186:
128:
1021:. However, there are indications that anisometropia influences the long-term outcome of a surgical correction of an inward squint, and vice versa. More specifically, for patients with esotropia who undergo strabismus surgery, anisometropia may be one of the risk factors for developing consecutive exotropia and poor binocular function may be a risk factor for anisometropia to develop or increase.
945:
formed, and hence a moderately thick spectacle lens—if the aniseikonia is ignored. In order to avoid the aniseikonia (so that both magnifications will be practically the same, while retaining image sharpness in both eyes), the spectacle lens used for the second eye will have to be made even thicker.
944:
In this example the first eye, with a −1.00 diopter prescription, is the stronger eye, needing only slight correction to sharpen the image formed, and hence a thin spectacle lens. The second eye, with a −4.00 diopter prescription, is the weaker eye, needing moderate correction to sharpen the image
326:
For early detection in preverbal children, photoscreening can be used. In this brief vision test specialized cameras detect each eye's light reflexes, which the equipment's software or a test administrator then interprets. If photoscreening indicates the presence of risk factors, an ophthalmologist
313:
Some studies suggest, in older adults, developing asymmetric cataracts may cause worsen anisometropia. However, anisometropia is associated with age regardless of cataract development: a rapid decrease in anisometropia during the first years of life, an increase during the transition to adulthood,
992:
A determination of the prevalence of anisometropia has several difficulties. First of all, the measurement of refractive error may vary from one measurement to the next. Secondly, different criteria have been employed to define anisometropia, and the boundary between anisometropia and isometropia
937:
787:
650:
1000:, and that this is particularly true for myopes. Anisometropia follows a U-shape distribution according to age: it is frequent in infants aged only a few weeks, is more rare in young children, comparatively more frequent in teenagers and young adults, and more prevalent after
490:
If the difference between the eyes is up to 3 diopters, iseikonic lenses can compensate. At a difference of 3 diopters the lenses would however be very visibly different—one lens would need to be at least 3 mm thicker and have a base curve increased by 7.5 spheres.
322:
Anisometropia causes some people to have mild vision problems, or occasionally more serious symptoms like alternating vision or frequent squinting. However, since most people do not show any clear symptoms, the condition usually is found during a routine eye exam.
3327:
344:) which could also prevent the development of good binocular vision. This can make it very difficult to wear glasses without symptoms such as headaches and eyestrain. However, the earlier the condition is treated, the easier it is to adjust to glasses.
449:
1732:
1717:
957:. The effect of vertex distance is removed and the effect of center thickness is also almost removed, meaning there is minimal and likely unnoticeable image size difference. This is a good solution for those who can tolerate contact lenses.
792:
Thus, in the first eye the size of the image formed on the retina will be 1.17% smaller than without spectacles (although it will be sharp, rather than blurry), whilst in the second eye the image formed on the retina will be 5.36% smaller.
807:
657:
520:
347:
It is possible for spectacle lenses to be made which can adjust the image sizes presented to the eye to be approximately equal. These are called iseikonic lenses. In practice though, this is rarely ever done.
239:(1D) is the threshold for diagnosis of the condition. Patients may have up to 3D of anisometropia before the condition becomes clinically significant due to headache, eye strain, double vision or photophobia.
499:
Consider a pair of spectacles to correct for myopia with a prescription of −1.00 m in one eye and −4.00 m in the other. Suppose that for both eyes the other parameters are identical, namely
1010:
Notwithstanding research performed on the biomechanical, structural and optical characteristics of anisometropic eyes, the underlying reasons for anisometropia are still poorly understood.
1385:
William F. Astle; Jamalia Rahmat; April D. Ingram; Peter T. Huang (December 2007). "Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy for anisometropic amblyopia in children: Outcomes at 1 year".
246:), but will instead suppress the central vision of one of the eyes. If this occurs too often during the first 10 years of life, while the visual cortex is developing, it can result in
796:
As alluded to above, one method of producing more iseikonic lenses would be to adjust the thickness and base curve of the second lens. For instance, theoretically it could be set to
1164:
340:
For those with large degrees of anisometropia, the wearing of standard spectacles may cause the person to experience a difference in image magnification between the two eyes (
357:
2777:
1507:
1569:"When strabismus is present in an anisometropic individual, it is almost always of the convergent type and is generally found in anisohyperopes but not anisomyopes."
2174:
250:, a condition where, even when correcting the refractive error properly, the person's vision in the affected eye may still not be fully correctable to 20/20.
2846:
2772:
932:{\displaystyle {\textrm {Magnification}}={\frac {1}{(1-(0.005/1.6)\times 14.5)}}\cdot {\frac {1}{(1-0.015\times -4)}}=1.0475\times 0.9434=0.9882=98.82\,\%}
782:{\displaystyle {\textrm {Magnification}}={\frac {1}{(1-(0.001/1.6)\times 5)}}\cdot {\frac {1}{(1-0.015\times -4)}}=1.0031\times 0.9434=0.9464=94.64\,\%}
645:{\displaystyle {\textrm {Magnification}}={\frac {1}{(1-(0.001/1.6)\times 5)}}\cdot {\frac {1}{(1-0.015\times -1)}}=1.0031\times 0.9852=0.9883=98.83\,\%}
1786:
2794:
2789:
2614:
1084:
2654:
2767:
327:
can then diagnose the condition after a complete eye exam, including dilating the pupils and measuring the focusing power of each eye.
2762:
2649:
2216:
2377:
91:
2517:
1065:"Chapter 5 - Emmetropization, refraction and refractive errors: control of postnatal eye growth, current and developing treatments"
2482:
965:
Refractive surgery causes only minimal size differences, similar to contact lenses. In a study performed on 53 children who had
3057:
2575:
2487:
2477:
2206:
1655:
Fujikado T, Morimoto T, Shimojyo H (November 2010). "Development of anisometropia in patients after surgery for esotropia".
2570:
2461:
2327:
969:
due to anisometropia, surgical correction of the anisometropia followed by strabismus surgery if required led to improved
2968:
2659:
2644:
1480:
Czepita D, Goslawski W, Mojsa A (2005). "Occurrence of anisometropia among students ranging from 6 to 18 years of age".
996:
Several studies have found that anisometropia occurs more frequently and tends to be more severe for persons with high
242:
In certain types of anisometropia, the visual cortex of the brain cannot process images from both eyes simultaneously (
1856:
1814:
1779:
2784:
2580:
2554:
2512:
2507:
2372:
2245:
2233:
2189:
2851:
2250:
2963:
2757:
2604:
2449:
2196:
1620:
Yurdakul NS, Ugurlu S (2013). "Analysis of risk factors for consecutive exotropia and review of the literature".
2502:
2473:
2097:
2062:
1747:
1178:
Krarup, Therese Grønhøj; Nisted, Ivan; Christensen, Ulrik; Kiilgaard, Jens Folke; la Cour, Morten (June 2020).
2973:
2727:
2527:
2047:
2040:
211:
146:
3242:
3212:
3147:
3142:
2869:
2147:
2012:
1772:
1064:
3185:
2861:
1501:
1158:
804:= 14.5 m, with all other parameters unchanged. Then for the second eye the magnification would become
2958:
2544:
2539:
2497:
2312:
2228:
444:{\displaystyle {\textrm {Magnification}}={\frac {1}{(1-({\frac {t}{n}})P)}}\cdot {\frac {1}{(1-hF)}}}
3263:
3137:
2937:
2820:
2812:
2600:
2564:
2549:
2404:
2184:
1964:
1736:
243:
185:
127:
2874:
2624:
2532:
2456:
2409:
2221:
2157:
2142:
2002:
1951:
1680:
1552:
1410:
1343:
1217:
981:
194:
136:
3217:
3114:
2879:
2739:
2522:
2179:
2085:
1672:
1637:
1602:
1544:
1489:
1462:
1402:
1335:
1327:
1258:
1209:
1201:
1146:
1128:
1080:
170:
112:
3005:
2995:
2841:
2816:
2749:
2715:
2634:
2265:
2255:
2152:
2007:
1894:
1884:
1664:
1629:
1592:
1584:
1534:
1452:
1444:
1394:
1319:
1307:
1248:
1191:
1136:
1118:
1072:
232:
38:
1361:
3072:
3036:
3000:
2619:
2444:
2431:
2365:
2322:
2240:
2052:
1984:
1904:
1889:
483:= back vertex power (in 1/metres), (essentially, the prescription for the lens, quoted in
475:
300:
3302:
3154:
3099:
2942:
2710:
2639:
2421:
2391:
2337:
2291:
2162:
2035:
1969:
1959:
1741:
1597:
1572:
1457:
1432:
1141:
1106:
1076:
254:
1007:
One study estimated that 6% of those between the ages of 6 and 18 have anisometropia.
314:
relatively unchanging levels during adulthood but significant increases in older age.
3321:
3222:
3077:
2734:
2682:
2629:
2559:
2468:
2355:
2332:
2260:
2169:
1974:
1879:
1588:
1556:
1448:
1347:
1221:
970:
175:
117:
3087:
2915:
2296:
2211:
2119:
1997:
1992:
1937:
1932:
1684:
1414:
1306:
Vincent, Stephen J; Collins, Michael J; Read, Scott A; Carney, Leo G (2014-07-01).
1123:
954:
1752:
1633:
1280:"Anisometropia - American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"
1039:"Anisometropia - American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"
310:
Anisometropia is likely the result of both genetic and environmental influences.
3286:
3237:
3180:
3175:
3132:
3110:
3021:
3012:
2932:
2910:
2722:
2694:
2492:
2360:
2201:
2022:
1899:
1851:
1798:
341:
296:
1398:
1279:
3207:
3170:
3094:
3082:
3026:
2987:
2893:
2829:
2808:
2698:
2057:
1922:
1726:
1668:
1523:"Myopic anisometropia: ocular characteristics and aetiological considerations"
1308:"Myopic anisometropia: ocular characteristics and aetiological considerations"
1014:
1001:
974:
3328:
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction
1331:
1205:
1132:
3258:
3232:
3106:
3052:
3040:
2925:
2920:
2905:
2901:
2439:
2137:
2114:
1927:
1874:
1869:
1846:
1764:
1018:
997:
966:
284:
247:
228:
216:
204:
179:
151:
121:
1676:
1641:
1606:
1548:
1493:
1466:
1406:
1339:
1262:
1213:
1150:
1038:
953:
The usual recommendation for those needing iseikonic correction is to wear
1063:
Hammond, Christopher J (2013-01-01), Hoyt, Creig S; Taylor, David (eds.),
3297:
3062:
2596:
2399:
2030:
3124:
3067:
2609:
2416:
2347:
2317:
2307:
1914:
484:
236:
1709:
1539:
1522:
1323:
1253:
1236:
1196:
1179:
3227:
2129:
2106:
1826:
1721:
304:
287:(farsighted). This condition occurs in about 0.1% of the population.
280:
200:
1017:
are mostly far-sighted, and almost all of these have (or have had)
3199:
2279:
1841:
3284:
2680:
2083:
1812:
1768:
1105:
Nunes, Amélia F; Batista, Maria; Monteiro, Pedro (2022-01-10).
295:
Anisometropia is caused by common refractive errors, such as
83:
80:
74:
56:
50:
1107:"Prevalence of anisometropia in children and adolescents"
62:
41:
351:
The formula for iseikonic lenses (without cylinder) is:
279:
is a rare sub-type of anisometropia in which one eye is
1069:
1573:"The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia"
1433:"The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia"
810:
660:
523:
360:
92:
53:
47:
44:
16:
Term used when two eyes have unequal refractive power
1699:
77:
71:
68:
3251:
3198:
3163:
3123:
3035:
2986:
2951:
2892:
2860:
2828:
2807:
2748:
2693:
2589:
2430:
2390:
2346:
2287:
2278:
2128:
2105:
2096:
2021:
1983:
1950:
1913:
1834:
1825:
1703:
1521:Vincent SJ, Collins MJ, Read SA, Carney LG (2014).
1235:Vincent, Stephen J.; Read, Scott A. (1 July 2014).
210:
193:
169:
164:
145:
135:
111:
65:
59:
29:
24:
1571:Barrett BT, Bradley A, Candy TR (September 2013).
1431:Barrett BT, Bradley A, Candy TR (September 2013).
1362:"Guide to Anisometropia (& Treatment Options)"
931:
781:
644:
443:
2773:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
1622:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
1301:
1299:
1163:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1004:sets in, progressively increasing into old age.
1426:
1424:
941:which is much closer to that of the first eye.
253:The name of the condition comes from its four
1780:
8:
2847:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1506:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1387:Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery
141:Eyes' refractive power differs significantly
2175:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1274:
1272:
3281:
3045:
2834:
2825:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2284:
2102:
2093:
2080:
1831:
1822:
1809:
1787:
1773:
1765:
1700:
235:. Generally, a difference in power of one
184:
161:
126:
21:
1596:
1538:
1456:
1252:
1195:
1140:
1122:
1071:, London: W.B. Saunders, pp. 31–35,
925:
868:
842:
821:
812:
811:
809:
775:
718:
692:
671:
662:
661:
659:
638:
581:
555:
534:
525:
524:
522:
414:
389:
371:
362:
361:
359:
1030:
1499:
1156:
1527:Clinical & Experimental Optometry
7:
2655:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1577:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
1437:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
2778:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2615:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1312:Clinical and Experimental Optometry
1241:Clinical and Experimental Optometry
283:(nearsighted) and the other eye is
227:is a condition in which a person's
2650:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
1077:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4691-9.00005-4
926:
776:
639:
14:
2378:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1657:Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology
469:= front base curve (in 1/metres);
2483:Central retinal artery occlusion
1589:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.05.001
1449:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.05.001
1237:"Progressive adult antimetropia"
1180:"The tolerance of anisometropia"
37:
2488:Branch retinal artery occlusion
2217:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1013:Anisometropic persons who have
459:= center thickness (in metres);
2518:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2478:Central retinal vein occlusion
2207:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1124:10.12688/f1000research.73657.3
895:
874:
859:
850:
836:
827:
745:
724:
709:
700:
686:
677:
608:
587:
572:
563:
549:
540:
435:
420:
405:
399:
386:
377:
1:
2571:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2462:Posterior vitreous detachment
2328:Persistent pupillary membrane
231:have substantially differing
3058:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2969:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2660:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2645:Persistent fetal vasculature
2576:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1634:10.3928/01913913-20130430-01
993:depend on their definition.
1857:Meibomian gland dysfunction
3344:
2581:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2555:Central serous retinopathy
2373:Focal choroidal excavation
2246:Corneal neovascularization
2063:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1399:10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.07.024
800:= 5 mm = 0.005 m and
3293:
3280:
3048:
2964:Convergence insufficiency
2837:
2706:
2689:
2676:
2605:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2450:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2092:
2079:
1865:
1821:
1808:
1799:Diseases of the human eye
1669:10.1007/s10384-010-0868-z
977:in many of the children (
654:while for the second eye
515:= 15 mm = 0.015 m.
2474:Ocular ischemic syndrome
2974:One and a half syndrome
2728:Foster Kennedy syndrome
1127:(inactive 2024-09-12).
517:Then for the first eye
503:= 1 mm = 0.001 m,
3213:Argyll Robertson pupil
2013:Periorbital cellulitis
933:
783:
646:
445:
3186:Scintillating scotoma
2852:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2795:Toxic and nutritional
2768:posterior (PION)
2251:Kayser–Fleischer ring
934:
784:
647:
446:
2959:Conjugate gaze palsy
2830:Paralytic strabismus
2763:anterior (AION)
2545:Retinitis pigmentosa
2540:Macular degeneration
2313:Intermediate uveitis
2229:Keratoconjunctivitis
1184:Acta Ophthalmologica
808:
658:
521:
358:
336:Spectacle correction
3264:Childhood blindness
3243:Parinaud's syndrome
2813:Extraocular muscles
2601:Ocular hypertension
2565:Epiretinal membrane
2550:Retinal haemorrhage
2405:Congenital cataract
1366:NVISION Eye Centers
464:= refractive index;
244:binocular summation
2790:Leber's hereditary
2457:Retinal detachment
2410:Childhood cataract
2222:Post-LASIK ectasia
2003:Orbital cellulitis
1952:Lacrimal apparatus
982:Refractive surgery
961:Refractive surgery
929:
779:
642:
441:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3218:Marcus Gunn pupil
3194:
3193:
3115:Visual impairment
2982:
2981:
2888:
2887:
2875:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2803:
2802:
2740:Optic disc drusen
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2386:
2385:
2274:
2273:
2180:Corneal dystrophy
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
1946:
1945:
1762:
1761:
1540:10.1111/cxo.12171
1393:(12): 2028–2034.
1324:10.1111/cxo.12171
1254:10.1111/cxo.12129
1197:10.1111/aos.14310
1086:978-0-7020-4691-9
899:
863:
815:
749:
713:
665:
612:
576:
528:
439:
409:
397:
365:
222:
221:
159:Medical condition
157:
156:
19:Medical condition
3335:
3282:
3046:
3037:Vision disorders
2996:Refractive error
2938:Brown's syndrome
2894:Other strabismus
2880:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2870:Oculomotor (III)
2842:Ophthalmoparesis
2835:
2826:
2817:Binocular vision
2750:Optic neuropathy
2716:optic papillitis
2704:
2691:
2678:
2567:(Macular pucker)
2285:
2266:Band keratopathy
2103:
2094:
2081:
2008:Orbital lymphoma
1895:Blepharophimosis
1885:Blepharochalasis
1832:
1823:
1810:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1766:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1542:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1199:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1144:
1126:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1035:
938:
936:
935:
930:
900:
898:
869:
864:
862:
846:
822:
817:
816:
813:
788:
786:
785:
780:
750:
748:
719:
714:
712:
696:
672:
667:
666:
663:
651:
649:
648:
643:
613:
611:
582:
577:
575:
559:
535:
530:
529:
526:
450:
448:
447:
442:
440:
438:
415:
410:
408:
398:
390:
372:
367:
366:
363:
233:refractive power
189:
188:
162:
131:
130:
100:
96:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
46:
43:
22:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3289:
3268:
3247:
3190:
3159:
3119:
3073:Color blindness
3039:
3031:
2978:
2952:Other binocular
2947:
2884:
2856:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2799:
2744:
2697:
2685:
2664:
2620:Ocular hypotony
2585:
2445:Chorioretinitis
2426:
2382:
2366:Chorioretinitis
2342:
2323:Rubeosis iridis
2301:
2270:
2241:Corneal opacity
2197:Corneal ectasia
2124:
2088:
2067:
2053:Pseudopterygium
2017:
1979:
1942:
1909:
1905:Ankyloblepharon
1861:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1712:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1498:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1155:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1027:
990:
963:
951:
940:
873:
826:
806:
805:
723:
676:
656:
655:
653:
586:
539:
519:
518:
516:
497:
479:
476:vertex distance
470:
465:
460:
455:
419:
376:
356:
355:
338:
333:
320:
301:far-sightedness
293:
183:
160:
125:
107:
98:
94:
40:
36:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3303:Onchocerciasis
3300:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3155:Quadrantanopia
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:Oguchi disease
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2943:Duane syndrome
2940:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2823:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2711:Optic neuritis
2707:
2701:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:Phthisis bulbi
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Coats' disease
2520:
2515:
2513:of prematurity
2510:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2422:Ectopia lentis
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2280:Vascular tunic
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2163:Photokeratitis
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2036:Conjunctivitis
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1970:Dacryocystitis
1967:
1962:
1960:Dacryoadenitis
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1744:
1729:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:Classification
1697:
1696:External links
1694:
1691:
1690:
1647:
1612:
1562:
1533:(4): 291–307.
1513:
1488:(4–6): 297–9.
1472:
1420:
1377:
1353:
1318:(4): 291–307.
1295:
1268:
1247:(4): 375–378.
1227:
1190:(4): 418–426.
1170:
1097:
1085:
1055:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
989:
986:
962:
959:
955:contact lenses
950:
949:Contact lenses
947:
928:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
872:
867:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
825:
820:
778:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
722:
717:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
695:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
675:
670:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
585:
580:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
538:
533:
496:
493:
452:
451:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
418:
413:
407:
404:
401:
396:
393:
388:
385:
382:
379:
375:
370:
337:
334:
332:
329:
319:
316:
307:, in one eye.
292:
289:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
203:and other has
197:
191:
190:
173:
167:
166:
158:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
139:
133:
132:
115:
109:
108:
106:
105:
33:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3340:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Adie syndrome
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Achromatopsia
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:Anisometropia
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Accommodation
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Optic atrophy
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Keratomycosis
2633:
2631:
2630:Globe rupture
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Macular edema
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Retinoschisis
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Choroideremia
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:Iridodialysis
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Arcus senilis
2259:
2257:
2256:Haab's striae
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Corneal ulcer
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:acanthamoebic
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Fibrous tunic
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1975:Xerophthalmia
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Lagophthalmos
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:(6): 589–93.
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:(5): 268–73.
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1284:www.aapos.org
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:F1000Research
1108:
1101:
1098:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
987:
985:
983:
980:
976:
972:
971:visual acuity
968:
960:
958:
956:
948:
946:
942:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
870:
865:
856:
853:
847:
843:
839:
833:
830:
823:
818:
814:Magnification
803:
799:
794:
790:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
720:
715:
706:
703:
697:
693:
689:
683:
680:
673:
668:
664:Magnification
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
583:
578:
569:
566:
560:
556:
552:
546:
543:
536:
531:
527:Magnification
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
492:
488:
486:
482:
477:
473:
468:
463:
458:
432:
429:
426:
423:
416:
411:
402:
394:
391:
383:
380:
373:
368:
364:Magnification
354:
353:
352:
349:
345:
343:
335:
330:
328:
324:
317:
315:
311:
308:
306:
302:
298:
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:Anisometropia
218:
215:
213:
212:Complications
209:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
187:
181:
177:
176:Ophthalmology
174:
172:
168:
163:
153:
150:
148:
147:Complications
144:
140:
138:
134:
129:
123:
119:
118:Ophthalmology
116:
114:
110:
103:
102:
88:
35:
34:
32:
30:Pronunciation
28:
25:Anisometropia
23:
3113: /
3109: /
3088:Monochromacy
3020: /
3017:
2916:Heterophoria
2904: /
2603: /
2599: /
2503:hypertensive
2476: /
2297:Ciliary body
2212:Keratoglobus
2120:Episcleritis
1998:Enophthalmos
1993:Exophthalmos
1938:Trichomegaly
1933:Distichiasis
1835:Inflammation
1746:
1731:
1716:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1502:cite journal
1485:
1481:
1475:
1440:
1436:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:
1356:
1315:
1311:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1159:cite journal
1114:
1110:
1100:
1090:, retrieved
1068:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:
1033:
1012:
1009:
1006:
995:
991:
988:Epidemiology
978:
973:and even to
964:
952:
943:
801:
797:
795:
791:
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:
489:
480:
478:(in metres);
471:
466:
461:
456:
453:
350:
346:
339:
325:
321:
312:
309:
294:
277:Antimetropia
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:components:
252:
241:
224:
223:
199:One eye has
165:Antimetropia
3238:Cycloplegia
3181:Photophobia
3176:Hemeralopia
3133:Hemianopsia
3111:Vision loss
3022:Aniseikonia
3013:Astigmatism
2933:Cyclotropia
2911:Hypertropia
2723:Papilledema
2695:Optic nerve
2528:Sickle cell
2508:Purtscher's
2493:Retinopathy
2361:Choroiditis
2202:Keratoconus
2023:Conjunctiva
1900:Xanthelasma
1852:Blepharitis
1048:10 February
511:= 5 m, and
342:aniseikonia
297:astigmatism
269:"measure",
3287:Infections
3208:Anisocoria
3171:Asthenopia
3164:subjective
3148:homonymous
3143:bitemporal
3095:Nyctalopia
3083:Dichromacy
3027:Presbyopia
2988:Refraction
2809:Strabismus
2699:Optic disc
2058:Pinguecula
1923:Trichiasis
1583:: 120–58.
1529:(Review).
1482:Klin Oczna
1443:: 120–58.
1371:2022-02-08
1289:2022-02-08
1092:2022-05-02
1025:References
1015:strabismus
1002:presbyopia
975:stereopsis
3259:Nystagmus
3233:Mydriasis
3107:Blindness
3053:Amblyopia
3041:Blindness
3001:Hyperopia
2926:Exophoria
2921:Esophoria
2906:Exotropia
2902:Esotropia
2440:Retinitis
2138:Keratitis
2115:Scleritis
2048:Pterygium
1928:Madarosis
1875:Ectropion
1870:Entropion
1847:Chalazion
1557:205048169
1348:205048169
1332:0816-4622
1222:208321443
1206:1755-375X
1133:2046-1402
1043:aapos.org
1019:esotropia
998:ametropia
967:amblyopia
927:%
908:×
890:−
887:×
881:−
866:⋅
854:×
834:−
777:%
758:×
740:−
737:×
731:−
716:⋅
704:×
684:−
640:%
621:×
603:−
600:×
594:−
579:⋅
567:×
547:−
427:−
412:⋅
384:−
331:Treatment
318:Diagnosis
285:hyperopic
248:amblyopia
217:Amblyopia
205:hyperopia
180:optometry
171:Specialty
152:Amblyopia
122:optometry
113:Specialty
3322:Category
3298:Trachoma
3063:Diplopia
2758:Ischemic
2683:Pathways
2597:Glaucoma
2498:diabetic
2400:Cataract
2338:Synechia
2190:Meesmann
2158:Exposure
2143:herpetic
2041:allergic
2031:Chemosis
1965:Epiphora
1677:21191721
1642:23641958
1607:23773832
1549:24939167
1494:16118943
1467:23773832
1407:18053899
1340:24939167
1263:24438511
1214:31773911
1151:35035896
1117:: 1101.
485:diopters
454:where:
265:"same",
195:Symptoms
137:Symptoms
3138:binasal
3125:Anopsia
3068:Scotoma
2862:palsies
2625:Red eye
2610:Floater
2417:Aphakia
2348:Choroid
2318:Hyphema
2308:Uveitis
1915:Eyelash
1753:D015858
1685:9298405
1598:3773531
1458:3773531
1415:1886316
1142:8729023
507:= 1.6,
495:Example
273:"eye".
261:"not",
237:diopter
97:-sə-mi-
3228:Miosis
3006:Myopia
2785:Kjer's
2533:photic
2432:Retina
2185:Fuchs'
2153:fungal
2130:Cornea
2107:Sclera
1890:Ptosis
1827:Eyelid
1815:Adnexa
1742:367.31
1683:
1675:
1640:
1605:
1595:
1555:
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1492:
1465:
1455:
1413:
1405:
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1338:
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1261:
1220:
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1204:
1149:
1139:
1131:
1083:
917:0.9882
911:0.9434
905:1.0475
767:0.9464
761:0.9434
755:1.0031
630:0.9883
624:0.9852
618:1.0031
305:myopia
303:, and
291:Causes
281:myopic
201:myopia
182:
124:
104:
101:-pee-ə
3252:Other
3200:Pupil
2590:Other
2234:sicca
2086:Globe
1985:Orbit
1727:H52.3
1681:S2CID
1553:S2CID
1411:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1218:S2CID
923:98.82
884:0.015
840:0.005
773:94.64
734:0.015
690:0.001
636:98.83
597:0.015
553:0.001
267:metr-
255:Greek
2392:Lens
2292:Iris
1842:Stye
1748:MeSH
1737:9-CM
1673:PMID
1638:PMID
1603:PMID
1545:PMID
1508:link
1490:PMID
1463:PMID
1403:PMID
1336:PMID
1328:ISSN
1259:PMID
1210:PMID
1202:ISSN
1165:link
1147:PMID
1129:ISSN
1081:ISBN
1050:2020
979:see:
857:14.5
263:iso-
229:eyes
99:TROH
93:ann-
1733:ICD
1718:ICD
1665:doi
1630:doi
1593:PMC
1585:doi
1535:doi
1486:107
1453:PMC
1445:doi
1395:doi
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