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reflect on their own basic assumptions. Annotations can take part within the video, and can be used when the data video is recorded. It is being used as a tool in text and film to write one's thoughts and emotion into the markings. In any number of steps of analysis, it can also be supplemented with more annotations. Anthropologists
Clifford Geertz calls it a "thick description." This can give a sense of how useful annotation is, especially by adding a description of how it can be implemented in film.
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the assignment of typological representations (culturally meaningful categories), to topological representations (e.g. images). This is especially important when experts, such as medical doctors, interpret visualizations in detail and explain their interpretations to others, for example by means of digital technology. Here, annotation can be a way to establish
354:(symbols and formulae) can be annotated with their natural language meaning. This is essential for disambiguation, since symbols may have different meanings (e.g., "E" can be "energy" or "expectation value", etc.). The annotation process can be facilitated and accelerated through recommendation, e.g., using the "AnnoMathTeX" system that is hosted by Wikimedia.
84:
725:. DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of identifying the locations of genes and all of the coding regions in a genome and determining what those genes do. An annotation (irrespective of the context) is a note added by way of explanation or commentary. Once a genome is sequenced, it needs to be annotated to make sense of it.
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between interactants with different levels of knowledge. The value of annotation has been empirically confirmed, for example, in a study which shows that in computer-based teleconsultations the integration of image annotation and speech leads to significantly improved knowledge exchange compared with
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From a cognitive perspective, annotation has an important role in learning and instruction. As part of guided noticing it involves highlighting, naming or labelling and commenting aspects of visual representations to help focus learners' attention on specific visual aspects. In other words, it means
299:
Marginalia refers to writing or decoration in the margins of a manuscript. Medieval marginalia is so well known that amusing or disconcerting instances of it are fodder for viral aggregators such as
Buzzfeed and Brainpickings, and the fascination with other readers’ reading is manifest in sites such
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changes to the source code into the repository. This outputs a copy of the source code where each line is annotated with the name of the last contributor to edit that line (and possibly a revision number). This can help establish blame in the event a change caused a malfunction, or identify the
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This is the most common task in semantic labelling. Given a text of a cell and a data source, the approach predicts the entity and link it to the one identified in the given data source. For example, if the input to the approach were the text "Richard
Feynman" and a URL to the SPARQL endpoint of
342:
Students use
Annotation not only for academic purposes, but interpreting their own thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Sites such as Scalar and Omeka are sites that students use. There are multiple genres with Annotation such as math, film, linguists, and literary theory which students find it most
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identified in an annotation editor. The annotation scheme ensures that the tags are added consistently across the data set and allows for verification of previously tagged data. Aside from tags, more complex forms of linguistic annotation include the annotation of phrases and relations, e.g., in
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One purpose of annotation is to transform the data into a form suitable for computer-aided analysis. Prior to annotation, an annotation scheme is defined that typically consists of tags. During tagging, transcriptionists manually add tags into transcripts where required linguistical features are
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Text and Film
Annotation is a technique that involves using comments, text within a film. Analyzing videos is an undertaking that is never entirely free of preconceived notions, and the first step for researchers is to find their bearings within the field of possible research approaches and thus
281:
Annotation
Practices are highlighting a phrase or sentence and including a comment, circling a word that needs defining, posing a question when something is not fully understood and writing a short summary of a key section. It also invites students to "(re)construct a history through material
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to compute the weights. Venetis et al. construct an isA database which consists of the pairs (instance, class) and then compute maximum likelihood using these pairs. Alobaid and Corcho approximated the q-q plot for predicting the properties of numeric columns.
282:
engagement and exciting DIY (Do-It-Yourself) annotation practices." Annotation practices that are available today offer a remarkable set of tools for students to begin to work, and in a more collaborative, connected way than has been previously possible.
519:
Syed et al. built
Wikitology, which is "a hybrid knowledge base of structured and unstructured information extracted from Knowledge (XXG) augmented by RDF data from DBpedia and other Linked Data resources." For the Wikitology index, they use
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Ramnandan, S.K.; Mittal, Amol; Knoblock, Craig A.; Szekely, Pedro (2015). "Assigning
Semantic Labels to Data Sources". In Gandon, Fabien; Sabou, Marta; Sack, Harald; d’Amato, Claudia; Cudré-Mauroux, Philippe; Zimmermann, Antoine (eds.).
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to tabular data. This process is also referred to as semantic annotation. Semantic
Labelling is often done in a (semi-)automatic fashion. Semantic Labelling techniques work on entity columns, numeric columns, coordinates, and more.
824:. Many different forms of linguistic annotation have been developed, as well as different formats and tools for creating and managing linguistic annotations, as described, for example, in the Linguistic Annotation Wiki.
580:
The subject column of a table is the column that contain the main subjects/entities in the table. Some approaches expects the subject column as an input while others predict the subject column such as TableMiner+.
617:
T2D is the most common gold standard for semantic labelling. Two versions exists of T2D: T2Dv1 (sometimes are referred to T2D as well) and T2Dv2. Another known benchmarks are published with the SemTab
Challenge.
548:). The classes are then gathered and each one of them is scored based on several formulas they presented taking into account the frequency of each class and their depth according to the subClass hierarchy.
449:
There are several semantic labelling types which utilises machine learning techniques. These techniques can be categorised following the work of Flach as follows: geometric (using lines and planes, such as
411:
annotate text in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from that text. They can be used to add information about the desired visual presentation, or machine-readable semantic information, as in the
380:
after around a decade of service. They had allowed users to provide information that popped up during videos, but YouTube indicated they did not work well on small mobile screens, and were being abused.
300:
as Melville's Marginalia Online or Harvard's online exhibit of marginalia from six personal libraries. It can also be a part of other websites such as Pinterest, or even meme generators and GIF tools.
544:
Alobaid and Corcho presented an approach to annotate entity columns. The technique starts by annotating the cells in the entity column with the entities from the reference knowledge graph (e.g.,
609:. Venetis et al. use TextRunner to extract the relation between two columns. Syed et al. use the relation between the entities of the two columns and the most frequent relation is selected.
589:
Columns types are divided differently by different approaches. Some divide them into strings/text and numbers while others divide them further (e.g., Number Typology, Date, coordinates).
1825:
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is a discipline that often uses the technique of annotation to describe or add additional historical context to texts and physical documents to make it easier to understand.
466:), and Non-ML techniques (e.g., balancing coverage and specificity). Note that the geometric, probabilistic, and logical machine learning models are not mutually exclusive.
1353:
Philipp Scharpf; Moritz Schubotz; Bela Gipp (14 April 2021). "Fast Linking of Mathematical Wikidata Entities in Knowledge (XXG) Articles Using Annotation Recommendation".
2606:
893:, a symbol used on ancient manuscripts to mark passages that were suspected of being corrupted or spurious; the practice of adding such marginal notes became known as
1409:
Pea, R.D. (2006). "Video-as-Data and Digital Video Manipulation Techniques for Transforming Learning Sciences Research, Education, and Other Cultural Practices".
993:"Training disciplinary genre awareness through blended learning: An exploration into EAP students' perceptions of online annotation of genres across disciplines"
343:
helpful to use. Most students reported the annotation process as helpful for improving overall writing ability, grammar, and academic vocabulary knowledge.
105:
92:
528:, which is one of the tasks often used in semantic labelling. Since they were not able to query Google for all Knowledge (XXG) articles to get the
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add commentary on the relevance or quality of each source, in addition to the usual bibliographic information that merely identifies the source.
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passages in books in order to actively engage with the text. Students can use annotations to refer back to key phrases easily, or add
2059:. In Groth, Paul; Simperl, Elena; Gray, Alasdair; Sabou, Marta; Krötzsch, Markus; Lecue, Freddy; Flöck, Fabian; Gil, Yolanda (eds.).
1851:. In Groth, Paul; Simperl, Elena; Gray, Alasdair; Sabou, Marta; Krötzsch, Markus; Lecue, Freddy; Flöck, Fabian; Gil, Yolanda (eds.).
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Moritz Schubotz; Philipp Scharpf; et al. (12 September 2018). "Introducing MathQA: a Math-Aware question answering system".
1182:"The function of annotations in the comprehension of scientific texts: Cognitive load effects and the impact of verbal ability"
2201:
Venetis, Petros; Halevy, Alon; Madhavan, Jayant; PaĹźca, Marius; Shen, Warren; Wu, Fei; Miao, Gengxin; Wu, Chung (2011-06-01).
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in the source code. Classes, methods, variables, parameters and packages may be annotated. The annotations can be embedded in
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152:
1525:"Smartphones as multimodal communication devices to facilitate clinical knowledge processes — a randomized controlled trial"
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or other piece of information. It can be a note that includes a comment or explanation. Annotations are sometimes presented
268:
Five types of annotation are given LIDAR annotation, Image annotation, Text annotation, Video annotation, Audio annotation
1986:
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Wyner, Adam; Peters, Wim; Katz, Daniel (2013). "A Case Study on Legal Case Annotation". In Ashley, Kevin D. (ed.).
839:
690:
364:
569:", which is the entity from DBpedia. Some approaches use exact match. while others use similarity metrics such as
174:
141:
97:
2337:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10024, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 163–179,
1603:
1410:
2819:. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. Vol. 259. Amsterdam: IOS Press. pp. 165–174.
2418:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9088. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 403–417.
2063:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9981. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 446–462.
1855:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9981. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 428–445.
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1735:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11313. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 19–33.
900:
854:
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459:
2250:"Linear approximation of the quantile–quantile plot for semantic labelling of numeric columns in tabular data"
351:
181:
31:
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425:
336:
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Ermilov, Ivan; Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga (2016), "TAIPAN: Automatic Property Mapping for Tabular Data",
681:
behaviour of an application. It is possible to create meta-annotations out of the existing ones in Java.
2750:"Annotation of enhanced radiographs for medical image retrieval with deep convolutional neural networks"
163:
2644:
1826:"Understanding a large corpus of web tables through matching with knowledge bases: an empirical study"
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432:. The process of assigning semantic annotations to tabular data is referred to as semantic labelling.
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1032:"Becoming Entangled: An Analysis of 5th Grade Students Collaborative Multimodal Composing Practices"
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Hassanzadeh, O.; Ward, Michael J.; Rodriguez-Muro, Mariano; Srinivas, Kavitha (December 17, 2015).
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to aid studying and finding connections between the text and prior knowledge or running themes.
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Zhang, D.; Islam, M.M.; Lu, G. (2012). "A review on automatic image annotation techniques".
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1731:. In Faron Zucker, Catherine; Ghidini, Chiara; Napoli, Amedeo; Toussaint, Yannick (eds.).
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Taheriyan, Mohsen; Knoblock, Craig A.; Szekely, Pedro; Ambite, José Luis (March 1, 2016).
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Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics
1278:. ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2018).
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1897:. SIGMOD '13. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 145–156.
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Neumaier, Sebastian; Umbrich, JĂĽrgen; Parreira, Josiane Xavier; Polleres, Axel (2016).
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community the term annotation is commonly used for visible metadata superimposed on an
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Crosthwaite, Peter; Sanhueza, Alicia Gazmuri; Schweinberger, Martin (September 2021).
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Here are some of the common semantic labelling tasks presented in the literature:
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Etzioni, Oren; Banko, Michele; Soderland, Stephen; Weld, Daniel S. (2008-12-01).
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Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Extending Database Technology
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1895:
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data
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2676:"Characterizing the Usage, Evolution and Impact of Java Annotations in Practice"
2674:
Characterizing the Usage, Evolution and Impact of Java Annotations in Practice.
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1779:"Balancing coverage and specificity for semantic labelling of subject columns"
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2149:"Annotating and searching web tables using entities, types and relationships"
1996:
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Machine Learning: The Art and Science of Algorithms that Make Sense of Data
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1307:- a formula identifier annotation recommender system for STEM documents".
1159:. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. Vol. 1417. Routledge.
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is "capitalOf". Such relations can easily be found in ontologies, such as
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2384:"Effective and efficient Semantic Table Interpretation using TableMiner+"
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Syed, Zareen; Finin, Tim; Mulwad, Varish; Joshi, Anupam (2010-04-26).
1937:
Ritze, Dominique; Lehmberg, Oliver; Bizer, Christian (July 13, 2015).
1649:
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Pham, Minh; Alse, Suresh; Knoblock, Craig A.; Szekely, Pedro (2016).
1303:
Philipp Scharpf; Ian Mackerracher; et al. (17 September 2019). "
890:
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598:
2621:"Semantic Web Challenge on Tabular Data to Knowledge Graph Matching"
2147:
Limaye, Girija; Sarawagi, Sunita; Chakrabarti, Soumen (2010-09-01).
626:
The "annotate" function (also known as "blame" or "praise") used in
2876:
2748:
Pelka, Obioma; Nensa, Felix; Friedrich, Christoph M. (2018-11-12).
1689:
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Alobaid, Ahmad; Kacprzak, Emilia; Corcho, Oscar (January 1, 2021).
1368:
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Representing Mathematical Formulae in Content MathML using Wikidata
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602:
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Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
1289:
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Zhang, Ziqi (2017-08-07). Hitzler, Pascal; Cruz, Isabel (eds.).
408:
1729:"Fuzzy Semantic Labeling of Semi-structured Numerical Datasets"
1180:
Wallen, Erik; Plass, Jan L.; BrĂĽnken, Roland (September 2005).
745:, virtual laser pointers, circles, arrows, and black-outs (cf.
665:, where annotations can be used as a special form of syntactic
1290:"AnnoMathTeX Formula/Identifier Annotation Recommender System"
404:
124:
77:
36:
1310:
Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems
249:
is extra information associated with a particular point in a
2290:"Exploiting a Web of Semantic Data for Interpreting Tables"
2028:
1412:
The International Handbook of Virtual Learning Environments
1728:
1634:"Typology-based semantic labeling of numeric tabular data"
695:
Automatic image annotation is used to classify images for
1523:
Pimmer, C.; Mateescu, M.; Zahn, C.; Genewein, U. (2013).
1113:
Filming, Researching, Annotating: Research Video Handbook
1072:
Dougherty, Jack; O'Donnell, Tennyson, eds. (2015-04-21).
1575:"YouTube annotations will disappear for good in January"
797:
and state statutes are subject to interpretation by the
2033:(phd thesis). E.T.S. de Ingenieros Informáticos (UPM).
2030:
Knowledge-Graph-Based Semantic Labeling of Tabular Data
741:
without changing the underlying master image, such as
1945:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–6.
793:
that have interpreted the statutes. Both the federal
673:
generated by the compiler and may be retained by the
2581:
Bizer, Dominique Ritze, Oliver Lehmberg, Christian.
1849:"Multi-level Semantic Labelling of Numerical Values"
2470:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. p. 693.
1673:"Learning the semantics of structured data sources"
801:, and the annotated statutes are valuable tools in
756:community, an annotation is often referred to as a
376:Annotations were removed on January 15, 2019, from
155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2057:"Semantic Labeling: A Domain-Independent Approach"
1889:Zhang, Meihui; Chakrabarti, Kaushik (2013-06-22).
1110:Lösel, Gunter; Zimper, Martin, eds. (2021-05-26).
257:. For annotations of different digital media, see
2416:The Semantic Web. Latest Advances and New Domains
368:the use of images and speech without annotation.
2294:Proceedings of the Second Web Science Conference
1356:Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021
1272:Scharpf, P.; Schubotz, M.; et al. (2018).
1186:Educational Technology Research and Development
777:In the United States, legal publishers such as
2334:Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management
2127:, Ontology Engineering Group (UPM), 2022-12-12
2105:, Ontology Engineering Group (UPM), 2022-01-29
1733:Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management
2457:Quercini, Gianluca; Reynaud, Chantal (2013).
486:for the numeric ones. Alobaid and Corcho use
436:is the process of assigning annotations from
8:
2605:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2248:Alobaid, Ahmad; Corcho, Oscar (March 2024).
1777:Alobaid, Ahmad; Corcho, Oscar (2022-03-15).
815:Text annotation § Linguistic annotation
272:Literature, grammar and educational purposes
2459:"Entity discovery and annotation in tables"
2203:"Recovering semantics of tables on the web"
567:http://dbpedia.org/resource/Richard_Feynman
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2533:"Open information extraction from the web"
1235:(4). Emerald Publishing Limited: 214–224.
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2725:"Medical Definition of Genome annotation"
2423:
1991:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1688:
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233:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
2645:"JDK 5.0 Developer's Guide: Annotations"
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
997:Journal of English for Academic Purposes
108:of all important aspects of the article.
2817:Legal Knowledge and Information Systems
1884:
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1153:Greetham, David C. (28 October 2015) .
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30:For the Knowledge (XXG) help page, see
27:Item of metadata attached to a document
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1727:Alobaid, Ahmad; Corcho, Oscar (2018).
104:Please consider expanding the lead to
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2308:"OWL Web Ontology Language Reference"
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1529:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1156:Textual Scholarship: An Introduction
565:DBpedia, the approach would return "
490:(c-means) to label numeric columns.
153:adding citations to reliable sources
1229:Information Discovery and Delivery
347:Mathematical expression annotation
25:
2655:from the original on 6 March 2008
2207:Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
2153:Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
1939:"Matching HTML Tables to DBpedia"
1660:– via content.iospress.com.
560:Entity linking and disambiguation
52:This article has multiple issues.
2254:Expert Systems with Applications
1971:– via ACM Digital Library.
1078:. University of Michigan Press.
482:similarity for textual data and
129:
82:
41:
951:"Definition of Data Annotation"
552:Semantic labelling common tasks
140:needs additional citations for
96:may be too short to adequately
60:or discuss these issues on the
2856:General Annotation Conventions
1502:. Cambridge University Press.
1418:. Springer. pp. 1321–93.
789:, providing information about
785:publish annotated versions of
106:provide an accessible overview
1:
2825:10.3233/978-1-61499-359-9-165
1048:10.1016/j.compcom.2017.12.008
576:Subject column identification
445:Semantic labelling techniques
2849:"Annotation Schemes | CAWSE"
2775:10.1371/journal.pone.0206229
2711:10.1016/j.patcog.2011.05.013
2425:10.1007/978-3-319-18818-8_25
2343:10.1007/978-3-319-49004-5_11
2069:10.1007/978-3-319-46523-4_27
2061:The Semantic Web – ISWC 2016
1861:10.1007/978-3-319-46523-4_26
1853:The Semantic Web – ISWC 2016
1795:10.1016/j.knosys.2021.108092
1699:10.1016/j.websem.2015.12.003
1424:10.1007/978-1-4020-3803-7_55
1030:Jocius, Robin (March 2018).
1741:10.1007/978-3-030-03667-6_2
1600:"Web Annotation Data Model"
1465:10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001520
255:in the margin of book pages
2921:
2583:"Web Data Commons - T2Dv2"
2266:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.122152
2027:Alobaid, Ahmad (c. 2020).
1496:Clark, Herbert H. (1996).
1009:10.1016/j.jeap.2021.101021
969:"Types of Data Annotation"
840:Automatic image annotation
812:
721:have created the need for
706:
691:Automatic image annotation
688:
654:
647:author of brilliant code.
585:Column data-type detection
393:
307:
29:
2537:Communications of the ACM
2039:10.20868/upm.thesis.64068
1604:World Wide Web Consortium
1036:Computers and Composition
663:Java programming language
2881:annotation.exmaralda.org
2219:10.14778/2002938.2002939
2165:10.14778/1920841.1921005
1997:10.1017/cbo9780511973000
1251:10.1108/IDD-06-2018-0022
845:Coding (social sciences)
494:Probabilistic techniques
460:Conditional random field
458:), probabilistic (e.g.,
385:Software and engineering
358:Learning and instruction
352:Mathematical expressions
337:Annotated bibliographies
286:Text and film annotation
2549:10.1145/1409360.1409378
2476:10.1145/2452376.2452457
1951:10.1145/2797115.2797118
1903:10.1145/2463676.2465276
1783:Knowledge-Based Systems
1709:– via March 2016.
1378:10.1145/3442442.3452348
1322:10.1145/3298689.3347042
677:and thus influence the
484:Kolmogorov–Smirnov test
2877:"LinguisticAnnotation"
1449:"Communication spaces"
661:A special case is the
636:Team Foundation Server
508:support-vector machine
464:Decision tree learning
452:Support-vector machine
2102:Fuzzy c-Means Library
1985:Flach, Peter (2012).
1453:J Am Med Inform Assoc
1122:10.1515/9783035623079
703:Computational biology
597:The relation between
675:Java virtual machine
470:Geometric techniques
149:improve this article
2766:2018PLoSO..1306229P
2703:2012PatRe..45..346Z
2691:Pattern Recognition
2508:"About: capital of"
1447:Coiera, E. (2014).
1084:10.2307/j.ctv65sxgk
593:Relation prediction
536:to approximate it.
498:Limaye et al. uses
315:Textual scholarship
304:Textual scholarship
295:Medieval marginalia
277:Practising visually
2587:webdatacommons.org
2159:(1–2): 1338–1347.
1606:. 11 December 2014
1362:. pp. 602–9.
1316:. pp. 532–3.
1198:10.1007/BF02504798
871:Index (publishing)
835:Abstract (summary)
795:United States Code
760:and is encoded in
758:region of interest
515:Logical techniques
462:), logical (e.g.,
434:Semantic Labelling
2834:978-1-61499-359-9
2435:978-3-319-18818-8
2400:10.3233/SW-160242
2352:978-3-319-49003-8
2078:978-3-319-46523-4
2006:978-1-107-09639-4
1912:978-1-4503-2037-5
1870:978-3-319-46523-4
1750:978-3-030-03667-6
1650:10.3233/SW-200397
1542:10.2196/jmir.2758
1509:978-0-521-56745-9
1433:978-1-4020-3803-7
1166:978-1-136-75579-8
1093:978-0-472-90012-1
957:. 17 August 2023.
715:molecular biology
713:Since the 1980s,
571:Cosine similarity
540:Non-ML techniques
456:Linear regression
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
217:
199:
123:
122:
75:
16:(Redirected from
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2795:
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2649:Sun Microsystems
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988:
977:
976:
975:. 30 March 2024.
965:
959:
958:
947:
906:Subject indexing
850:Drama annotation
685:Image annotation
651:Java annotations
630:systems such as
506:. They also use
504:graphical models
488:fuzzy clustering
474:Pham et al. use
401:Markup languages
238:
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2625:www.cs.ox.ac.uk
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2014:
2007:
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1024:
990:
989:
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966:
962:
949:
948:
944:
940:
935:
921:Text annotation
830:
817:
811:
775:
770:
754:medical imaging
735:digital imaging
731:
729:Digital imaging
711:
705:
697:image retrieval
693:
687:
659:
657:Java annotation
653:
642:determines who
624:
615:
595:
587:
578:
562:
554:
542:
517:
502:similarity and
496:
472:
447:
422:
398:
396:Text annotation
392:
387:
374:
360:
349:
325:Students often
323:
312:
310:Text annotation
306:
297:
288:
279:
274:
263:text annotation
239:
228:
227:
226:
221:
210:
204:
201:
158:
156:
146:
134:
119:
113:
110:
103:
91:This article's
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2918:
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2886:
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2840:
2833:
2807:
2740:
2716:
2697:(1): 346–362.
2681:
2666:
2651:. 2007-12-18.
2636:
2612:
2570:
2523:
2499:
2484:
2449:
2434:
2405:
2394:(6): 921–957.
2371:
2351:
2323:
2299:
2271:
2240:
2213:(9): 528–538.
2186:
2136:
2114:
2092:
2077:
2044:
2012:
2005:
1974:
1959:
1926:
1911:
1876:
1869:
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1756:
1749:
1712:
1683:(C): 152–169.
1663:
1617:
1591:
1566:
1515:
1508:
1499:Using Language
1488:
1459:(3): 414–422.
1439:
1432:
1401:
1386:
1345:
1330:
1295:
1281:
1264:
1219:
1172:
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1130:
1099:
1092:
1061:
1022:
978:
960:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:
931:XPS annotation
928:
926:Web annotation
923:
918:
916:Tag (metadata)
913:
908:
903:
901:PDF annotation
898:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
829:
826:
813:Main article:
810:
807:
803:legal research
774:
771:
769:
766:
730:
727:
723:DNA annotation
719:bioinformatics
709:DNA annotation
707:Main article:
704:
701:
689:Main article:
686:
683:
655:Main article:
652:
649:
628:source control
623:
622:Source control
620:
614:
613:Gold standards
611:
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550:
541:
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526:Entity linking
516:
513:
495:
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468:
446:
443:
424:This includes
421:
418:
394:Main article:
391:
390:Text documents
388:
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348:
345:
322:
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308:Main article:
305:
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296:
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275:
273:
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259:web annotation
241:
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223:
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137:
135:
128:
121:
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100:the key points
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76:
50:
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2546:
2543:(12): 68–74.
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2485:9781450315975
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2126:
2125:
2124:fuzzy-c-means
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2103:
2096:
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2017:
2013:
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1981:
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1960:9781450332934
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1892:
1891:"InfoGather+"
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1393:
1389:
1387:9781450383134
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1331:9781450362436
1327:
1323:
1319:
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1299:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1268:
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1248:
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1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1211:
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1183:
1176:
1173:
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1162:
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1157:
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1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:9783035623079
1127:
1123:
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1106:
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1100:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1068:
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1057:
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1049:
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1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
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970:
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956:
955:macgence.com/
952:
946:
943:
937:
932:
929:
927:
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914:
912:
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907:
904:
902:
899:
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879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
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843:
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838:
836:
833:
832:
827:
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823:
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804:
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796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
767:
765:
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759:
755:
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748:
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736:
728:
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724:
720:
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710:
702:
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684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:
650:
648:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
621:
619:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
592:
590:
584:
582:
575:
573:
572:
568:
559:
557:
551:
549:
547:
539:
537:
535:
534:Decision tree
531:
527:
523:
514:
512:
509:
505:
501:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:Jaccard index
469:
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457:
453:
444:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
417:
415:
410:
406:
402:
397:
389:
384:
382:
379:
371:
369:
366:
365:common ground
357:
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219:
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205:February 2015
197:
194:
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187:
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180:
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173:
169:
166: –
165:
161:
160:Find sources:
154:
150:
144:
143:
138:This article
136:
132:
127:
126:
117:
114:February 2015
107:
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53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
32:WP:ANNOTATION
19:
2880:
2871:
2860:. Retrieved
2858:. 2017-02-05
2855:
2843:
2816:
2810:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2732:. Retrieved
2728:
2719:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2639:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2515:. Retrieved
2511:
2502:
2463:
2452:
2415:
2408:
2391:
2388:Semantic Web
2387:
2364:, retrieved
2333:
2326:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:
2302:
2293:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2210:
2206:
2156:
2152:
2129:, retrieved
2123:
2117:
2107:, retrieved
2101:
2095:
2060:
2029:
1987:
1942:
1894:
1852:
1842:
1819:
1786:
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