214:
119:
31:
348:
39:
3882:
2066:
3874:
459:, New Star, and Teijinconex) are prepared from diamine and diacid (or equivalent) precursors. These polymers can be further classified according to the linkages on the aromatic subunits. Nomex, Teijinconex, and New Star contain predominantly the meta-linkage. They are called poly-metaphenylene isophthalamides (MPIAs). By contrast, Kevlar and Twaron both feature para-linkages. They are called
399:
2076:
603:
233:. This fiber, which handles similarly to normal textile apparel fibers, is characterized by its excellent resistance to heat, as it neither melts nor ignites in normal levels of oxygen. It is used extensively in the production of protective apparel, air filtration, thermal and electrical insulation, as well as a substitute for
389:
implications. However, in 2009, it was shown that inhaled aramid fibrils are shortened and quickly cleared from the body and pose little risk. A declaration of interest correction was later provided by the author of the study stating that "This review was commissioned and funded by DuPont and Teijin
334:
Both meta-aramid and para-aramid fiber can be used to make aramid paper. Aramid paper is used as electrical insulation materials and construction materials to make honeycomb core. Dupont made aramid paper during the 1960s, calling it Nomex paper. Yantai
Metastar Special Paper introduced an aramid
313:. Due to earlier patents on the production process, Akzo and DuPont engaged in a patent dispute in the 1980s. Twaron subsequently came under the ownership of the Teijin Aramid Company. In 2011, Yantai Tayho introduced similar fiber which is called
351:
Carbon and Aramid, carbon yarn and textile, composite material, aramid glove (Twaron), cable (braided glass fibre, aramid core), aramid yarn, braided textile (aramid and carbon). Tray and samples of the textile cabinet in the
Textielmuseum in
406:
World capacity of para-aramid production was estimated at 41,000 t (40,000 long tons; 45,000 short tons) per year in 2002 and increases each year by 5–10%. In 2007 this means a total production capacity of around 55,000 tonnes per year.
1123:
are attached directly to two aromatic rings", with a diagram between the parentheses which shows a vertically oriented CO group attached horizontally to an NH group. There is an incoming bond to the C atom and an outgoing one from the NH
134:
appear as hexagons. The rings are attached alternately to either two NH groups or two CO groups. The attachment points on each ring are diametrically opposite each other, a characteristic of the structure called
205:
have them at positions 1 and 3. That is, the attachment points are diametrically opposite each other in para-aramids, and two atoms apart in meta-aramids. The illustration thus shows a para-aramid.
2526:
1179:
Marsh, J. P.; Mossman, B. T.; Driscoll, K. E.; Schins, R. F.; Borm, P. J. A. (1 January 1994). "Effects of Aramid, a high
Strength Synthetic Fiber, on Respiratory Cells in Vitro".
185:
In order to meet the FTC definition of an aramid, at least 85% of these linkages must be attached to two aromatic rings. Below 85%, the material is instead classed as nylon.
2875:
1133:
Position 1 is simply chosen as the point where one of the chains is attached. We then count around the ring in the shortest direction until we reach the other one.
1119:
The full definition of aramid fibre is "a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85% of the
1105:
2521:
2112:
3643:
3542:
2579:
2501:
2452:
2020:
971:
735:
615:
590:, as developed by Teijin and introduced in 1976. The manufacturing process of Technora reacts PPD and 3,4'-diaminodiphenylether (3,4'-ODA) with
91:
contributes more to fiber strength than in many other synthetic fibers. Aramids have a very high melting point (>500 °C (932 °F)).
3613:
3608:
3360:
1501:
1323:
1163:
1084:
1050:
165:
1528:
594:. This relatively simple process uses only one amide solvent, and therefore spinning can be done directly after the polymer production.
3603:
2625:
3628:
2683:
1556:
3406:
2531:
2340:
2105:
1308:
Committee on High-Performance
Structural Fibers for Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites, National Research Council (2005).
850:
534:
the dissolved polymer to a solid fiber from a liquid chemical blend. Polymer solvent for spinning PPTA is generally 100%
3809:
2556:
2536:
1315:
3931:
3275:
3250:
2795:
324:
Para-aramids are used in many high-tech applications, such as aerospace and military applications, for "bullet-proof"
2745:
87:
The chain molecules in the fibers are highly oriented along the fiber axis. As a result, a higher proportion of the
3386:
3230:
3168:
702:
194:
213:
3916:
3906:
3113:
2800:
845:
1429:
2765:
2484:
2360:
2330:
2098:
157:
1032:
582:
Besides meta-aramids like Nomex, other variations belong to the aramid fiber range. These are mainly of the
3768:
3680:
3350:
3295:
2970:
2810:
2335:
515:
382:
226:
3778:
3588:
3436:
3235:
2561:
2511:
1223:
591:
498:
471:
302:
and nylon processing. In 1973, DuPont was the first company to introduce a para-aramid fiber, calling it
3841:
3345:
3340:
3245:
2885:
2865:
2790:
2755:
2735:
2676:
2566:
2541:
2231:
3456:
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2920:
118:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3225:
3068:
2950:
2855:
2805:
2489:
1907:
1869:
1549:
531:
1228:
3926:
3921:
3401:
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2975:
2775:
2720:
2650:
2313:
2303:
2226:
1882:
1765:
802:
693:
3873:
1340:
3911:
3710:
3638:
3486:
3471:
3355:
2780:
2710:
2551:
2079:
1290:
1249:
1013:
740:
566:
464:
1309:
677:
para-aramid fibers, such as Kevlar and Twaron, provide outstanding strength-to-weight properties
478:
221:
Aromatic polyamides were first introduced in commercial applications in the early 1960s, with a
1155:
30:
3816:
3727:
3695:
3537:
3310:
2940:
2930:
2860:
2845:
2770:
2740:
2730:
2506:
2355:
2318:
2179:
2174:
1877:
1846:
1667:
1497:
1480:
1319:
1241:
1196:
1159:
1080:
1046:
830:
790:
279:
222:
136:
309:
In 1978, Akzo introduced a similar fiber with roughly the same chemical structure calling it
3853:
3758:
3623:
3552:
3522:
3512:
3148:
2870:
2835:
2669:
2382:
2293:
1470:
1460:
1403:
1352:
1280:
1233:
1188:
1147:
1038:
1005:
884:
855:
723:
687:
518:, still no practical alternative of dissolving the polymer is known. The use of the NMP/CaCl
486:
325:
283:
58:
1511:
Doetze J. Sikkema (2002). "Manmade fibers one hundred years: Polymers and polymer design".
893:
for rock climbers (which slide along the main rope and can otherwise melt due to friction).
3885:
3722:
3700:
3285:
3199:
3123:
3063:
3053:
2985:
2955:
2925:
2880:
2850:
2830:
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2750:
2464:
2391:
2288:
2201:
2196:
2069:
1892:
1854:
1647:
1542:
420:
367:
347:
287:
54:
38:
390:
Aramid, but the author alone was responsible for the content and writing of the paper."
3783:
3690:
3685:
3668:
3562:
3557:
3547:
3491:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3376:
3330:
3290:
3184:
3048:
2945:
2840:
2815:
2457:
2365:
2276:
2236:
2206:
2191:
2138:
1940:
1600:
1520:
Kh. Hillermeier & H.G. Weijland (1977). "An aramid yarn for reinforcing plastics".
1475:
1448:
65:
1391:
3900:
3848:
3821:
3799:
3763:
3732:
3717:
3396:
3335:
3280:
3220:
3215:
3163:
3058:
2935:
2900:
2820:
2399:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2186:
1958:
1930:
1917:
1815:
1730:
1573:
1294:
1148:
1017:
681:
640:
538:
494:
241:
88:
81:
1074:
3804:
3527:
3441:
3158:
3128:
3108:
3043:
2990:
2980:
2915:
2760:
2715:
2325:
2308:
2298:
2283:
2211:
2015:
2005:
1935:
1710:
1702:
1253:
1120:
996:
Hillermeier, Karlheinz (1984). "Prospects of Aramid as a
Substitute for Asbestos".
878:
861:
797:
749:
727:
512:
386:
1392:"High-performance fiber makers respond to demand from military and security users"
1042:
3836:
3648:
3618:
3593:
3446:
3194:
3189:
3153:
3138:
3038:
2890:
2725:
2645:
2640:
2596:
2516:
2409:
2404:
2266:
1925:
1790:
1775:
1715:
1672:
1605:
836:
659:
650:
427:
175:
131:
69:
1009:
339:
paper. Both Dupont and Yantai
Metastar make meta-aramid and para-aramid paper.
3742:
3567:
3431:
3300:
3270:
3255:
3103:
3098:
3073:
2440:
2350:
2345:
2241:
2216:
2159:
2133:
1995:
1990:
1897:
1859:
1725:
1692:
1657:
1582:
1407:
1285:
1268:
1237:
1214:
Donaldson, K. (1 July 2009). "The inhalation toxicology of p-aramid fibrils".
1192:
896:
872:
756:
378:
375:
95:
77:
57:. They are used in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic-rated
3737:
3705:
3583:
3265:
3240:
3118:
2960:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2494:
2425:
2261:
2169:
2010:
1805:
1740:
956:
867:
808:
785:
662:
535:
398:
299:
291:
152:
1800:
1484:
1245:
1357:
1200:
3831:
3773:
3633:
3381:
3078:
3033:
3028:
3018:
2995:
2164:
1978:
1823:
1590:
1465:
1311:
High-Performance
Structural Fibers for Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites
929:
919:
745:
607:
587:
505:
371:
366:
test of aramid fibers showed they exhibited "many of the same effects on
362:
271:
234:
149:
73:
1079:. Internet Archive. New York : Fairchild Publications. p. 25.
264:, and a variant of meta-aramid in France by Kermel under the trade name
3826:
3673:
3083:
3023:
2584:
2271:
2221:
2143:
2037:
2032:
2027:
1887:
1745:
1662:
1595:
976:
966:
759:
731:
602:
571:
508:
353:
17:
511:. This process was invented by Leo Vollbracht at Akzo. Apart from the
3598:
3532:
3481:
3476:
3466:
3411:
3305:
3143:
3133:
3093:
3088:
2692:
2546:
2445:
2435:
2121:
2042:
1973:
1968:
1785:
1770:
1760:
1735:
1720:
1682:
1615:
1421:
924:
914:
890:
775:
768:
718:
614:
Aramids share a high degree of orientation with other fibers such as
452:
448:
423:
310:
303:
197:
to the rings. Numbering the carbon atoms sequentially around a ring,
127:
123:
107:
99:
160:
of the USA as the name of a generic category of fiber distinct from
76:
substitute, and in various lightweight consumer items ranging from
3517:
3507:
3461:
3013:
2965:
2047:
2000:
1983:
1950:
1902:
1837:
1755:
1687:
1677:
1652:
1630:
1620:
1565:
1496:. Woodhead Publishing LTD., Abington, UK – the Textile Institute.
961:
941:
818:
601:
558:
522:
system led to an extended patent dispute between Akzo and DuPont.
456:
416:
397:
346:
328:
306:; this remains one of the best-known para-aramids and/or aramids.
295:
275:
249:
230:
212:
179:
161:
103:
61:
37:
29:
530:
After production of the polymer, the aramid fiber is produced by
3391:
1795:
1780:
1750:
1642:
1637:
1625:
1610:
1447:
J A Reglero Ruiz; M Trigo-López; F C Garcia; J M Garcia (2017).
864:(normally in composition with such materials as wood and carbon)
824:
812:
781:
764:
628:
606:
Aramid anchor rope used on board the MV Bornholm in the port of
2665:
2094:
2090:
1538:
240:
Meta-aramids are also produced in the
Netherlands and Japan by
482:
178:
of six carbon atoms. In aramids these rings are connected via
182:
linkages each comprising a CO group attached to an NH group.
1269:"Corrigendum: The inhalation toxicology of - aramid fibrils"
2661:
463:-phenylene terephthalamides (PPTAs). PPTA is a product of
415:
Aramids are generally prepared by the reaction between an
1534:
290:
was also developed in the 1960s and 1970s by DuPont and
201:
have the linkages attached at positions 1 and 4, while
1375:
Kadolph, Sara J. Anna L. Langford (2002). "Textiles".
1341:"A New Approach to High Modulus, High Tenacity Fibers"
1108:
Generic names and definitions for manufactured fibers.
667:
prone to electrostatic charge build-up unless finished
156:. It was introduced in 1972, accepted in 1974 by the
193:
Aramids are divided into two main types according to
618:, a characteristic that dominates their properties.
3792:
3751:
3661:
3576:
3500:
3369:
3208:
3177:
3004:
2908:
2899:
2699:
2633:
2619:
2477:
2418:
2390:
2381:
2374:
2152:
1949:
1916:
1868:
1845:
1836:
1814:
1701:
1581:
1572:
1150:Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology
256:, in China by Yantai Tayho under the trade name
497:of the amide groups, and an organic component (
385:) enzyme activity", raising the possibility of
1377:Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ
2677:
2106:
1550:
1529:DuPont and Teijin to expand aramid production
858:, e.g. by Ashaway and Prince tennis companies
381:incorporation into DNA and induction of ODC (
174:in the longer name refers to the presence of
34:Spools of aramid yarn destined for body armor
8:
793:(automotive, machinery, equipment, and more)
1370:
1368:
53:, are a class of heat-resistant and strong
2905:
2684:
2670:
2662:
2474:
2387:
2378:
2113:
2099:
2091:
1842:
1578:
1557:
1543:
1535:
1474:
1464:
1356:
1284:
1227:
294:, both profiting from their knowledge of
972:Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
616:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
117:
988:
1141:
1139:
1037:. New York: Springer. pp. 64–65.
586:type, best known under the brand name
260:and by SRO Group under the trade name
229:as HT-1 and then under the trade name
1100:
1098:
1096:
472:terephthaloyl dichloride (TDC or TCl)
7:
2075:
767:, newly as Sulfron (sulfur-modified
166:International Standards Organisation
1034:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers
633:good resistance to organic solvents
447:Well-known aramid polymers such as
1076:Fairchild's dictionary of textiles
1031:Gooch, J W, ed. (2006). "Aramid".
649:good fabric integrity at elevated
114:Terminology and chemical structure
25:
1104:Commercial Practices, Part 303,
3881:
3880:
3872:
2580:Body armor performance standards
2074:
2065:
2064:
1449:"Functional Aromatic Polyamides"
1432:from the original on 2021-12-01.
1267:Donaldson, Ken (22 July 2009).
1073:Wingate, Isabel Barnum (1979).
698:low elongation at break (~3.5%)
643:(>500 °C (932 °F))
477:Production of PPTA relies on a
335:paper in 2007, which is called
318:
282:-aramid fiber with much higher
1273:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
1216:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
851:reinforced thermoplastic pipes
730:-based fiber products such as
42:Fiberglass-aramid hybrid cloth
1:
2366:Boiled leather (cuir bouilli)
2341:Kusari (Japanese mail armour)
1396:Chemical and Engineering News
1043:10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_760
833:, such as the Fibracell brand
717:heat-protective clothing and
655:sensitive to acids and salts
270:Based on earlier research by
189:Para-aramids and meta-aramids
64:and ballistic composites, in
1316:The National Academies Press
1181:Drug and Chemical Toxicology
598:Aramid fiber characteristics
592:terephthaloyl chloride (TCl)
430:have the connectivity −(NH−C
3251:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop
1146:James A. Kent, ed. (2006).
701:difficult to dye – usually
3948:
3387:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet
1010:10.1177/004051758405400903
225:-aramid fiber produced by
3868:
2659:
2129:
2060:
1408:10.1021/cen-v083n050.p018
1286:10.1080/10408440903083066
1238:10.1080/10408440902911861
1193:10.3109/01480549409014303
846:fiber-reinforced concrete
195:where the linkages attach
2485:Armour of the Kelly gang
2331:Karuta (Japanese armour)
998:Textile Research Journal
811:(not necessarily racing
714:flame-resistant clothing
217:Kevlar brand aramid rope
158:Federal Trade Commission
27:Class of synthetic fiber
2383:Bullet-resistant armour
2336:Kikko (Japanese armour)
2153:Historical armour types
1494:High-performance fibers
1390:Reisch, Marc S (2005).
504:, NMP) to dissolve the
383:ornithine decarboxylase
3589:Advanced Combat Helmet
2634:Fictional armour types
611:
578:Other types of aramids
403:
402:Aramid process diagram
374:, including increased
357:
218:
140:
43:
35:
3681:Boxing / Martial Arts
2232:Mail and plate armour
1358:10.1295/polymj.19.119
1121:amide linkages, ( )
605:
401:
360:During the 1990s, an
350:
252:under the trade name
244:under the trade name
216:
164:, and adopted by the
121:
72:reinforcement, as an
41:
33:
3231:M32 (Czechoslovakia)
2490:Brewster Body Shield
1466:10.3390/polym9090414
1154:. Springer. p.
983:Notes and references
3402:Romanian M73 helmet
3356:M1918 (Switzerland)
3276:Mk II talker helmet
3241:Stahlhelm (Germany)
2796:Henry VIII's Horned
2375:Modern armour types
2314:Gothic plate armour
2304:Kasten-brust armour
2227:Transitional armour
1492:JWS Hearle (2000).
803:optical fiber cable
778:goods reinforcement
741:composite materials
627:good resistance to
502:-methyl pyrrolidone
411:Polymer preparation
3932:Airship technology
3639:Lightweight Helmet
3114:Lobster-tailed pot
2552:Osprey body armour
899:core reinforcement
748:replacement (e.g.
612:
468:-phenylene diamine
426:group. Simple AB
404:
358:
219:
147:is shortened from
141:
51:aromatic polyamide
49:fibers, short for
44:
36:
3894:
3893:
3862:
3861:
3701:Gridiron football
3657:
3656:
3311:SSh-39 and SSh-40
3246:M1934/39 (Greece)
2593:
2592:
2575:
2574:
2507:Ranger Body Armor
2473:
2472:
2419:Ballistic fabrics
2319:Maximilian armour
2175:Lorica segmentata
2088:
2087:
2056:
2055:
1832:
1831:
1503:978-1-85573-539-2
1325:978-0-309-09614-0
1165:978-0-387-27842-1
1086:978-0-87005-198-2
1052:978-0-387-31021-3
842:boathull material
726:, competing with
16:(Redirected from
3939:
3917:Organic polymers
3907:Synthetic fibers
3884:
3883:
3876:
3296:M1940 (Portugal)
2971:Late Roman ridge
2906:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2475:
2388:
2379:
2294:Greenwich armour
2115:
2108:
2101:
2092:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2067:
1843:
1579:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1531:– September 2004
1525:
1516:
1513:J Appl Polym Sci
1507:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1434:
1433:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1339:Ozawa S (1987).
1336:
1330:
1329:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1231:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1153:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1028:
1022:
1021:
993:
829:wind instrument
646:low flammability
493:) to occupy the
487:calcium chloride
368:epithelial cells
272:Monsanto Company
55:synthetic fibers
21:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3886:Category:Armour
3864:
3863:
3858:
3788:
3779:Riot protection
3747:
3653:
3604:ECH (Australia)
3572:
3496:
3365:
3361:Type 92 Tetsubo
3286:Netherlands M34
3236:M1923 (Denmark)
3204:
3200:Tarleton helmet
3173:
3006:
3000:
2895:
2751:Coventry Sallet
2703:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2655:
2629:
2615:
2589:
2571:
2469:
2465:Ballistic nylon
2414:
2392:Ballistic plate
2370:
2289:Munition armour
2202:Lamellar armour
2197:Lorica squamata
2148:
2125:
2119:
2089:
2084:
2052:
1945:
1912:
1864:
1855:Artificial silk
1828:
1810:
1697:
1568:
1563:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1491:
1446:
1443:
1441:Further reading
1438:
1437:
1422:"Aramid Cables"
1420:
1419:
1415:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1345:Polymer Journal
1338:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1229:10.1.1.468.7557
1213:
1212:
1208:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1114:
1103:
1094:
1087:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1030:
1029:
1025:
995:
994:
990:
985:
906:
711:
674:
624:
600:
580:
555:
548:
544:
528:
521:
492:
443:
437:
433:
421:carboxylic acid
413:
396:
345:
288:elastic modulus
211:
191:
116:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3945:
3943:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3842:American fiber
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:Bangtan Helmet
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:M1937 (Sweden)
3343:
3341:M1926 (Sweden)
3338:
3333:
3331:M1942 Modelo Z
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:M36 (Bulgaria)
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2886:Witcham Gravel
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Guilden Morden
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Crosby Garrett
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2458:Spectra Shield
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2277:Muscle cuirass
2274:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Coat of plates
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:Laminar armour
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Lorica plumata
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2139:Vehicle armour
2136:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:Semi-synthetic
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1524:(11): 374–380.
1517:
1515:(83): 484–488.
1508:
1502:
1489:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1413:
1382:
1364:
1331:
1324:
1318:. p. 34.
1300:
1259:
1222:(6): 487–500.
1206:
1171:
1164:
1135:
1126:
1112:
1092:
1085:
1065:
1051:
1023:
1004:(9): 575–580.
987:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
948:
947:
944:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
905:
902:
901:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
865:
859:
856:tennis strings
853:
848:
843:
840:
834:
827:
822:
816:
806:
800:
794:
788:
779:
772:
762:
753:
743:
738:
721:
715:
710:
707:
706:
705:
699:
696:
690:
684:
678:
673:
670:
669:
668:
665:
656:
653:
647:
644:
637:
636:nonconductive
634:
631:
623:
620:
599:
596:
579:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
561:
554:
551:
546:
542:
527:
524:
519:
495:hydrogen bonds
490:
439:
435:
431:
412:
409:
395:
392:
344:
341:
317:in China (see
210:
207:
190:
187:
176:aromatic rings
132:aromatic rings
115:
112:
94:Common aramid
82:tennis rackets
66:marine cordage
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3944:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Firefighter's
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Hełm wz. 2005
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:Hełm wz. 2000
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Hungarian M70
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:L'Eplattenier
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:M1934 (Spain)
3324:
3322:
3321:M1926 (Spain)
3319:
3317:
3316:M1921 (Spain)
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Germanic boar
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Falling buffe
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Staffordshire
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:Armor systems
2476:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Ceramic plate
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Mirror armour
2255:
2253:
2252:Splint armour
2250:
2248:
2247:Jack of plate
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Lorica hamata
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
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1754:
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1734:
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1537:
1530:
1527:
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1514:
1509:
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1477:
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1450:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1402:(31): 18–22.
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
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1327:
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1296:
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1260:
1255:
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1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1142:
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1136:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1116:
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1109:
1101:
1099:
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1093:
1088:
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1078:
1077:
1069:
1066:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
982:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
952:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:
903:
898:
895:
892:
889:
887:reinforcement
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
869:
866:
863:
862:hockey sticks
860:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
828:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
810:
807:
804:
801:
799:
795:
792:
789:
787:
783:
780:
777:
773:
770:
766:
763:
761:
758:
754:
751:
750:brake linings
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
720:
716:
713:
712:
708:
704:
703:solution-dyed
700:
697:
695:
691:
689:
685:
683:
682:chord modulus
679:
676:
675:
671:
666:
664:
661:
658:sensitive to
657:
654:
652:
648:
645:
642:
641:melting point
638:
635:
632:
630:
626:
625:
621:
619:
617:
609:
604:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
577:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:Chopped fiber
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
550:
540:
539:sulfuric acid
537:
533:
525:
523:
517:
514:
510:
507:
503:
501:
496:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
442:
429:
425:
422:
418:
410:
408:
400:
393:
391:
388:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
355:
349:
342:
340:
338:
332:
330:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:Teijin Aramid
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
208:
206:
204:
200:
196:
188:
186:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
151:
146:
138:
133:
129:
125:
122:Structure of
120:
113:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
89:chemical bond
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
32:
19:
3817:Heraldic use
3805:Helmet cover
3577:2001–present
3407:Mº 44 E.T.A.
3261:M42 Duperite
3159:Takula tofao
3109:Lamellenhelm
3007:Early Modern
3005:Medieval and
2976:Montefortino
2721:Benty Grange
2430:
2326:Lame (armor)
2309:White armour
2299:Almain rivet
2284:Plate armour
2212:Scale armour
2016:Polyethylene
1963:
1521:
1512:
1493:
1456:
1452:
1425:
1416:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1376:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1310:
1303:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1187:(2): 75–92.
1184:
1180:
1174:
1149:
1129:
1115:
1107:
1075:
1068:
1058:16 September
1056:. Retrieved
1033:
1026:
1001:
997:
991:
950:
949:
935:
934:
908:
907:
881:drag systems
879:fishing reel
798:fire dancing
728:polyethylene
672:Para-aramids
651:temperatures
613:
583:
581:
529:
513:carcinogenic
499:
476:
465:
460:
446:
440:
428:homopolymers
419:group and a
414:
405:
387:carcinogenic
376:radiolabeled
361:
359:
336:
333:
323:
314:
308:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
245:
239:
220:
203:meta-aramids
202:
199:para-aramids
198:
192:
184:
171:
170:
148:
144:
142:
93:
86:
50:
46:
45:
3594:BK-3 helmet
3548:Hełm wz. 93
3472:Paratrooper
3457:Modèle 1978
3452:Modèle 1951
3427:Hełm wz. 67
3422:Hełm wz. 63
3417:Hełm wz. 50
3291:Hełm wz. 31
3256:M33 (Italy)
3195:Pith helmet
3190:Pickelhaube
3178:Late Modern
3154:Spangenhelm
3139:Pickelhaube
3039:Cervelliere
2921:Boar's tusk
2781:Guisborough
2746:Coțofenești
2651:Power armor
2646:Ring armour
2641:Banded mail
2597:Flak jacket
2527:FSBE AAV QR
2517:Dragon Skin
2453:UHMWPE/HPPE
2410:Steel plate
2405:Doron plate
2267:Breastplate
1847:Regenerated
1791:Spider silk
1459:(12): 414.
946:Teijinconex
936:Meta-aramid
909:Para-aramid
837:loudspeaker
774:mechanical
660:ultraviolet
610:, June 2006
584:copolyamide
553:Appearances
485:component (
246:Teijinconex
96:brand names
78:phone cases
70:marine hull
3927:Body armor
3922:Polyamides
3901:Categories
3728:Motorcycle
3711:Revolution
3696:Equestrian
3523:M90 (Iraq)
3104:Kulah khud
3064:Frog-mouth
2941:Corinthian
2931:Chalcidian
2861:Sutton Hoo
2846:Ribchester
2806:Iron Gates
2801:Horncastle
2771:Gjermundbu
2741:Coppergate
2731:Canterbury
2702:historical
2700:Individual
2620:Components
2441:Kevlar KM2
2242:Brigandine
2217:Chain mail
2160:Linothorax
2134:Body armor
1996:Modacrylic
1991:Microfiber
1908:Triacetate
1860:Milk fiber
1726:Camel hair
1658:Lotus silk
1279:(6): 540.
897:Snowboards
875:enclosures
873:jet engine
868:snowboards
839:diaphragms
809:sail cloth
796:wicks for
757:filtration
724:body armor
639:very high
479:co-solvent
470:(PPD) and
394:Production
379:nucleotide
326:body armor
319:Production
59:body armor
3912:Materials
3854:Zuckerman
3810:Mitznefet
3759:Custodian
3738:Scrum cap
3706:Eyeshield
3584:A2 Helmet
3501:1980–2000
3487:Swiss M71
3370:1945–1980
3209:1914–1945
3079:Hounskull
2961:Kegelhelm
2612:Stab vest
2607:Bomb suit
2602:Riot gear
2495:Steel Bib
2426:Gold Flex
2262:Klivanion
2170:Buff coat
2011:Polyester
1883:Diacetate
1838:Synthetic
1741:Chiengora
1295:218987849
1224:CiteSeerX
1018:136433442
957:Innegra S
825:drumheads
663:radiation
536:anhydrous
300:polyester
292:AkzoNobel
248:, and by
168:in 1977.
153:polyamide
143:The term
3832:Tarnhelm
3774:Hard hat
3723:Lacrosse
3662:Athletic
3634:KH-B2000
3609:ECH (US)
3437:M76 Para
3382:CABAL II
3054:Enclosed
3034:Burgonet
3029:Bascinet
3019:Aventail
2996:Shmarjet
2986:Phrygian
2956:Imperial
2951:Illyrian
2926:Boeotian
2881:Waterloo
2876:Venetian
2851:Shorwell
2831:Nijmegen
2826:Newstead
2786:Hallaton
2766:Gevninge
2736:Ciumeşti
2711:Agighiol
2626:Medieval
2542:MTV/IMTV
2356:Haramaki
2165:Gambeson
2070:Category
1979:Technora
1941:Metallic
1824:Asbestos
1766:Pashmina
1731:Cashmere
1522:Plastica
1485:30965723
1453:Polymers
1430:Archived
1426:FibreMax
1246:19545198
930:Heracron
920:Technora
904:See also
819:sporting
755:hot air
746:asbestos
688:tenacity
629:abrasion
608:Delfzijl
588:Technora
532:spinning
526:Spinning
506:aromatic
481:with an
372:asbestos
363:in vitro
337:metastar
284:tenacity
258:New Star
235:asbestos
172:Aromatic
150:aromatic
139:-aramid.
98:include
74:asbestos
3827:Mahiole
3784:Welding
3691:Cricket
3686:Bicycle
3674:Coolflo
3669:Batting
3563:SPECTRA
3492:Type 66
3185:Dragoon
3149:Secrete
3084:Jingasa
3049:Dragoon
3024:Barbute
2909:Ancient
2841:Pioneer
2816:Meyrick
2811:Lokrume
2704:helmets
2693:Helmets
2585:BA 9000
2512:IBA/OTV
2351:Dō-maru
2346:Ō-yoroi
2272:Cuirass
2222:Hauberk
2144:Barding
2080:Commons
2038:Vinylon
2033:Vectran
2028:Spandex
1959:Acrylic
1951:Polymer
1918:Mineral
1898:Piñatex
1888:Lyocell
1878:Acetate
1816:Mineral
1746:Guanaco
1596:Bagasse
1574:Natural
1476:6419023
1351:: 199.
1254:6508943
1201:8062644
1106:§303.7
977:Vectran
967:Textile
891:Prusiks
885:asphalt
805:systems
791:V-belts
760:fabrics
736:Spectra
732:Dyneema
719:helmets
622:General
509:polymer
370:as did
354:Tilburg
315:Taparan
266:Kermel.
262:X-Fiper
209:History
18:Aramide
3877:Portal
3849:Winged
3822:Horned
3800:Flight
3764:Diving
3733:Racing
3718:Hockey
3599:QGF-03
3533:M59/85
3482:SSh-68
3477:SSh-60
3467:OR-201
3412:M59/85
3336:SSK 90
3306:SSh-36
3281:Mk III
3221:Brodie
3216:Adrian
3169:Viking
3164:Turban
3144:Sallet
3134:Paseki
3124:Morion
3099:Kettle
3094:Katapu
3089:Kabuto
2936:Coolus
2901:Combat
2836:Peretu
2821:Nemiya
2791:Hellvi
2547:PRU-70
2446:Twaron
2436:Kevlar
2431:Aramid
2361:Tatami
2180:Manica
2122:Armour
2043:Vinyon
2021:UHMWPE
2006:Olefin
1974:Kevlar
1969:Twaron
1964:Aramid
1936:Basalt
1931:Carbon
1801:Vicuña
1786:Tendon
1776:Rabbit
1771:Qiviut
1761:Mohair
1736:Catgut
1721:Byssus
1716:Angora
1711:Alpaca
1703:Animal
1683:Rattan
1673:Raffia
1616:Cotton
1601:Bamboo
1566:Fibers
1500:
1483:
1473:
1322:
1293:
1252:
1244:
1226:
1199:
1162:
1124:group.
1083:
1049:
1016:
951:Others
925:Twaron
915:Kevlar
815:sails)
786:cables
776:rubber
769:Twaron
567:Powder
489:, CaCl
453:Twaron
449:Kevlar
424:halide
343:Health
329:fabric
311:Twaron
304:Kevlar
254:Arawin
227:DuPont
145:aramid
130:. The
128:Kevlar
124:Twaron
108:Twaron
106:, and
100:Kevlar
62:fabric
47:Aramid
3793:Other
3558:Sfera
3543:PASGT
3528:JK 96
3518:GOLFO
3508:CG634
3462:MPC-1
3442:Mk IV
3129:Nasal
3119:Mempo
3074:Great
3044:Close
3014:Armet
2991:Pilos
2981:Negau
2966:Konos
2946:Galea
2916:Attic
2871:Veksø
2866:Tjele
2761:Emesa
2716:Agris
2522:CIRAS
2502:PASGT
2124:types
2048:Zylon
2001:Nylon
1984:Nomex
1926:Glass
1903:Rayon
1893:Modal
1756:Llama
1688:Sisal
1678:Ramie
1653:Kenaf
1648:Kapok
1631:Linen
1621:Fique
1606:Bashō
1591:Abacá
1583:Plant
1291:S2CID
1250:S2CID
1014:S2CID
962:Nylon
942:Nomex
831:reeds
821:goods
782:ropes
765:tires
694:creep
686:high
680:high
559:Fiber
483:ionic
457:Nomex
417:amine
296:rayon
276:Bayer
250:Toray
231:Nomex
180:amide
162:nylon
104:Nomex
3837:Pith
3752:Work
3649:Mk 7
3644:MICH
3629:IHPS
3619:6B47
3614:FAST
3447:Mk 6
3392:GK80
2891:Yarm
2726:Broe
2557:SPCS
2537:IOTV
1796:Wool
1781:Silk
1751:Hair
1693:Wood
1668:Pine
1663:Piña
1643:Jute
1638:Hemp
1626:Flax
1611:Coir
1498:ISBN
1481:PMID
1320:ISBN
1242:PMID
1197:PMID
1160:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1060:2021
1047:ISBN
813:boat
784:and
734:and
709:Uses
692:low
572:Pulp
516:HMPT
438:−CO)
286:and
280:para
274:and
223:meta
137:para
126:and
3743:Ski
3568:6B7
3538:M87
3513:M92
3432:M63
3301:RAC
3271:M1C
2567:MSV
2562:SPC
2532:HRM
1806:Yak
1471:PMC
1461:doi
1404:doi
1353:doi
1281:doi
1234:doi
1189:doi
1156:483
1039:doi
1006:doi
549:).
444:−.
321:).
80:to
3903::
3266:M1
1479:.
1469:.
1455:.
1451:.
1428:.
1424:.
1400:83
1398:.
1394:.
1367:^
1349:19
1347:.
1343:.
1314:.
1289:.
1277:39
1275:.
1271:.
1248:.
1240:.
1232:.
1220:39
1218:.
1195:.
1185:17
1183:.
1158:.
1138:^
1095:^
1045:.
1012:.
1002:54
1000:.
545:SO
541:(H
474:.
455:,
451:,
331:.
298:,
278:,
237:.
110:.
102:,
84:.
68:,
2685:e
2678:t
2671:v
2114:e
2107:t
2100:v
1558:e
1551:t
1544:v
1506:.
1487:.
1463::
1457:9
1410:.
1406::
1379:.
1361:.
1355::
1328:.
1297:.
1283::
1256:.
1236::
1203:.
1191::
1168:.
1089:.
1062:.
1041::
1020:.
1008::
771:)
752:)
547:4
543:2
520:2
500:N
491:2
466:p
461:p
441:n
436:4
434:H
432:6
356:.
20:)
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