741:
1971:
365:
338:
747:
1981:
223:), α,ω-amino acids or a stoichiometric mixture of a diamine and a diacid. Both these kinds of precursors give a homopolymer. Polyamides are easily copolymerized, and thus many mixtures of monomers are possible which can in turn lead to many copolymers. Additionally many nylon polymers are miscible with one another allowing the creation of blends.
297:
70:. Synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotive industry, carpets, kitchen utensils and sportswear due to their high durability and strength. The transportation manufacturing industry is the major consumer, accounting for 35% of polyamide (PA) consumption.
289:). The resulting polyamides are known as proteins or polypeptides. In the diagram below, consider the amino-acids as single aliphatic monomers reacting with identical molecules to form a polyamide, focusing on solely the amine and acid groups. Ignore the substituent
1348:
219:
All polyamides are made by the formation of an amide function to link two molecules of monomer together. The monomers can be amides themselves (usually in the form of a cyclic lactam such as
278:
group. The hydroxyl from the carboxylic acid combines with a hydrogen from the amine, and gives rise to water, the elimination byproduct that is the namesake of the reaction.
1072:
452:
Magat, Eugene E.; Faris, Burt F.; Reith, John E.; Salisbury, L. Frank (1951-03-01). "Acid-catalyzed
Reactions of Nitriles. I. The Reaction of Nitriles with Formaldehyde1".
327:
itself does not participate in elimination reaction, but it does increase the rigidity and strength of the resulting material which leads to Kevlar's renowned strength.
345:
Polyamides can also be synthesized from dinitriles using acid catalysis via an application of the Ritter reaction. This method is applicable for preparation of
251:
linkage. This process involves the elimination of other atoms previously part of the functional groups. The carbonyl-component may be part of either a
1925:
1065:
948:
1407:
1358:
1327:
323:. The acid chloride route can be used as a laboratory synthesis to avoid heating and obtain an almost instantaneous reaction. The aromatic
259:
derivative. The amine group and the carboxylic acid group can be on the same monomer, or the polymer can be constituted of two different
1058:
565:
231:
Production of polymers requires the repeated joining of two groups to form an amide linkage. In this case this specifically involves
538:
383:
1461:
590:
1343:
1322:
1219:
973:
334:
is made from two different monomers which continuously alternate to form the polymer chain. Aramids are aromatic polyamides:
430:
487:
Lakouraj, Moslem
Mansour; Mokhtary, Masoud (2009-02-20). "Synthesis of polyamides from p-Xylylene glycol and dinitriles".
1397:
1317:
1390:
1312:
1128:
725:
655:
630:
51:
1430:
1164:
1050:
963:
788:
605:
595:
270:
is used to synthetically produce nylon polymers in industry. Nylons must specifically include a straight chain (
1234:
1224:
1086:
773:
720:
610:
2010:
824:
715:
700:
680:
418:
1239:
1117:
872:
600:
558:
341:
The reaction of 1,4-phenyl-diamine (para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride to produce an aramid
274:) monomer. The amide link is produced from an amine group (alternatively known as an amino group), and a
1419:
1123:
768:
267:
55:
2015:
1812:
1774:
1454:
1139:
1134:
1107:
1025:
196:
166:
67:
2005:
1787:
1670:
1269:
1030:
953:
867:
819:
368:
Synthesis of Nylon 1,6 from adiponitrile, formaldehyde, and water using sulfuric acid as a catalyst
93:
According to the composition of their main chain, synthetic polyamides are classified as follows:
1984:
1284:
1202:
943:
917:
887:
847:
829:
778:
730:
710:
512:
324:
271:
263:
monomers, one with two amine groups, the other with two carboxylic acid or acid chloride groups.
113:
38:
Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are
1782:
1751:
1572:
1414:
1380:
1300:
1112:
934:
852:
551:
534:
504:
469:
320:
170:
1305:
1000:
902:
877:
809:
675:
670:
615:
496:
461:
403:
244:
180:
142:
1974:
1797:
1759:
1552:
1447:
1169:
1155:
1020:
907:
897:
665:
402:
Palmer, R. J. 2001. Polyamides, Plastics. Encyclopedia Of
Polymer Science and Technology.
378:
275:
252:
157:
740:
1845:
1505:
1198:
1010:
912:
783:
28:
1999:
1863:
1835:
1822:
1720:
1635:
1478:
1385:
1192:
978:
968:
958:
862:
763:
685:
635:
316:
516:
1920:
1910:
1840:
1615:
1607:
1005:
995:
857:
705:
650:
625:
364:
354:
350:
286:
260:
150:
83:
319:
is used as a monomer. The polymerization reaction with the amine group eliminates
293:– under the assumption the difference between the R groups are negligible:
1830:
1695:
1680:
1620:
1577:
1510:
1188:
1160:
1095:
1015:
814:
695:
690:
256:
220:
533:
Kohan, Melvin I. (1995). Nylon
Plastics Handbook. Hanser/Gardner Publications.
1900:
1895:
1802:
1764:
1630:
1597:
1562:
1487:
1264:
892:
882:
746:
500:
407:
337:
282:
79:
508:
473:
285:
are condensed with one another by an enzyme to form amide linkages (known as
1915:
1710:
1645:
1353:
1259:
1229:
1099:
660:
645:
346:
300:
The reaction of two amino acids. Many of these reactions produce long chain
296:
281:
As an example of condensation reactions, consider that in living organisms,
129:
1705:
1883:
1728:
1495:
1274:
240:
87:
465:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1792:
1650:
1567:
1500:
1402:
1279:
1251:
1180:
1082:
804:
574:
301:
125:
39:
24:
1947:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1690:
1675:
1665:
1640:
1625:
1587:
1520:
331:
312:
247:. These react to produce a carbon-nitrogen bond, creating a singular
210:
202:
188:
176:
146:
138:
63:
1952:
1905:
1888:
1855:
1807:
1742:
1660:
1592:
1582:
1557:
1535:
1525:
1470:
363:
336:
295:
290:
248:
236:
232:
206:
134:
122:
59:
32:
1700:
1685:
1655:
1547:
1542:
1530:
1515:
640:
358:
47:
43:
1443:
1054:
547:
357:
and water. Additionally, polyamides can be synthesized from
543:
1439:
16:
Macromolecule with repeating units linked by amide bonds
419:
1854:
1821:
1773:
1750:
1741:
1719:
1606:
1486:
1477:
1373:
1336:
1293:
1250:
1212:
1179:
1148:
1094:
1043:
988:
933:
926:
838:
797:
754:
581:
209:from DuPont, Teijinconex, Twaron and Technora from
50:. Artificially made polyamides can be made through
1455:
1066:
559:
8:
1747:
1483:
1462:
1448:
1440:
1073:
1059:
1051:
930:
566:
552:
544:
361:and dinitriles using this method as well.
235:bonds, and the two groups involved are an
454:Journal of the American Chemical Society
95:
395:
656:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
431:"Making nylon: The "nylon rope trick""
596:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
591:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
7:
1980:
1408:List of environmental health hazards
1328:List of environmental health hazards
1213:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
14:
307:For fully aromatic polyamides or
1979:
1970:
1969:
745:
739:
631:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
606:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
611:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
974:Category:Plastics applications
721:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
716:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
701:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
1:
681:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
1398:Persistent organic pollutant
1359:Toxic Substances Control Act
1318:Persistent organic pollutant
601:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
433:. Royal Society of Chemistry
384:Pyrrole–imidazole polyamides
1391:Great Pacific garbage patch
1313:Great Pacific garbage patch
726:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
641:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
489:Journal of Polymer Research
255:group or the more reactive
145:, Rilsan and Rilsamid from
58:yielding materials such as
2034:
1354:Japan Toxic Substances Law
1149:Miscellaneous plasticizers
52:step-growth polymerization
1965:
1428:
1349:European REACH regulation
1344:California Proposition 65
1087:polyhalogenated compounds
964:High-performance plastics
789:High-performance plastics
737:
501:10.1007/s10965-009-9273-z
408:10.1002/0471440264.pst251
330:In the diagram below, an
774:Fibre-reinforced plastic
711:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
227:Polymerization chemistry
187:Aromatic polyamides, or
179:Industries, Amodel from
825:Biodegradable additives
1240:Perfluorooctanoic acid
676:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
671:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
616:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
369:
342:
304:
239:group, and a terminal
213:, Kermel from Kermel.
1420:Biodegradable plastic
769:Thermosetting polymer
666:Polylactic acid (PLA)
367:
340:
299:
268:condensation reaction
56:solid-phase synthesis
1431:Identification codes
1031:Foam food containers
954:Engineering plastics
315:, the more reactive
197:Paraphenylenediamine
167:hexamethylenediamine
108:Commercial products
68:sodium polyaspartate
1270:Endocrine disruptor
868:Compression molding
820:Polymer stabilizers
466:10.1021/ja01147a042
199:+ terephthalic acid
1285:Polymer fume fever
944:Commodity plastics
918:Rotational molding
888:Fiberglass molding
848:Injection moulding
830:Filler (materials)
779:Corrugated plastic
731:Tritan copolyester
686:Polypropylene (PP)
636:Polycarbonate (PC)
370:
343:
305:
1993:
1992:
1961:
1960:
1737:
1736:
1437:
1436:
1415:Plastic recycling
1381:Plastic pollution
1367:
1366:
1301:Plastic pollution
1081:Health issues of
1039:
1038:
935:Plastics industry
853:Plastic extrusion
706:Polyurethane (PU)
696:Polysulfone (PES)
651:Polyethylene (PE)
626:Polybutylene (PB)
321:hydrogen chloride
217:
216:
171:terephthalic acid
2023:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1748:
1484:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1306:Rubber pollution
1156:Organophosphates
1075:
1068:
1061:
1052:
931:
903:Filament winding
878:Transfer molding
805:Polymer additive
749:
743:
691:Polystyrene (PS)
568:
561:
554:
545:
521:
520:
484:
478:
477:
460:(3): 1028–1031.
449:
443:
442:
440:
438:
427:
421:
416:
410:
400:
245:functional group
175:Trogamid T from
158:Polyphthalamides
96:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2020:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1957:
1850:
1817:
1769:
1760:Artificial silk
1733:
1715:
1602:
1473:
1468:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1332:
1289:
1246:
1208:
1175:
1144:
1090:
1079:
1045:
1035:
984:
922:
908:Solvent bonding
898:Plastic welding
840:
834:
793:
756:
750:
744:
735:
646:Polyester (PEs)
583:
577:
572:
530:
528:Further reading
525:
524:
486:
485:
481:
451:
450:
446:
436:
434:
429:
428:
424:
417:
413:
401:
397:
392:
379:Polyamide-imide
375:
276:carboxylic acid
253:carboxylic acid
243:component of a
229:
149:, Radipol from
141:, Technyl from
76:
29:repeating units
17:
12:
11:
5:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:Thermoplastics
2008:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
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1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1775:Semi-synthetic
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
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1714:
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1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
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1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
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1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1610:
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1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
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1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:Vinyl chloride
1196:
1193:Polycarbonates
1185:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1110:
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1092:
1091:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:Packaging film
1003:
998:
992:
990:
989:Specific goods
986:
985:
983:
982:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
938:
928:
924:
923:
921:
920:
915:
913:Vacuum forming
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
844:
842:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
799:
795:
794:
792:
791:
786:
784:Polymeric foam
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
758:
752:
751:
738:
736:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
661:Polyimide (PI)
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
621:Polyamide (PA)
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
587:
585:
579:
578:
573:
571:
570:
563:
556:
548:
542:
541:
529:
526:
523:
522:
479:
444:
422:
411:
394:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
381:
374:
371:
228:
225:
215:
214:
200:
194:
191:
184:
183:
173:
163:
160:
154:
153:
132:
120:
117:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
75:
74:Classification
72:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2029:
2028:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:Garbage patch
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1252:Health issues
1249:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:Shopping bags
1024:
1022:
1019:
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1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
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987:
981:(Agriculture)
980:
979:Plasticulture
977:
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965:
962:
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959:Geosynthetics
957:
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869:
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863:Thermoforming
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765:
764:Thermoplastic
762:
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748:
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724:
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539:9781569901892
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366:
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328:
326:
322:
318:
317:acyl chloride
314:
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162:Semi-aromatic
161:
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82:are known as
81:
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61:
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53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1921:Polyethylene
1096:Plasticizers
1044:Environment
996:Blister pack
949:Construction
858:Blow molding
620:
492:
488:
482:
457:
453:
447:
435:. Retrieved
425:
414:
398:
355:formaldehyde
351:adiponitrile
344:
329:
308:
306:
280:
265:
261:bifunctional
230:
218:
151:Radici Group
92:
84:polypeptides
78:Polymers of
77:
37:
20:
18:
2016:Dielectrics
1752:Regenerated
1696:Spider silk
1337:Regulations
1189:Bisphenol A
873:Calendering
815:Plasticizer
755:Mechanical
283:amino acids
257:acyl halide
221:caprolactam
80:amino acids
2006:Polyamides
2000:Categories
1901:Modacrylic
1896:Microfiber
1813:Triacetate
1765:Milk fiber
1631:Camel hair
1563:Lotus silk
1265:Carcinogen
1230:Organotins
1100:Phthalates
1046:and health
893:Pultrusion
883:Laminating
841:processing
495:(6): 681.
390:References
116:polyamides
102:Main chain
42:, such as
31:linked by
1916:Polyester
1788:Diacetate
1743:Synthetic
1646:Chiengora
1294:Pollution
1260:Teratogen
1191:(BPA, in
839:Plastics
810:Colorants
798:Additives
582:Chemical
509:1022-9760
474:0002-7863
347:nylon 1,6
272:aliphatic
119:Aliphatic
114:Aliphatic
21:polyamide
1975:Category
1884:Technora
1846:Metallic
1729:Asbestos
1671:Pashmina
1636:Cashmere
1275:Diabetes
1181:Monomers
1161:Adipates
1083:plastics
937:segments
927:Products
575:Plastics
517:98232570
437:19 April
373:See also
302:proteins
291:R groups
287:peptides
241:carbonyl
193:Aromatic
165:PA 6T =
105:Examples
88:proteins
40:proteins
1985:Commons
1943:Vinylon
1938:Vectran
1933:Spandex
1864:Acrylic
1856:Polymer
1823:Mineral
1803:Piñatex
1793:Lyocell
1783:Acetate
1721:Mineral
1651:Guanaco
1501:Bagasse
1479:Natural
1403:Dioxins
1323:Dioxins
1280:Obesity
1021:Cutlery
1011:Bottles
359:glycols
309:aramids
189:aramids
64:aramids
35:bonds.
25:polymer
1948:Vinyon
1926:UHMWPE
1911:Olefin
1879:Kevlar
1874:Twaron
1869:Aramid
1841:Basalt
1836:Carbon
1706:Vicuña
1691:Tendon
1681:Rabbit
1676:Qiviut
1666:Mohair
1641:Catgut
1626:Byssus
1621:Angora
1616:Alpaca
1608:Animal
1588:Rattan
1578:Raffia
1521:Cotton
1506:Bamboo
1471:Fibers
1120:(BBzP)
1089:(PHCs)
1001:Chairs
969:Nurdle
537:
515:
507:
472:
332:aramid
325:moiety
313:Kevlar
211:Teijin
203:Kevlar
181:Solvay
177:Evonik
147:Arkema
143:Solvay
139:DuPont
99:Family
66:, and
60:nylons
1953:Zylon
1906:Nylon
1889:Nomex
1831:Glass
1808:Rayon
1798:Modal
1661:Llama
1593:Sisal
1583:Ramie
1558:Kenaf
1553:Kapok
1536:Linen
1526:Fique
1511:BashĹŤ
1496:Abacá
1488:Plant
1374:Waste
1220:PBDEs
1131:(DOP)
757:types
584:types
513:S2CID
349:from
311:e.g.
249:amide
237:amine
233:amide
207:Nomex
137:from
135:Zytel
130:PA 66
123:Nylon
33:amide
27:with
23:is a
1701:Wool
1686:Silk
1656:Hair
1598:Wood
1573:Pine
1568:Piña
1548:Jute
1543:Hemp
1531:Flax
1516:Coir
1235:PFCs
1225:PCBs
1201:(in
1165:DEHA
1140:DINP
1135:DIDP
1129:DEHP
1124:DIHP
1108:DIBP
1085:and
1016:Bags
535:ISBN
505:ISSN
470:ISSN
439:2015
266:The
205:and
128:and
126:PA 6
48:silk
46:and
44:wool
1711:Yak
1203:PVC
1170:DOA
1118:BBP
1113:DBP
497:doi
462:doi
404:doi
86:or
54:or
2002::
1098::
511:.
503:.
493:16
491:.
468:.
458:73
456:.
353:,
169:+
90:.
62:,
19:A
1463:e
1456:t
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1195:)
1172:)
1163:(
1074:e
1067:t
1060:v
567:e
560:t
553:v
519:.
499::
476:.
464::
441:.
406::
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