail beat frequency increases over larval age to 95 Hz in 3 days post fertilization from 80 Hz in 2 days post fertilization. This higher frequency leads to higher swimming speed, thus reducing predation and increasing prey catching ability when they start feeding at around 5 days post fertilization. The vortex shedding mechanics changes with the flow regime in an inverse non-linear way. Strouhal number is a design parameter for the vortex shedding mechanism. It can be defined as a ratio of the product of tail beat frequency with amplitude with the mean swimming speed. Reynolds number (Re) is the main deciding criteria of a flow regime. It has been observed over different type of larval experiments that, slow larvae swims at higher Strouhal number but lower Reynolds number. However, the faster larvae swims distinctively at opposite conditions, that is, at lower Strouhal number but higher Reynolds number. Strouhal number is constant over similar speed ranged adult fishes. Strouhal number does not only depend on the small size of the swimmers, but also dependent to the flow regime. As in fishes which swim in viscous or high-friction flow regime, would create high body drag which will lead to higher Strouhal number. Whereas, in high viscous regime, the adults swim at lower stride length which leads to lower tail beat frequency and lower amplitude. This leads to higher thrust for same displacement or higher propulsive force, which unanimously reduces the Reynolds number.

1296:

study the interconnection between locomotor repertoire and neuronal system of a vertebrate. Behavior represents the unique interface between intrinsic and extrinsic forces that determine an organism's health and survival. Larval zebrafish perform many locomotor behavior such as escape response, prey tracking, optomotor response etc. These behaviors can be categorized with respect to body position as ‘C’-starts, ‘J’-turns, slow scoots, routine turns etc. Fish larvae respond to abrupt changes in illumination with distinct locomotor behavior. The larvae show high locomotor activity during periods of bright light compared to dark. This behavior can direct towards the idea of searching food in light whereas the larvae do not feed in dark. Also light exposure directly manipulates the locomotor activities of larvae throughout circadian period of light and dark with higher locomotor activity in light condition than in dark condition which is very similar as seen in mammals. Following the onset of darkness, larvae shows hyperactive scoot motion prior to a gradual drop off. This behavior could possibly be linked to find a shelter before nightfall. Also larvae can treat this sudden nightfall as under debris and the hyperactivity can be explained as the larvae navigation back to illuminated areas. Prolonged dark period can reduce the light-dark responsiveness of larvae. Following light extinction, larvae execute large angle turns towards the vanished light source, which explains the navigational response of a larva. Acute ethanol exposure reduce visual sensitivity of larvae causing a latency to respond in light and dark period change.

1113:

One of the primary determinants of feeding success is the size of larval body. The smaller larvae function in a lower Reynolds number (Re) regime. As the age increases, the size of the larvae increases, which leads to higher swimming speed and increased Reynolds number. It has been observed through many experiments that the Reynolds number of successful strikes (Re~200) is much higher than the Reynolds number of failed strikes (Re~20). Numerical analysis of suction feeding at a low Reynolds number concluded that around 40% energy invested in mouth opening is lost to frictional forces rather than contributing to accelerating the fluid towards mouth. Ontogenetic improvement in the sensory system, coordination and experiences are non-significant relationship while determining feeding success of larvae A successful strike positively depends upon the peak flow speed or the speed of larvae at the time of strike. The peak flow speed is also dependent on the gape speed or the speed of opening the buccal cavity to capture food. As the larva ages, its body size increase and its gape speed also increase, which cumulatively increase the successful strike outcomes.

746:. Flying fish are not true fliers in the sense that they do not execute powered flight. Instead, these species glide directly over the surface of the ocean water without ever flapping their "wings." Flying fish have evolved abnormally large pectoral fins that act as airfoils and provide lift when the fish launches itself out of the water. Additional forward thrust and steering forces are created by dipping the hypocaudal (i.e. bottom) lobe of their caudal fin into the water and vibrating it very quickly, in contrast to diving birds in which these forces are produced by the same locomotor module used for propulsion. Of the 64 extant species of flying fish, only two distinct body plans exist, each of which optimizes two different behaviors. 357: 1117:

defense against predation. Though many prey use their visual system to detect and evade predators when there is light, it is hard for the prey to detect predators at night, which leads to a delayed response to the attack. There is a mechano-sensory system in fishes to identify the different flow generated by different motion surrounding the water and between the bodies called as lateral line system. After detecting a predator, a larva evades its strike by 'fast start' or 'C' response. A swimming fish disturbs a volume of water ahead of its body with a flow velocity that increases with the proximity to the body. This particular phenomenon is sometimes called a

1092:

propulsive stroke, or a power stroke, which powers the larva to move forward. The second phase is cyclic swimming. In this phase, the larva swims with an approximately constant speed. The last phase is deceleration. In this phase, the swimming speed of the larva gradually slows down to a complete stop. In the preparatory stroke, due to the bending of the body, the larva creates 4 vortices around its body, and 2 of those are shed in the propulsive stroke. Similar phenomena can be seen in the deceleration phase. However, in the vortices of the deceleration phase, a large area of elevated vorticity can be seen compared to the starting phase.

856:(long, narrow wings), and higher wing loading than fish with the biplane body plan, making these fish well adapted for higher flying speeds. Flying fish with a monoplane body plan demonstrate different launching behaviors from their biplane counterparts. Instead of extending their duration of thrust production, monoplane fish launch from the water at high speeds at a large angle of attack (sometimes up to 45 degrees). In this way, monoplane fish are taking advantage of their adaptation for high flight speed, while fish with biplane designs exploit their lift production abilities during takeoff. 1096:

locating its home as it is often isolated from its home reef in search of food. Hence the swimming speed of reef fish larvae are quite high (≈12 cm/s - 100 cm/s) compared to other larvae. The swimming speeds of larvae from the same families at the two locations are relatively similar. However, the variation among individuals is quite large. At the species level, length is significantly related to swimming ability. However, at the family level, only 16% of variation in swimming ability can be explained by length. There is also a negative correlation between the

256: 4064: 1146: 1232: 126: 1100:(length of body to maximum width) and the swimming ability of reef fish larvae. This suggests a minimization of overall drag and maximization of volume. Reef fish larvae differ significantly in their critical swimming speed abilities among taxa which leads to high variability in sustainable swimming speed. This again leads to sustainable variability in their ability to alter dispersal patterns, overall dispersal distances and control their temporal and spatial patterns of settlement. 1174: 438: 1131: 820: 1190: 1247: 888: 2923: 3915: 3897: 168: 31: 974: 750: 1057: 1277: 3927: 704:

efficiency over long periods. Propulsive forces in median-paired fin swimming, on the other hand, are generated by multiple fins located on either side of the body that can be coordinated to execute elaborate turns. As a result, median-paired fin swimming is well adapted for high maneuverability and is often seen in smaller fish that require elaborate escape patterns.

1493: 313: 490: 871: 193: 892: 891: 1202: 893: 649:. In undulatory swimming modes, thrust is produced by wave-like movements of the propulsive structure (usually a fin or the whole body). Oscillatory modes, on the other hand, are characterized by thrust produced by swiveling of the propulsive structure on an attachment point without any wave-like motion. 1262: 1087:

Undulatory swimmers generally shed at least two types of wake: Carangiform swimmers shed connected vortex loops and Anguilliform swimmers shed individual vortex rings. These vortex rings depend upon the shape and arrangement of the trailing edge from which the vortices are shed. These patterns depend

776:

Because flying fish are primarily aquatic animals, their body density must be close to that of water for buoyancy stability. This primary requirement for swimming, however, means that flying fish are heavier (have a larger mass) than other habitual fliers, resulting in higher wing loading and lift to

1112:

Larval fishes start feeding at 5–7 days post fertilization. And they experience extreme mortality rate (≈99%) in the few days after feeding starts. The reason for this 'Critical Period' (Hjort-1914) is mainly hydrodynamic constraints. Larval fish fail to eat even if there are enough prey encounters.

795:

body plan, both the pectoral and pelvic fins are enlarged to provide lift during flight. These fish also tend to have "flatter" bodies which increase the total lift-producing area, thus allowing them to "hang" in the air better than more streamlined shapes. As a result of this high lift production,

703:

body structures that can direct powerful thrust only rearwards, this form of locomotion is particularly effective for accelerating quickly and cruising continuously. body-caudal fin swimming is, therefore, inherently stable and is often seen in fish with large migration patterns that must maximize

1295:

Objective quantification is complicated in higher vertebrates by the complex and diverse locomotor repertoire and neural system. However, the relative simplicity of a juvenile brain and simple nervous system of fishes with fundamental neuronal pathways allows zebrafish larvae to be an apt model to

1116:

The ability of a larval prey to survive an encounter with predator totally depends on its ability to sense and evade the strike. Adult fishes exhibit rapid suction feeding strikes as compared to larval fishes. Sensitivity of larval fish to velocity and flow fields provides the larvae a critical

1095:

The swimming abilities of larval fishes are important for survival. This is particularly true for the larval fishes with higher metabolic rate and smaller size which makes them more susceptible to predators. The swimming ability of a reef fish larva helps it to settle at a suitable reef and for

640:

can counter the downward pull of gravity, allowing these animals to float without much effort. While there is great diversity in fish locomotion, swimming behavior can be classified into two distinct "modes" based on the body structures involved in thrust production, Median-Paired Fin (MPF) and

1108:

Small undulatory swimmers such as fish larvae experience both inertial and viscous forces, the relative importance of which is indicated by Reynolds number (Re). Reynolds number is proportional to body size and swimming speed. The swimming performance of a larva increases between 2–5 days post

532:

Oscillation is viewed as pectoral-fin-based swimming and is best known as mobuliform locomotion. The motion can be described as the production of less than half a wave on the fin, similar to a bird wing flapping. Pelagic stingrays, such as the manta, cownose, eagle and bat rays use oscillatory

890: 1091:

A spontaneous bout of swimming has three phases. The first phase is the start or acceleration phase: In this phase the larva tends to rotate its body to make a 'C' shape which is termed the preparatory stroke. It then pushes in the opposite direction to straighten its body, which is called a

707:

The habitats occupied by fishes are often related to their swimming capabilities. On coral reefs, the faster-swimming fish species typically live in wave-swept habitats subject to fast water flow speeds, while the slower fishes live in sheltered habitats with low levels of water movement.

1158: 1084:, swim at a quite large range of Reynolds number (Re ≈10 to 900). This puts them in an intermediate flow regime where both inertial and viscous forces play an important role. As the size of the larvae increases, the use of pressure forces to swim at higher Reynolds number increases. 1064:

Fish larvae, like many adult fishes, swim by undulating their body. The swimming speed varies proportionally with the size of the animals, in that smaller animals tend to swim at lower speeds than larger animals. The swimming mechanism is controlled by the flow regime of the larvae.

1121:. The timing of the 'C' start response affects escape probability inversely. Escape probability increases with the distance from the predator at the time of strike. In general, prey successfully evade a predator strike from an intermediate distance (3–6 mm) from the predator. 1217: 811:

monoplane counterparts, which contributes to their ability to fly for longer distances than fish with this alternative body plan. Flying fish with the biplane design take advantage of their high lift production abilities when launching from the water by utilizing a

2317:'How body torque and Strouhal number change with swimming speed and developmental stage in larval zebrafish' by Johan L. van Leeuwen, Cees J. Voesenek and Ulrike K. Müller in J. R. Soc. Interface 2015 12 20150479; DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0479. 6 September 2015 777:

drag ratios for flying fish compared to a comparably sized bird. Differences in wing area, wing span, wing loading, and aspect ratio have been used to classify flying fish into two distinct classifications based on these different aerodynamic designs.

280:

The subcarangiform group has a more marked increase in wave amplitude along the body with the vast majority of the work being done by the rear half of the fish. In general, the fish body is stiffer, making for higher speed but reduced maneuverability.

164:, but many other species move mainly using their median and paired fins. The latter group swim slowly, but can turn rapidly, as is needed when living in coral reefs for example. But they can not swim as fast as fish using their bodies and caudal fins. 711:

Fish do not rely exclusively on one locomotor mode, but are rather locomotor generalists, choosing among and combining behaviors from many available behavioral techniques. Predominantly body-caudal fin swimmers often incorporate movement of their

875: 874: 876: 580: 184:

shown in the diagram. Like most fish, the tilapia has a streamlined body shape reducing water resistance to movement and enabling the tilapia to cut easily through water. Its head is inflexible, which helps it maintain forward thrust. Its

2237:‘Maximum Sustainable Swimming Speeds Of Late-Stage Larvae Of Nine Species Of Reef Fishes’ by Rebecca Fisher, Shaun K.Wilson in Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Volume 312, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 171–186, ISSN 0022-0981, 2201:‘Flow Patterns Of Larval Fish: Undulatory Swimming in the Intermediate Flow Regime’ by Ulrike K. Müller, Jos G. M. van den Boogaart and Johan L. van Leeuwen. Journal of Experimental Biology 2008 211: 196–205; doi: 10.1242/jeb.005629 873: 1077:. Smaller organisms are affected more by viscous forces, like friction, and swim at a smaller Reynolds number. Larger organisms use a larger proportion of inertial forces, like pressure, to swim, at a higher Reynolds number. 635:

Similarly to the aerodynamics of flight, powered swimming requires animals to overcome drag by producing thrust. Unlike flying, however, swimming animals often do not need to supply much vertical force because the effect of

569:), oscillatory movements of pectoral fins are either drag based or lift based. Propulsion is generated either as a reaction to drag produced by dragging the fins through the water in a rowing motion, or via lift mechanisms. 658: 59:. This is achieved in different groups of fish by a variety of mechanisms of propulsion, most often by wave-like lateral flexions of the fish's body and tail in the water, and in various specialised fish by motions of the 159:

exerted on the water by such motion cancel out laterally, but generate a net force backwards which in turn pushes the fish forward through the water. Most fishes generate thrust using lateral movements of their body and

219:

Well developed fins are used for maintaining balance, braking and changing direction. The pectoral fins act as pivots around which the fish can turn rapidly and steer itself. The paired pectoral and pelvic fins control

2606:‘Locomotion In Larval Zebrafish: Influence of Time of Day, Lighting and Ethanol’ by R.C. MacPhail, J. Brooks, D.L. Hunter, B. Padnos a, T.D. Irons, S. Padilla in Neurotoxicology. 30. 52-8. 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.011. 1415: 304:, are stiffer and faster-moving than the previous groups. The vast majority of movement is concentrated in the very rear of the body and tail. Carangiform swimmers generally have rapidly oscillating tails. 626:

which allows the fish to maintain a certain depth. The two major drawbacks of this method are that these fish must stay moving to stay afloat and that they are incapable of swimming backwards or hovering.

393:

possess electric organs along the length of their bodies and swim by undulating an elongated anal fin while keeping the body still, presumably so as not to disturb the electric field that they generate.

2215:"Critical Swimming Speeds of Late-Stage Coral Reef Fish Larvae: Variation within Species, Among Species and Between Locations" by Fisher, R., Leis, J.M., Clark, D.L.in Marine Biology (2005) 147: 1201. 2620:‘Modulation of Locomotor Activity in Larval Zebrafish During Light Adaptation’ by Harold A. Burgess and Michael Granato. In Journal of Experimental Biology 2007 210: 2526–2539; doi: 10.1242/jeb.003939 889: 2249:'Development of Swimming Abilities in Reef Fish Larvae' by Rebecca Fisher, David R. Bellwood, Suresh D. Job in Marine Ecology-progress Series - MAR ECOL-PROGR SER. 202. 163-173. 10.3354/meps202163 2228:"Development of Swimming Abilities in Reef Fish Larvae" by Rebecca Fisher, David R. Bellwood, Suresh D. Job in Marine Ecology-progress Series - MAR ECOL-PROGR SER. 202. 163-173. 10.3354/meps202163 816:

in which the hypocaudal lobe remains in the water to generate thrust even after the trunk clears the water's surface and the wings are opened with a small angle of attack for lift generation.

691:(BCF) swimming on the basis of the body structures used; it includes anguilliform, sub-carangiform, carangiform, and thunniform locomotory modes, as well as the oscillatory ostraciiform mode. 332:. Here, virtually all the sideways movement is in the tail and the region connecting the main body to the tail (the peduncle). The tail itself tends to be large and crescent shaped. 189:

overlap and point backwards, allowing water to pass over the fish without unnecessary obstruction. Water friction is further reduced by mucus which tilapia secrete over their body.

699:

Similar to adaptation in avian flight, swimming behaviors in fish can be thought of as a balance of stability and maneuverability. Because body-caudal fin swimming relies on more

1481: 927:. Able to spend longer times out of water, these fish may use a number of means of locomotion, including springing, snake-like lateral undulation, and tripod-like walking. The 939:

is often specifically referred to as a "walking fish", although it does not actually "walk", but rather moves in a jerky way by supporting itself on the extended edges of its

1308: – biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium; in contrast of passive swimming (floating); involves the expenditure of energy to travel to a desired location 1454: 664: 662: 659: 663: 1145: 872: 2458:

Drost, M. R.; Muller, M.; Osse, J. W. M. (23 August 1988). "A quantitative hydrodynamical model of suction feeding in larval fishes: the role of frictional forces".

3965: 340:

The ostraciiform group have no appreciable body wave when they employ caudal locomotion. Only the tail fin itself oscillates (often very rapidly) to create

3627: 2824: 1486: 520:

In balistiform locomotion, both anal and dorsal fins undulate. It is characteristic of the family Balistidae (triggerfishes). It may also be seen in the

2007: 482:"Gymnotiform" and "Gymnotiforms" redirect here. For the order of teleost bony fishes commonly known as the Neotropical or South American knifefish, see 4321: 3369: 1325: 661: 413:

can be achieved by preferentially using one fin pair over the other, and include rajiform, diodontiform, amiiform, gymnotiform and balistiform modes.

2063: 950:. Despite being known for "walking on land", this fish usually wriggles and may use its pectoral fins to aid in its movement. Walking Catfish have a 2792: 2052: 717: 672: 1697: 773:

lobe (i.e. hypocaudal) which facilitates dipping only a portion of the tail back onto the water for additional thrust production and steering.

541:

In tetraodontiform locomotion, the dorsal and anal fins are flapped as a unit, either in phase or exactly opposing one another, as seen in the

2797: 1983: 4326: 2178: 2151: 1581: 1130: 2561:

Ferry-Graham, Lara A.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Lauder, George V. (2003). "Quantification of flow during suction feeding in bluegill sunfish".

724:

have even been observed to alter their locomotor behavior in response to changing hydrodynamic influences throughout growth and maturation.

641:

Body-Caudal Fin (BCF). Within each of these classifications, there are numerous specifications along a spectrum of behaviours from purely

506:

Gymnotiform locomotion consists of undulations of a long anal fin, essentially upside down amiiform, seen in the South American knifefish

1173: 3958: 3196: 1510: 660: 499: 83:

More specialized fish include movement by pectoral fins with a mainly stiff body, opposed sculling with dorsal and anal fins, as in the

356: 144:

Fish swim by exerting force against the surrounding water. There are exceptions, but this is normally achieved by the fish contracting

852:

body plan, only the pectoral fins are enlarged to provide lift. Fish with this body plan tend to have a more streamlined body, higher

3226: 2768: 2753: 2738: 2646: 1842:

Heatwole, S. J.; Fulton, C. J. (2013). "Behavioural flexibility in coral reef fishes responding to a rapidly changing environment".

216:

system allows it to detect vibrations and pressure changes in water, helping the fish to respond appropriately to external events.

2787: 470:

Amiiform locomotion consists of undulations of a long dorsal fin while the body axis is held straight and stable, as seen in the

931:

are probably the best land-adapted of contemporary fish and are able to spend days moving about out of water and can even climb

2880: 2817: 3931: 1189: 1007:, also known as a "tripodfish", stands on its three fins on the bottom of the ocean and hunts for food. The African lungfish ( 3951: 671:

use body-caudal fin propulsion to swim, holding their pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins flat against the body, creating a more

4063: 1877:

McHenry, Matthew J.; Lauder, George V. (2006). "Ontogeny of Form and Function: Locomotor Morphology and Drag in Zebrafish (

1934:

Fish, F.E. (1990) Wing design and scaling of flying fish with regard to flight performance. "J. Zool. Lond." 221, 391-403.

1201: 742:

The transition of predominantly swimming locomotion directly to flight has evolved in a single family of marine fish, the

451:

Diodontiform locomotion propels the fish propagating undulations along large pectoral fins, as seen in the porcupinefish (

317: 2965: 2690: 1958: 770: 700: 1672: 4357: 4085: 2865: 2782: 2756:(particularly pp. 115–117 and pp. 207–216 for specific biological examples swimming and flying respectively) 1511:

Manueuverability and reversible propulsion: How eel-like fish swim forward and backward using travelling body waves".

1157: 1015:

along the bottom of its tank in a manner similar to the way amphibians and land vertebrates use their limbs on land.

716:

as an additional stabilizing mechanism at slower speeds, but hold them close to their body at high speeds to improve

204:

The backbone is flexible, allowing muscles to contract and relax rhythmically and bring about undulating movement. A

1261: 1246: 4362: 4177: 4013: 3617: 3344: 3314: 3201: 2810: 1319: 737: 1231: 3890: 3883: 3850: 3592: 3264: 2945: 2076: 255: 3900: 3659: 2401:"Hydrodynamic regime determines the feeding success of larval fish through the modulation of strike kinematics" 908:

for extended periods of time. Some other cases of nonstandard fish locomotion include fish "walking" along the

2922: 2035: 3878: 3860: 3422: 3171: 2261:"How body torque and Strouhal number change with swimming speed and developmental stage in larval zebrafish" 2116:

Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes

1216: 985:

There are some species of fish that can "walk" along the sea floor but not on land; one such animal is the

381:, for example, have a completely different system, the tetraodontiform mode, and many small fish use their 4316: 4260: 4255: 4240: 3840: 3664: 3649: 3472: 3191: 3080: 1003: 248:"Anguilliform" and "Anguilliforms" redirect here. For Anguilliformes, the order of ray-finned fishes, see 197: 1276: 4331: 3870: 3855: 3364: 3181: 1331: 684: 642: 98:

In addition, some fish can variously "walk" (i.e., crawl over land using the pectoral and pelvic fins),

1701: 4352: 4270: 4182: 3865: 3161: 2662: 2634: 2467: 2340: 1625: 1430: 943:

plates and pushing itself by its fins and tail. Some reports indicate that it can also climb trees.

152:

that travel the length of the body from nose to tail, generally getting larger as they go along. The

1987: 437: 4265: 4192: 3654: 3597: 3397: 3284: 3073: 796:

these fish are excellent gliders and are well adapted for maximizing flight distance and duration.

4280: 4245: 3998: 3236: 2678: 2491: 2126: 1906: 1859: 1446: 1305: 959: 951: 443: 410: 56: 1334: – motion characterized by wave-like movement patterns that act to propel an animal forward 1088:

upon the swimming speed, ratio of swimming speed to body wave speed and the shape of body wave.

125: 4296: 4275: 4235: 4115: 4033: 3582: 3487: 3392: 3304: 3299: 3246: 3053: 2860: 2850: 2764: 2749: 2734: 2716: 2642: 2586: 2578: 2543: 2535: 2483: 2440: 2422: 2376: 2358: 2300: 2282: 2174: 2147: 1898: 1824: 1775: 1653: 1577: 1554: 805:

flying fish have lower wing loading and smaller aspect ratios (i.e. broader wings) than their

542: 372: 167: 48: 2728: 2168: 594:

Bone and muscle tissues of fish are denser than water. To maintain depth, bony fish increase

429:, when thrust is produced by vertical undulations along large, well developed pectoral fins. 270:, there is little increase in the amplitude of the flexion wave as it passes along the body. 240:

There are five groups that differ in the fraction of their body that is displaced laterally:

4306: 4080: 3324: 3269: 3231: 3186: 3144: 3068: 2855: 2706: 2670: 2570: 2525: 2475: 2430: 2412: 2366: 2348: 2290: 2272: 2143: 1890: 1851: 1814: 1806: 1765: 1727: 1643: 1633: 1544: 1438: 1136: 967: 955: 936: 221: 153: 1515:

Proc. Special Session on Bio-Engineering Research Related to Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

87:; and movement by propagating a wave along the long fins with a motionless body, as in the 4250: 4154: 4137: 3541: 3521: 3349: 3319: 3274: 3156: 3095: 3019: 3014: 2950: 2937: 2907: 2399:

China, Victor; Levy, Liraz; Liberzon, Alex; Elmaliach, Tal; Holzman, Roi (26 April 2017).

2115: 1252: 1066: 1032: 986: 947: 924: 363:

use median-paired fin swimming, as they are not well streamlined, and use primarily their

324:

The thunniform group contains high-speed long-distance swimmers, and is characteristic of

614:

instead. It is done using their pectoral fins in a manner similar to the use of wings by

2695:"Experimental Hydrodynamics and Evolution: Function of Median Fins in Ray-finned Fishes" 2666: 2471: 2344: 1629: 1434: 293:"Carangiform" and "Carangiforms" redirect here. For the order of ray-finned fishes, see 4311: 4202: 4125: 4072: 4043: 4003: 3978: 3817: 3790: 3682: 3674: 3607: 3577: 3516: 3498: 3452: 3442: 3046: 2999: 2435: 2400: 2371: 2328: 2295: 2260: 1819: 1794: 1648: 1613: 1097: 1081: 1070: 994: 679:

Most fish swim by generating undulatory waves that propagate down the body through the

225: 103: 73:

Carangiform, in which the wave is concentrated near the tail, which oscillates rapidly;

35: 1718:

Blake, R. W. (2004). "Review Paper: Fish functional design and swimming performance".

4346: 4132: 4048: 4038: 3919: 3822: 3736: 3556: 3531: 3526: 3482: 3477: 3432: 3427: 3407: 3279: 3058: 2977: 1731: 1282: 756:

gain sufficient lift to glide above the water thanks to their enlarged pectoral fins.

554: 508: 483: 426: 390: 378: 294: 229: 88: 2682: 2495: 2185:

many have a bony, sharp tail and are equally adept at burrowing forward or backward.

1910: 1863: 1450: 966:

have rudimentary lungs and can also move about on land, though rather clumsily. The

4197: 3812: 3636: 3551: 3511: 3412: 3354: 3294: 3221: 3216: 3206: 3122: 3112: 3041: 3024: 2931: 2892: 2885: 2793:

Basic introduction to the basic principles of biologically inspired swimming robots

2512:

Stewart, William J.; Cardenas, Gilberto S.; McHenry, Matthew J. (1 February 2013).

1314: 1207: 1040: 978: 865: 853: 766: 713: 623: 611: 587: 406: 402: 398: 382: 364: 213: 209: 205: 92: 70:

Sub-carangiform, in which the wave increases quickly in amplitude towards the tail;

30: 973: 819: 1638: 4209: 4159: 4100: 4095: 4090: 3795: 3783: 3709: 3467: 3462: 3437: 3417: 3359: 3254: 3149: 3127: 3117: 3090: 2960: 2912: 1222: 1164: 1024: 990: 844: 829: 807: 753: 743: 733: 646: 599: 566: 452: 360: 345: 262:

propagate a more or less constant-sized flexion wave along their slender bodies.

1497: 833:, only the pectoral fins are abnormally large, while the pelvic fins are small. 4110: 4053: 4023: 4018: 3845: 3612: 3546: 3536: 3457: 3447: 3132: 3100: 3085: 3031: 3004: 2987: 2238: 1855: 1056: 1028: 998: 946:

There are a number of fish that are less adept at actual walking, such as the

928: 824: 801: 791: 680: 550: 464: 463:"Amiiform" and "Amiiforms" redirect here. For the order of bowfin fishes, see 301: 186: 161: 138: 134: 130: 2582: 2539: 2487: 2426: 2362: 2286: 2077:"First Central Pacific Plate and Hawaiian Record of the Deep-sea Tripod Fish 1962: 970:

can survive for months out of water and can move to places like hollow logs.

4214: 4187: 3602: 3587: 3572: 3402: 3063: 3009: 2994: 2972: 2955: 2902: 2711: 2694: 2574: 2353: 2216: 1676: 1180: 1074: 905: 849: 749: 721: 603: 17: 2759:

Wu, Theodore, Y.-T., Brokaw, Charles J., Brennen, Christopher, Eds. (1975)

2720: 2590: 2547: 2479: 2444: 2417: 2380: 2304: 2277: 1902: 1828: 1810: 1779: 1770: 1749: 1657: 1558: 1517:, 10th Int. Symp. Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology (pp. 118–134). 208:

provides buoyancy which helps the fish adjust its vertical position in the

1151:

Freshly hatched herring larva in a drop of water compared to a match head.

579: 76:

Thunniform, rapid swimming with a large powerful crescent-shaped tail; and

4219: 4142: 4120: 4028: 3805: 3746: 3692: 3687: 3506: 3374: 3036: 2982: 2897: 2674: 2460:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences

1118: 1043:, the snake eels, are capable of burrowing either forwards or backwards. 932: 917: 913: 668: 637: 615: 595: 586:

are denser than water and must swim continually to maintain depth, using

494: 422: 329: 120: 60: 3943: 2104: 2023: 1795:"Wave energy and swimming performance shape coral reef fish assemblages" 1597:

Lindsey, C.C. (1978). "Locomotion". In Hoar W.S.; Randall, D.J. (eds.).

769:

with evenly sized lobes (i.e. homocaudal), flying fish have an enlarged

489: 312: 4147: 3778: 3773: 3751: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3259: 3211: 3105: 2875: 2870: 2653:

Eloy, Christophe (2013). "On the best design for undulatory swimming".

2530: 2513: 1894: 1492: 1267: 1237: 813: 786: 546: 181: 173: 149: 84: 1549: 1528: 1442: 266:

In the anguilliform group, containing some long, slender fish such as

67:

Anguilliform, in which a wave passes evenly along a long slender body;

4105: 3697: 2771:(particularly pp. 615–652 for an in depth look at fish swimming) 2394: 2392: 2390: 2170:

Marine Fishes of Southeast Asia: A Field Guide for Anglers and Divers

1036: 963: 909: 607: 521: 471: 341: 232:. The caudal fin provides raw power for propelling the fish forward. 145: 99: 2259:

van Leeuwen, Johan L.; Voesenek, Cees J.; Müller, Ulrike K. (2015).

1533:, a close relative of the tunas (family Scombridae) II. Kinematics" 1328: – Comparison of swimming and flying, evolution and biophysics 622:. As these fish swim, their pectoral fins are positioned to create 192: 3800: 3729: 3139: 2127:

A Small Step for Lungfish, a Big Step for the Evolution of Walking

1055: 972: 818: 748: 656: 583: 578: 488: 436: 355: 311: 282: 254: 191: 166: 156: 124: 38:, use many different mechanisms to propel themselves through water 1948:

Fish, Frank. (1991) On a Fin and a Prayer. "Scholars." 3(1), 4-7.

1496:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

954:

that allows them to live out of water for several days. Some are

4301: 4169: 3982: 3702: 3644: 3289: 2842: 2833: 2507: 2505: 940: 619: 325: 79:

Ostraciiform, with almost no oscillation except of the tail fin.

52: 3947: 2806: 1614:"Energetic extremes in aquatic locomotion by coral reef fishes" 3990: 3974: 3741: 3309: 267: 259: 249: 1601:. Vol. 7. Academic Press. San Francisco. pp. 1–100. 498:

maintains a straight back while swimming to avoid disturbing

1529:"Swimming performance studies on the eastern Pacific bonito 1527:

Hawkins, JD; Sepulveda, CA; Graham, JB; Dickson, KA (2003).

989:(it does not actually fly, and should not be confused with 2008:"Maryland Suffers Setback in War on Invasive Walking Fish" 1793:

Fulton, C. J.; Bellwood, D. R.; Wainwright, P. C. (2005).

1322: – Use of the integumentary system in animal movement 129:

Fins used for locomotion: (1) pectoral fins (paired), (2)

148:

on either side of its body in order to generate waves of

2602: 2600: 2514:"Zebrafish larvae evade predators by sensing water flow" 2329:"Hydrodynamic starvation in first-feeding larval fishes" 1509:

Long Jr, J. H., Shepherd, W., & Root, R. G. (1997).

2802: 2405:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2064:

Fish Lives in Logs, Breathing Air, for Months at a Time

2053:

Fish Lives in Logs, Breathing Air, for Months at a Time

1414:

Sfakiotakis, M.; Lane, D. M.; Davies, J. B. C. (1999).

904:

A "walking fish" is a fish that is able to travel over

610:

for this same purpose. Fish without these features use

1498:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

1416:"Review of Fish Swimming Modes for Aquatic Locomotion" 2211: 2209: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2193: 1336:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1310:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1023:

Many fishes, particularly eel-shaped fishes such as

397:

Many fish swim using combined behavior of their two

4289: 4228: 4168: 4071: 3989: 3833: 3766: 3673: 3635: 3626: 3565: 3496: 3383: 3335: 3245: 3170: 2930: 2840: 2746:

Life in Moving Fluid: The Physical Biology of Flow.

2024:

Shells, trees and bottoms: Strange places fish live

1001:) are also capable of walking along the sea floor. 377:Not all fish fit comfortably in the above groups. 1612:Fulton, CJ; Johansen, JL; Steffensen, JF (2013). 320:swim fast with their large crescent-shaped tails. 224:, while the unpaired dorsal and anal fins reduce 2036:"Tropical fish can live for months out of water" 2333:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1368:Breder, CM (1926). "The locomotion of fishes". 958:. A notorious case in the United States is the 688: 1490:(GeSCI) United Nations. Retrieved 7 Sep 2021. 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 565:In labriform locomotion, seen in the wrasses ( 3959: 2818: 2616: 2614: 2612: 1959:"Cairns Museum Tour - Cairns-Kuranda Railway" 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 63:. The major forms of locomotion in fish are: 8: 2327:China, Victor; Holzman, Roi (19 May 2014). 2239:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.06.009 1700:. Flmnh.ufl.edu. 2017-05-02. Archived from 1487:Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 3966: 3952: 3944: 3632: 2825: 2811: 2803: 2783:How fish swim: study solves muscle mystery 557:displays an extreme example of this mode. 4322:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 3370:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 2710: 2529: 2524:(3). The Company of Biologists: 388–398. 2434: 2416: 2370: 2352: 2294: 2276: 2217:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0001-x 1944: 1942: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1818: 1769: 1647: 1637: 1548: 1326:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 900:climbing up a vertical piece of Plexiglas 447:) swim by undulating their pectoral fins. 421:Rajiform locomotion is characteristic of 385:for swimming as well as for steering and 1743: 1741: 1713: 1711: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 886: 869: 29: 1574:The Biology of Sharks, Skates, and Rays 1347: 1123: 935:, although to only modest heights. The 102:in mud, leap out of the water and even 2265:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 1754:Maneuverability in Aquatic Locomotion" 196:Like a plane or submarine, a fish has 2411:(1853). The Royal Society: 20170235. 1080:The larvae of ray finned fishes, the 300:The carangiform group, named for the 137:, (4) adipose fin, (5) anal fin, (6) 7: 2466:(1276). The Royal Society: 263–281. 2271:(110). The Royal Society: 20150479. 1758:Integrated and Computational Biology 997:(not to be confused with batfish of 3926: 3197:Electroreception and electrogenesis 1537:The Journal of Experimental Biology 1423:IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 1799:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 1195:Larva of a conger eel, 7.6 cm 1060:Salmon larva emerging from its egg 25: 2693:; Nauen, JC; Drucker, EG (2002). 2173:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 56. 386: 4062: 3925: 3914: 3913: 3896: 3895: 2921: 2639:Principles of Animal Locomotion. 2105:Fish uses fins to walk and bound 1732:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00568.x 1491: 1275: 1260: 1245: 1230: 1215: 1200: 1188: 1172: 1156: 1144: 1139:eggs, with a newly hatched larva 1129: 1069:(Re) is defined as the ratio of 923:Most commonly, walking fish are 285:use sub-carangiform locomotion. 2881:Environmental impact of fishing 2518:Journal of Experimental Biology 1576:. University of Chicago Press. 993:). The batfishes of the family 714:pectoral, anal, and dorsal fins 1: 2761:Swimming and Flying in Nature 1671:Bennetta, William J. (1996). 328:and is also found in several 106:temporarily through the air. 2966:intramembranous ossification 2798:The biomechanics of swimming 2748:Princeton University Press. 2641:Princeton University Press. 2081:(Pisces: Chlorophthalmidae)" 2075:Jones, AT; KJ Sulak (1990). 1639:10.1371/journal.pone.0054033 411:Median paired fin propulsion 352:Median/paired fin propulsion 4379: 4178:Flying and gliding animals 4014:Fin and flipper locomotion 3345:Fin and flipper locomotion 3315:Sequential hermaphroditism 3202:Jamming avoidance response 2919: 2763:. Volume 2, Plenum Press. 2655:Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1572:Klimley, A. Peter (2013). 1320:Role of skin in locomotion 1125:Larvae of different fishes 863: 738:flying and gliding animals 731: 481: 462: 370: 292: 247: 236:Body/caudal fin propulsion 118: 27:Ways that fish move around 4060: 3909: 2788:Simulated fish locomotion 1856:10.1007/s00227-012-2123-2 1482:Locomotion in Finned Fish 590:from their pectoral fins. 409:fins. Different types of 2569:(2). Elsevier: 159–168. 2012:National Geographic News 47:is the various types of 3861:Glossary of ichthyology 3423:Diel vertical migration 2575:10.1078/0944-2006-00110 2354:10.1073/pnas.1323205111 1720:Journal of Fish Biology 4317:Terrestrial locomotion 4261:Evolution of cetaceans 4256:Origin of avian flight 4241:Evolution of tetrapods 3227:Surface wave detection 3192:Hydrodynamic reception 2866:Diseases and parasites 2480:10.1098/rspb.1988.0048 2418:10.1098/rspb.2017.0235 2278:10.1098/rsif.2015.0479 2079:Bathypterois grallator 1811:10.1098/rspb.2004.3029 1748:Weihs, Daniel (2002). 1179:A 9mm long late stage 1061: 1011:) can use its fins to 1004:Bathypterois grallator 982: 901: 884: 834: 757: 676: 591: 503: 448: 441:Porcupine fish (here, 368: 344:. This group includes 321: 263: 201: 198:six degrees of freedom 177: 141: 39: 4332:Undulatory locomotion 4281:Homologous structures 3365:Undulatory locomotion 3182:Ampullae of Lorenzini 2744:Vogel, Steven (1994) 2712:10.1093/icb/42.5.1009 2635:Alexander, R. McNeill 2167:Allen, Gerry (1999). 2140:Brackish-Water Fishes 2138:Monks, Neale (2006). 1883:Journal of Morphology 1332:Undulatory locomotion 1059: 1039:through sand or mud. 976: 896: 879: 822: 765:While most fish have 752: 685:undulatory locomotion 667: 582: 492: 440: 359: 315: 258: 195: 170: 128: 119:Further information: 33: 4276:Analogous structures 4271:Convergent evolution 3593:Genetically modified 2675:10.1017/jfm.2012.561 2146:. pp. 223–226. 1771:10.1093/icb/42.1.127 675:body to reduce drag. 389:. Fish in the order 171:Skeletal anatomy of 4327:Rotating locomotion 4266:Comparative anatomy 3398:Aquatic respiration 3285:Life history theory 2667:2013JFM...717...48E 2472:1988RSPSB.234..263D 2345:2014PNAS..111.8083C 2042:. 15 November 2007. 1630:2013PLoSO...854033F 1435:1999IJOE...24..237S 979:Ogcocephalus parvus 838:Monoplane body plan 825:monoplane body plan 720:and reducing drag. 4358:Aquatic locomotion 4246:Evolution of birds 3999:Aquatic locomotion 3237:Weberian apparatus 2727:Videler JJ (1993) 2699:Integr. Comp. Biol 2531:10.1242/jeb.072751 1895:10.1002/jmor.10462 1306:Aquatic locomotion 1062: 983: 960:Northern snakehead 952:respiratory system 902: 898:Alticus arnoldorum 885: 881:Alticus arnoldorum 835: 758: 677: 592: 504: 500:its electric sense 449: 444:Diodon holocanthus 369: 367:to produce thrust. 322: 316:Tunas such as the 264: 202: 178: 142: 40: 4363:Animal locomotion 4340: 4339: 4297:Animal locomotion 4236:Evolution of fish 4116:facultative biped 3941: 3940: 3851:Fish common names 3762: 3761: 3393:Aquatic predation 3217:Capacity for pain 2946:Age determination 2339:(22): 8083–8088. 2180:978-1-4629-1707-5 2153:978-0-7938-0564-8 1805:(1565): 827–832. 1698:"Do sharks sleep" 1583:978-0-226-44249-5 1550:10.1242/jeb.00496 1543:(16): 2749–2758. 1443:10.1109/48.757275 1035:, are capable of 894: 877: 781:Biplane body plan 665: 602:. Alternatively, 543:Tetraodontiformes 373:Batoid locomotion 139:caudal (tail) fin 55:, principally by 49:animal locomotion 34:Fish, like these 16:(Redirected from 4370: 4307:Robot locomotion 4081:Limb development 4066: 4039:Lobe-finned fish 3968: 3961: 3954: 3945: 3929: 3928: 3917: 3916: 3899: 3898: 3633: 2925: 2856:Ethnoichthyology 2827: 2820: 2813: 2804: 2724: 2714: 2705:(5): 1009–1017. 2686: 2621: 2618: 2607: 2604: 2595: 2594: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2533: 2509: 2500: 2499: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2438: 2420: 2396: 2385: 2384: 2374: 2356: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2298: 2280: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2213: 2202: 2199: 2188: 2187: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2135: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2085: 2072: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2032: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1986:. Archived from 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1961:. Archived from 1955: 1949: 1946: 1935: 1932: 1915: 1914: 1889:(9): 1099–1109. 1874: 1868: 1867: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1822: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1773: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1726:(5): 1193–1222. 1715: 1706: 1705: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1675:. Archived from 1673:"Deep Breathing" 1668: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1641: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1552: 1531:Sarda chiliensis 1524: 1518: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1479: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1453:. Archived from 1420: 1411: 1378: 1377: 1365: 1337: 1311: 1279: 1264: 1249: 1234: 1219: 1204: 1192: 1176: 1160: 1148: 1137:Atlantic herring 1133: 968:Mangrove rivulus 956:invasive species 937:Climbing gourami 895: 878: 666: 21: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4285: 4251:Origin of birds 4224: 4164: 4086:Limb morphology 4067: 4058: 4044:Ray-finned fish 4009:Fish locomotion 3985: 3972: 3942: 3937: 3905: 3829: 3758: 3669: 3622: 3561: 3492: 3385: 3379: 3331: 3275:Ichthyoplankton 3241: 3173: 3166: 3162:Digital Library 3157:Teleost leptins 3096:Shark cartilage 3020:pharyngeal slit 3015:pharyngeal arch 2951:Anguilliformity 2936: 2934: 2926: 2917: 2836: 2831: 2779: 2774: 2689: 2652: 2630: 2628:Further reading 2625: 2624: 2619: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2511: 2510: 2503: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2398: 2397: 2388: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2205: 2200: 2191: 2181: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2099: 2088:Pacific Science 2083: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2047: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2022: 2018: 2006: 2002: 1993: 1991: 1984:"Climbing Fish" 1982: 1981: 1977: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1938: 1933: 1918: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1717: 1716: 1709: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1682: 1680: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1599:Fish Physiology 1596: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1508: 1504: 1480: 1465: 1457: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1381: 1367: 1366: 1349: 1344: 1335: 1309: 1302: 1293: 1286: 1280: 1271: 1265: 1256: 1253:Common sturgeon 1250: 1241: 1235: 1226: 1220: 1211: 1205: 1196: 1193: 1184: 1177: 1168: 1161: 1152: 1149: 1140: 1134: 1106: 1067:Reynolds number 1054: 1049: 1021: 948:walking catfish 925:amphibious fish 887: 870: 868: 862: 840: 814:"taxiing glide" 799:Comparatively, 783: 763: 740: 730: 697: 689:body-caudal fin 683:. This form of 657: 655: 653:Body-caudal fin 633: 577: 563: 539: 537:Tetraodontiform 530: 518: 487: 480: 468: 461: 435: 419: 375: 354: 338: 310: 298: 291: 276: 253: 246: 238: 123: 117: 112: 45:Fish locomotion 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4376: 4374: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4345: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4215:Pterosaur wing 4212: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4004:Cephalopod fin 4001: 3995: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3923: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3679: 3677: 3675:Wild fisheries 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3598:Hallucinogenic 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3473:Schooling fish 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3433:Filter feeders 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3408:Bottom feeders 3405: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3054:Leydig's organ 3051: 3050: 3049: 3047:pharyngeal jaw 3044: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 3000:branchial arch 2992: 2991: 2990: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2928: 2927: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2777:External links 2775: 2773: 2772: 2757: 2742: 2725: 2687: 2650: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2608: 2596: 2553: 2501: 2450: 2386: 2319: 2310: 2251: 2242: 2230: 2221: 2203: 2189: 2179: 2159: 2152: 2130: 2119: 2108: 2097: 2067: 2056: 2045: 2027: 2016: 2000: 1975: 1950: 1936: 1916: 1869: 1850:(3): 677–689. 1844:Marine Biology 1834: 1785: 1764:(1): 127–134. 1737: 1707: 1704:on 2010-09-18. 1689: 1663: 1604: 1589: 1582: 1564: 1519: 1502: 1463: 1460:on 2013-12-24. 1429:(2): 237–252. 1379: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1312: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1274: 1272: 1266: 1259: 1257: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1187: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1141: 1135: 1128: 1126: 1105: 1102: 1098:fineness ratio 1082:Actinopterygii 1071:inertial force 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1020: 1017: 995:Ogcocephalidae 987:flying gurnard 912:, such as the 864:Main article: 861: 858: 839: 836: 782: 779: 762: 759: 729: 726: 696: 693: 654: 651: 632: 629: 606:store oils or 598:by means of a 576: 573: 562: 559: 538: 535: 529: 526: 517: 514: 479: 476: 460: 457: 434: 431: 418: 415: 401:or both their 353: 350: 337: 334: 309: 306: 290: 287: 275: 274:Subcarangiform 272: 245: 242: 237: 234: 133:(paired), (3) 116: 113: 111: 108: 81: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 36:yellowfin tuna 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4375: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4049:Pectoral fins 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3934: 3933: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3901:more lists... 3894: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3856:Fish families 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841:Aquarium life 3839: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3823:fleshy-finned 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3791:Cartilaginous 3789: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3428:Electric fish 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3059:Mauthner cell 3057: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2978:Chromatophore 2976: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2769:0-306-37089-1 2766: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2754:0-691-02616-5 2751: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2739:9780412408601 2736: 2732: 2731: 2730:Fish Swimming 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2647:0-691-08678-8 2644: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2014:July 12, 2002 2013: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1990:on 2009-08-29 1989: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1965:on 2015-01-08 1964: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1679:on 2007-08-14 1678: 1674: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624:(1): e54033. 1623: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1290: 1284: 1283:Ocean sunfish 1278: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1198: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1154: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1104:Hydrodynamics 1103: 1101: 1099: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1075:viscous force 1072: 1068: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 981: 980: 975: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 899: 882: 867: 859: 857: 855: 854:aspect ratios 851: 847: 846: 837: 832: 831: 826: 821: 817: 815: 810: 809: 804: 803: 797: 794: 793: 788: 780: 778: 774: 772: 768: 760: 755: 751: 747: 745: 739: 735: 727: 725: 723: 719: 715: 709: 705: 702: 694: 692: 690: 686: 682: 674: 670: 652: 650: 648: 644: 639: 631:Hydrodynamics 630: 628: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 589: 585: 581: 574: 572: 570: 568: 560: 558: 556: 555:ocean sunfish 552: 548: 544: 536: 534: 527: 525: 523: 515: 513: 511: 510: 509:Gymnotiformes 501: 497: 496: 491: 485: 484:Gymnotiformes 477: 475: 473: 466: 458: 456: 454: 446: 445: 439: 432: 430: 428: 424: 416: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 399:pectoral fins 395: 392: 391:Gymnotiformes 388: 384: 383:pectoral fins 380: 379:Ocean sunfish 374: 366: 365:pectoral fins 362: 358: 351: 349: 347: 343: 335: 333: 331: 330:lamnid sharks 327: 319: 314: 307: 305: 303: 296: 295:Carangiformes 288: 286: 284: 278: 273: 271: 269: 261: 257: 251: 243: 241: 235: 233: 231: 227: 223: 217: 215: 211: 207: 199: 194: 190: 188: 183: 180:Consider the 176: 175: 169: 165: 163: 158: 155: 151: 147: 140: 136: 132: 127: 122: 114: 109: 107: 105: 101: 96: 94: 90: 86: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 65: 64: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 37: 32: 19: 4008: 3930: 3918: 3818:spiny-finned 3767:Major groups 3488:Intelligence 3468:Scale eaters 3413:Cleaner fish 3336: 3295:Mouthbrooder 3247:Reproduction 3222:Schreckstoff 3207:Lateral line 3123:Swim bladder 3113:Spiral valve 3042:hyomandibula 3025:pseudobranch 2908:Hypoxia in - 2760: 2745: 2729: 2702: 2698: 2658: 2654: 2638: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2521: 2517: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2408: 2404: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2313: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2245: 2233: 2224: 2184: 2169: 2162: 2139: 2133: 2122: 2111: 2100: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2070: 2059: 2048: 2039: 2030: 2019: 2011: 2003: 1992:. Retrieved 1988:the original 1978: 1967:. Retrieved 1963:the original 1953: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1723: 1719: 1702:the original 1692: 1681:. Retrieved 1677:the original 1666: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1598: 1592: 1573: 1567: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1522: 1514: 1505: 1485: 1455:the original 1426: 1422: 1373: 1369: 1315:Microswimmer 1294: 1285:larva, 2.7mm 1208:Bluefin tuna 1115: 1111: 1107: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1063: 1022: 1012: 1009:P. annectens 1008: 1002: 984: 977: 945: 922: 903: 897: 880: 866:Walking fish 843: 841: 828: 806: 800: 798: 790: 784: 775: 764: 741: 718:streamlining 710: 706: 698: 678: 645:to entirely 634: 612:dynamic lift 593: 588:dynamic lift 575:Dynamic lift 571: 564: 551:pufferfishes 540: 533:locomotion. 531: 519: 507: 505: 493: 469: 450: 442: 433:Diodontiform 420: 396: 387:dynamic lift 376: 339: 336:Ostraciiform 323: 299: 279: 277: 265: 244:Anguilliform 239: 218: 214:lateral line 210:water column 206:swim bladder 203: 179: 172: 143: 97: 93:featherbacks 82: 44: 43: 41: 18:Anguilliform 4353:Ichthyology 4210:Insect wing 4160:Webbed foot 4101:unguligrade 4096:plantigrade 4091:digitigrade 3932:WikiProject 3891:Prehistoric 3875:Threatened 3566:Other types 3463:Sardine run 3438:Forage fish 3418:Corallivory 3270:Development 3255:Bubble nest 3128:physoclisti 3118:Suckermouth 3091:Root effect 2913:Ichthyology 2094:(3): 254–7. 1879:Danio rerio 1750:"Stability 1223:Pacific cod 1165:lanternfish 1163:Late stage 1041:Ophichthids 991:flying fish 964:Polypterids 929:mudskippers 767:caudal fins 754:Flying fish 744:Exocoetidae 734:flying fish 673:streamlined 647:oscillatory 600:gas bladder 567:Labriformes 528:Oscillatory 516:Balistiform 478:Gymnotiform 453:Diodontidae 346:Ostraciidae 289:Carangiform 131:pelvic fins 4347:Categories 4138:Cephalopod 4054:Pelvic fin 4024:Dorsal fin 4019:Caudal fin 3547:Groundfish 3542:Freshwater 3537:Euryhaline 3522:Coral reef 3458:Salmon run 3448:Paedophagy 3350:Amphibious 3337:Locomotion 3145:pharyngeal 3133:physostome 3086:Photophore 3032:Glossohyal 3005:gill raker 2988:dorsal fin 2938:physiology 2733:Springer. 2691:Lauder, GV 1994:2015-02-26 1969:2015-01-08 1683:2007-08-28 1376:: 159–297. 1342:References 1033:spiny eels 1029:moray eels 999:Ephippidae 802:Cypselurus 792:Cypselurus 732:See also: 695:Adaptation 687:is termed 681:caudal fin 643:undulatory 465:Amiiformes 371:See also: 308:Thunniform 302:Carangidae 162:caudal fin 135:dorsal fin 4229:Evolution 4188:Bird wing 4133:Arthropod 4126:quadruped 3796:chimaeras 3683:Predatory 3660:Salmonids 3618:Whitefish 3608:Poisonous 3583:Diversity 3517:Coldwater 3453:Predatory 3443:Migratory 3403:Bait ball 3386:behaviour 3305:Pregnancy 3300:Polyandry 3074:papillare 3069:Operculum 3064:Meristics 3010:gill slit 2973:Cleithrum 2903:Fish kill 2893:Fear of - 2886:- as food 2876:Fisheries 2861:Evolution 2851:Diversity 2661:: 48–89. 2583:0944-2006 2540:1477-9145 2488:0080-4649 2427:0962-8452 2363:0027-8424 2287:1742-5689 1370:Zoologica 1181:scaldfish 1047:In larvae 1037:burrowing 1025:true eels 1019:Burrowing 933:mangroves 910:sea floor 850:monoplane 845:Exocoetus 830:Exocoetus 808:Exocoetus 761:Tradeoffs 722:Zebrafish 616:airplanes 604:some fish 561:Labriform 547:boxfishes 115:Mechanism 89:knifefish 4220:Wingspan 4203:feathers 4198:skeleton 4183:Bat wing 4143:Tetrapod 4029:Fish fin 3920:Category 3871:Smallest 3784:lampreys 3747:flatfish 3737:Demersal 3693:mackerel 3688:billfish 3628:Commerce 3557:Tropical 3532:Demersal 3527:Deep-sea 3483:Venomous 3375:RoboTuna 3325:triggers 3320:Spawning 3280:Juvenile 3265:Egg case 2898:FishBase 2721:21680382 2683:56438579 2591:16351901 2548:23325859 2496:86188901 2445:28446697 2381:24843180 2305:26269230 1911:33343483 1903:16752407 1864:85119253 1829:15888415 1780:21708701 1658:23326566 1618:PLOS ONE 1559:12847120 1451:17226211 1300:See also 1291:Behavior 1119:bow wave 1052:Swimming 918:frogfish 914:handfish 669:Sardines 638:buoyancy 596:buoyancy 495:Gymnotus 459:Amiiform 417:Rajiform 222:pitching 121:Fish fin 110:Swimming 57:swimming 51:used by 4290:Related 4148:dactyly 4034:Flipper 3866:Largest 3779:hagfish 3774:Jawless 3752:pollock 3725:sardine 3720:herring 3715:anchovy 3665:Tilapia 3655:Octopus 3650:Catfish 3637:Farming 3552:Pelagic 3512:Coastal 3499:habitat 3355:Walking 3260:Clasper 3212:Otolith 3174:systems 3172:Sensory 3106:ganoine 3081:Papilla 2932:Anatomy 2871:Fishing 2663:Bibcode 2637:(2003) 2563:Zoology 2468:Bibcode 2436:5413926 2372:4050599 2341:Bibcode 2296:4614456 2040:Reuters 1820:1599856 1649:3541231 1626:Bibcode 1431:Bibcode 1268:Boxfish 1238:Walleye 883:hopping 860:Walking 842:In the 823:In the 787:biplane 785:In the 771:ventral 553:). The 361:Boxfish 318:bluefin 230:rolling 182:tilapia 174:Tilapia 150:flexion 146:muscles 85:sunfish 4312:Samara 4121:triped 4106:uniped 3884:sharks 3801:sharks 3730:sprats 3710:Forage 3698:salmon 3578:Coarse 3360:Flying 3232:Vision 3187:Barbel 3101:Scales 2961:dermal 2841:About 2767: 2752: 2737: 2719: 2681: 2645: 2589: 2581: 2546: 2538: 2494: 2486: 2443: 2433: 2425: 2379: 2369: 2361: 2303: 2293: 2285: 2177: 2150: 1909: 1901: 1862: 1827: 1817: 1778: 1752:versus 1656: 1646: 1580: 1557: 1449: 1031:, and 1013:"walk" 728:Flight 701:caudal 608:lipids 584:Sharks 522:Zeidae 472:bowfin 427:skates 407:dorsal 342:thrust 226:yawing 187:scales 157:forces 154:vector 100:burrow 4170:Wings 4155:Digit 4111:biped 4073:Limbs 3983:wings 3979:limbs 3846:Blind 3834:Lists 3613:Rough 3478:Sleep 3384:Other 3150:shark 3140:Teeth 2679:S2CID 2492:S2CID 2084:(PDF) 1907:S2CID 1860:S2CID 1458:(PDF) 1447:S2CID 1419:(PDF) 1270:larva 1255:larva 1240:larva 1225:larva 1210:larva 1183:larva 1167:larva 620:birds 326:tunas 283:Trout 104:glide 4302:Gait 4193:keel 3991:Fins 3981:and 3975:Fins 3879:rays 3813:Bony 3806:rays 3703:tuna 3645:Carp 3603:Oily 3588:Game 3573:Bait 3507:Cave 3290:Milt 2995:Gill 2983:Fins 2956:Bone 2843:fish 2834:Fish 2765:ISBN 2750:ISBN 2735:ISBN 2717:PMID 2643:ISBN 2587:PMID 2579:ISSN 2544:PMID 2536:ISSN 2484:ISSN 2441:PMID 2423:ISSN 2377:PMID 2359:ISSN 2301:PMID 2283:ISSN 2175:ISBN 2148:ISBN 1899:PMID 1881:)". 1825:PMID 1776:PMID 1654:PMID 1578:ISBN 1555:PMID 1513:In: 941:gill 906:land 736:and 624:lift 618:and 549:and 425:and 423:rays 405:and 403:anal 268:eels 260:Eels 228:and 212:. A 61:fins 53:fish 3742:cod 3497:By 3310:Roe 3037:Jaw 2935:and 2707:doi 2671:doi 2659:717 2571:doi 2567:106 2526:doi 2522:216 2476:doi 2464:234 2431:PMC 2413:doi 2409:284 2367:PMC 2349:doi 2337:111 2291:PMC 2273:doi 2144:TFH 1891:doi 1887:267 1852:doi 1848:160 1815:PMC 1807:doi 1803:272 1766:doi 1728:doi 1644:PMC 1634:doi 1545:doi 1541:206 1439:doi 1073:to 916:or 848:or 827:of 789:or 455:). 250:Eel 91:or 4349:: 3977:, 2715:. 2703:42 2701:. 2697:. 2677:. 2669:. 2657:. 2611:^ 2599:^ 2585:. 2577:. 2565:. 2542:. 2534:. 2520:. 2516:. 2504:^ 2490:. 2482:. 2474:. 2462:. 2439:. 2429:. 2421:. 2407:. 2403:. 2389:^ 2375:. 2365:. 2357:. 2347:. 2335:. 2331:. 2299:. 2289:. 2281:. 2269:12 2267:. 2263:. 2206:^ 2192:^ 2183:. 2142:. 2092:44 2090:. 2086:. 2038:. 2010:, 1939:^ 1919:^ 1905:. 1897:. 1885:. 1858:. 1846:. 1823:. 1813:. 1801:. 1797:. 1774:. 1762:42 1760:. 1756:. 1740:^ 1724:65 1722:. 1710:^ 1652:. 1642:. 1632:. 1620:. 1616:. 1553:. 1539:. 1535:. 1484:, 1466:^ 1445:. 1437:. 1427:24 1425:. 1421:. 1382:^ 1372:. 1350:^ 1027:, 962:. 920:. 524:. 512:. 474:. 348:. 95:. 3967:e 3960:t 3953:v 2826:e 2819:t 2812:v 2741:. 2723:. 2709:: 2685:. 2673:: 2665:: 2649:. 2593:. 2573:: 2550:. 2528:: 2498:. 2478:: 2470:: 2447:. 2415:: 2383:. 2351:: 2343:: 2307:. 2275:: 2219:, 2156:. 1997:. 1972:. 1913:. 1893:: 1866:. 1854:: 1831:. 1809:: 1782:. 1768:: 1734:. 1730:: 1686:. 1660:. 1636:: 1628:: 1622:8 1586:. 1561:. 1547:: 1500:. 1441:: 1433:: 1374:4 545:( 502:. 486:. 467:. 297:. 252:. 200:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index