468:, "Jackson's particular genius was to recognize a wider application for the procedure than Watanabe ever did." Jackson realized the technique could be used for young, athletic patients that had suffered injuries. Torn knee cartilage or ligaments previously would require an arthrotomy procedure and might mean a year or more of rehab or the end of a career. Jackson believed the less invasive procedure with its smaller incisions would be able to save the career of injured athletes. While many were skeptical at first, Jackson's efforts to develop, teach and popularize the procedure helped to prolong the careers of athletes such as
283:(FAI) and its associated pathologies. Hip conditions that may be treated arthroscopically also includes labral tears, loose / foreign body removal, hip washout (for infection) or biopsy, chondral (cartilage) lesions, osteochondritis dissecans, ligamentum teres injuries (and reconstruction), Iliopsoas tendinopathy (or 'snapping psoas'), trochanteric pain syndrome, snapping iliotibial band, osteoarthritis (controversial), sciatic nerve compression (piriformis syndrome), ischiofemoral impingement and direct assessment of hip replacement.
36:
444:. He published several papers in the 1920s about his use of arthroscopy of the knee for diagnostic purposes. After diagnosing torn tissue, he used open surgery to remove or repair the damaged tissue. Initially, he used an electric Jacobaeus thoracolaparoscope for his diagnostic procedures, which produced a dim view of the joint. Later, he developed a double-contrast approach to improve visibility. He gave up endoscopy in 1930, and his work was largely neglected for several decades.
408:. TMJ arthroscopy can be a purely diagnostic procedure, or it can have its own beneficial effects which may result from washing out of the joint during the procedure, thought to remove debris and inflammatory mediators, and may enable a displaced disc to return to its correct position. Arthroscopy is also used to visualize the inside of the joint during certain surgical procedures involving the articular disc or the articular surfaces, similar to
329:
243:(government and private) world-wide have generally felt obliged to continue funding it. An exception is Germany, where funding has been removed for the indication of knee osteoarthritis. It is claimed that German surgeons have continued to perform knee arthroscopy and instead claim rebates on the basis of a sub-diagnosis, such as meniscal tear.
367:) allow access to and treatment of spinal conditions with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. Recovery times are greatly reduced due to the relatively small size of incisions, and many patients are treated as outpatients. Recovery rates and times vary according to condition severity and the patient's overall health.
246:
A 2017 meta-analysis confirmed that there is only a very small and usually unimportant reduction in pain and improvement in function at 3 months (e.g. an average pain reduction of approximately 5 on a scale from 0 to 100). A separate review found that most people would consider a reduction in pain of
242:
Two major trials of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee found no benefit for these surgeries. Even though randomized control trials have demonstrated this to be a procedure which involves the risks of surgery with questionable or no demonstrable long-term benefit, insurance companies
255:
One of the primary reasons for performing arthroscopies is to repair or trim a painful and torn or damaged meniscus. The technical terms for the surgery is arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM). Arthroscopic surgery, however, does not appear to result in benefits to adults when performed for knee
238:
The BMJ Rapid
Recommendations group makes a strong recommendation against arthroscopy for osteoarthritis on the basis that there is high quality evidence that there is no lasting benefit and less than 15% of people have a small short-term benefit. There are rare but serious adverse effects that can
458:
Canadian doctor Robert
Jackson is credited with bringing the procedure to the Western world. In 1964, Jackson was in Tokyo completing a one-year fellowship and serving as a physician for the Canadian Olympic team. While there, he spent time at the clinic of Watanabe learning the thirty year old
424:
in Tokyo has traditionally been credited with performing the first arthroscopic examination of a knee joint, in 1919. He used a 7.3 mm cystoscope for his first arthroscopies. The Danish physician
Severin Nordentoft reported on arthroscopies of the knee joint in 1912 at the Proceedings of the
260:
who have a meniscal tear. This may be due to the fact that a torn meniscus may often not cause pain and symptoms, which may be caused by the osteoarthritis alone. Some groups have made a strong recommendation against arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in nearly all patients, stating that the only
261:
group of patients who may—or may not—benefit are those with a true locked knee. Professional knee societies, however, highlight other symptoms and related factors they believe are important, and continue to support limited use of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in carefully selected patients.
310:. The most common indications include subacromial decompression, bankarts lesion repair and rotator cuff repair. All these procedures were done by opening the joint through big incisions before the advent of arthroscopy. Arthroscopic shoulder surgeries have gained momentum in the past decade. "
222:
While knee arthroscopy is commonly used for partial meniscectomy (trimming a torn meniscus) on middle aged to older adults with knee pain, the claimed positive results seem to lack scientific evidence. Many studies have shown the outcomes from knee arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis and
454:
The first operating arthroscope was designed by them, and they worked together to produce the first high-quality color intraarticular photography. The field benefited significantly from technological advances, particularly advances in flexible fiber optics during the 1970s and 1980s.
239:
occur, including venous thromboembolism, infections, and nerve damage. The BMJ Rapid
Recommendation includes infographics and shared decision-making tools to facilitate a conversation between doctors and patients about the risks and benefits of arthroscopic surgery.
230:) is inserted into the joint through a small incision, about 4 mm (1/8 inch) width. More incisions might be performed in order to visually check other parts of the knee and to insert the miniature instruments that are used to perform surgical procedures.
247:
approximately 12 on the same 0 to 100 scale important—suggesting that for most people, the pain reduction at 3 months is not important. Arthroscopy did not reduce pain or improve function or quality of life at one year. There are important adverse effects.
1024:
Siemieniuk RA, Harris IA, Agoritsas T, Poolman RW, Brignardello-Petersen R, Van de Velde S, Buchbinder R, Englund M, Lytvyn L, Quinlan C, Helsingen L, Knutsen G, Olsen NR, Macdonald H, Hailey L, Wilson HM, Lydiatt A, Kristiansen A, et al. (May 2017).
628:
Siemieniuk RA, Harris IA, Agoritsas T, Poolman RW, Brignardello-Petersen R, Van de Velde S, Buchbinder R, Englund M, Lytvyn L, Quinlan C, Helsingen L, Knutsen G, Olsen NR, Macdonald H, Hailey L, Wilson HM, Lydiatt A, Kristiansen A, et al. (May 2017).
451:, MD, receives primary credit for using arthroscopy for interventional surgery. Watanabe was inspired by the work and teaching of Dr Richard O'Connor. Later, Dr. Heshmat Shahriaree began experimenting with ways to excise fragments of menisci.
901:
Merchan EC, Galindo E, et al. (1993). "Arthroscope-guided surgery versus nonoperative treatment for limited degenerative osteoarthritis of the femorotibial joint in patients over 50 years of age: a prospective comparative study".
412:. Examples include release of adhesions (e.g., by blunt dissection or with a laser) or release of the disc. Biopsies or disc reduction can also be carried out during arthroscopy. It is carried out under general anesthetic.
211:) that was performed in the past. Arthroscopic knee surgery is one of the most common orthopaedic procedures, performed approximately 2 million times worldwide each year. The procedures are more commonly performed to treat
1982:
678:
Jameson, S. S.; Dowen, D.; James, P.; Serrano-Pedraza, I.; Serrano-Pedraza, Deehan; Reed, M. R.; Deehan, D. J. (October 2011). "The burden of arthroscopy of the knee: a contemporary analysis of data from the
English NHS".
459:
procedure that had only been used to investigate arthritis in the elderly. Jackson returned to
Toronto where he continued to practice the technique, eventually becoming "the world's foremost expert on arthroscopy".
167:
is that the joint does not have to be opened up fully. For knee arthroscopy only two small incisions are made, one for the arthroscope and one for the surgical instruments to be used in the knee cavity. This reduces
278:
was initially used for the diagnosis of unexplained hip pain, but is now widely used in the treatment of conditions both in and outside the hip joint. The most common indication currently is for the treatment of
816:
Yim JH, Seon JK, Song EK, Choi JI, Kim MC, Lee KB, Seo HY, et al. (23 May 2013). "A comparative study of meniscectomy and nonoperative treatment for degenerative horizontal tears of the medial meniscus".
2364:
2187:
Hame, Sharon L.; Nguyen, Virginia; Ellerman, Jessica; Ngo, Stephanie S.; Wang, Jeffrey C.; Gamradt, Seth C. (2012-04-10). "Complications of
Arthroscopic Meniscectomy in the Older Population".
1273:
Devji T, Guyatt GH, Lytvyn L, Brignardello-Petersen R, Foroutan F, Sadeghirad B, Buchbinder R, Poolman RW, Harris IA, Carrasco-Labra A, Siemieniuk RA, Vandvik PO, et al. (May 2017).
1132:
Kirkley, Alexandra; Birmingham, Trevor B.; Litchfield, Robert B.; Giffin, J. Robert; Willits, Kevin R.; Wong, Cindy J.; Feagan, Brian G.; Donner, Allan; Griffin, Sharon H. (2008-09-11).
2357:
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Kirkley A, Birmingham TB, Litchfield RB, Giffin JR, Willits KR, Wong CJ, Feagan BG, Donner A, Griffin SH, D'Ascanio LM, Pope JE, Fowler PJ, et al. (September 11, 2008).
187:. It is technically possible to do an arthroscopic examination of almost every joint, but is most commonly used for the knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist, ankle, foot, and hip.
183:
The surgical instruments are smaller than traditional instruments. Surgeons view the joint area on a video monitor, and can diagnose and repair torn joint tissue, such as
767:"Exercise therapy versus arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for degenerative meniscal tear in middle aged patients: randomised controlled trial with two year follow-up"
1230:
Fujita-Rohwerder, Naomi; RĂĽther, Alric; Sauerland, Stefan (2017). "Arthroscopic
Surgery for Knee Osteoarthritis: Impact of Health Technology Assessment in Germany".
2006:
176:. It has gained popularity due to evidence of faster recovery times with less scarring, because of the smaller incisions. Irrigation fluid (most commonly 'normal'
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which is generally a temporary phenomenon, taking anywhere from 7–15 days to completely settle. Rarely, this fluid may be the cause of a serious complication,
1961:
1275:"Application of minimal important differences in degenerative knee disease outcomes: a systematic review and case study to inform BMJ Rapid Recommendations"
286:
Hip arthroscopy is a widely adopted treatment for a range of conditions, including labral tears, femoroacetabular impingement, osteochondritis dissecans.
2140:"Adverse outcomes after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy: a study of 700000 procedures in the national Hospital Episode Statistics database for England"
509:
2757:
1083:
Brignardello-Petersen R, Guyatt GH, Buchbinder R, Poolman RW, Schandelmaier S, Chang Y, Sadeghirad B, Evaniew N, Vandvik PO, et al. (May 2017).
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is sometimes used as either a diagnostic procedure for symptoms and signs related to these joints, or as a therapeutic measure in conditions like
67:
2336:
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Arthroscopy is commonly used for treatment of diseases of the shoulder including subacromial impingement, acromioclavicular osteoarthritis,
860:
Moseley JB, O'Malley K, Petersen NJ, Menke TJ, Brody BA, Kuykendall DH, Hollingsworth JC, Ashton CM, Wray NP, et al. (July 11, 2002).
2881:
2615:
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Siegel, M. G. (July 1997). "Compartment syndrome after arthroscopic surgery of the knee. A report of two cases managed nonoperatively".
544:
405:
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Many invasive spine procedures involve the removal of bone, muscle, and ligaments to access and treat problematic areas. In some cases,
314:" of the shoulder as it is popularly known has reduced inpatient time and rehabilitation requirements and is often a daycare procedure.
223:
degenerative meniscal tears are no better than the outcomes from placebo (fake) surgery or other treatments (such as exercise therapy).
980:"A randomized, controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery versus closed-needle joint lavage for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee"
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Arthroscopy is considered a low-risk procedure with a very low rates of serious complications. Commonly, irrigation fluid may leak (
360:(mid-spine) conditions require a surgeon to access the problem area through the rib cage, dramatically lengthening recovery time.
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1490:"Degenerative meniscus tears - assimilation of evidence and consensus statements across three continents: state of the art"
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1085:"Knee arthroscopy versus conservative management in patients with degenerative knee disease: a systematic review"
448:
364:
1769:
Kieser CW, Jackson RW (2003). "Eugen
Bircher (1882–1956) the first knee surgeon to use diagnostic arthroscopy".
1488:
Stone, Jonathan A.; Salzler, Matthew J.; Parker, David A.; Becker, Roland; Harner, Christopher D. (2017-04-21).
344:, fractures of the wrist and torn or damaged ligaments. It can also be used to ascertain joint damage caused by
302:(adhesive capsulitis), chronic tendonitis, removal of loose bodies and partial tears of the long biceps tendon,
35:
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74:
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that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. Arthroscopic procedures can be performed during
2603:
1027:"Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee arthritis and meniscal tears: a clinical practice guideline"
631:"Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee arthritis and meniscal tears: a clinical practice guideline"
538:
20:
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1335:"Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee: systematic review and meta-analysis of benefits and harms"
568:
Millar, Neal L.; Wu, Xiao; Tantau, Robyn; Silverstone, Elizabeth; Murrell, George A. C. (2009-04-01).
488:'s forty most impactful people in sport's history, coming in at #37, and the only doctor on the list.
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1392:"Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative tears of the meniscus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Beaufils, Ph; Becker, R.; Kopf, S.; Englund, M.; Verdonk, R.; Ollivier, M.; Seil, R. (2017-02-01).
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41:
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Jackson RW (1987). "Memories of the early days of arthroscopy: 1965–1975. The formative years".
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Kise NJ, Risberg MA, Stensrud S, Ranstam J, Engebretsen L, Roos EW, et al. (20 July 2016).
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41st
Congress of the German Society of Surgeons at Berlin. He called the procedure (in Latin)
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Chang RW, Falconer J, Stulberg SD, Arnold WJ, Manheim LM, Dyer AR, et al. (March 1993).
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Järvinen, Teppo L N; Guyatt, Gordon H (20 July 2016). "Arthroscopic surgery for knee pain".
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581:
212:
2050:"In Memoriam: Robert Wilson Jackson, O.C., M.D., F.R.C.S.C., Hon. F.R.C.S. (UK & Edin)"
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While he is often considered the inventor of arthroscopy of the knee, the Japanese surgeon
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solution as his optic media, and entering the joint by a portal on the outer border of the
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1531:"Surgical management of degenerative meniscus lesions: the 2016 ESSKA meniscus consensus"
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Yeh, PC; Kharrazi, FD (February 2012). "Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis".
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Friberger Pajalic, Katarina; Turkiewicz, Aleksandra; Englund, Martin (1 June 2018).
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Abram, Simon G F; Judge, Andrew; Beard, David J; Price, Andrew J (September 2018).
1881:
Metcalf RW (1985). "A decade of arthroscopic surgery: AANA. Presidential address".
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517:
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357:
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692:
106:
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Kieser CW, Jackson RW (May 2001). "Severin Nordentoft: The first arthroscopist".
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Oxford handbook of dental patient care, the essential guide to hospital dentistry
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437:. It is not clear if these examinations were of deceased or of living patients.
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in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage is performed using an
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2339:– Articles from different institutes, organizations, and spine professionals.
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1441:"Incidental meniscal findings on knee MRI in middle-aged and elderly persons"
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1191:"A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee"
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1134:"A Randomized Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee"
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939:"A Randomized Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee"
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862:"A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee"
838:
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Watanabe M (1983). "History arthroscopic surgery". In Shahriaree H (ed.).
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Thorlund, J. B.; Juhl, C. B.; Roos, E. M.; Lohmander, L. S. (2015-06-16).
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undergoes rapid, degenerative changes shortly after arthroscopic surgery.
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1587:"Hip Arthroscopy Surgery in Sydney — From Dr. Sunny Randhawa (June 2015)"
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Khan, M; Evaniew, N; Bedi, A; Ayeni, OR; Bhandari, M (7 October 2014).
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169:
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1983:"Physician who brought arthroscopy to North America passes away at 78"
1656:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 116, 117.
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116:
383:
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1749:
BUSINESS BRIEFING: GLOBAL HEALTHCARE – ADVANCED MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES
1614:". June 20, 2005. Cleveland Clinic contribution to SpineUniverse.com
1494:
Journal of ISAKOS: Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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time and may increase the rate of success due to less trauma to the
226:
During an average knee arthroscopy, a small fiberoptic camera (the
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49:
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SpineUniverse Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Information Center
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1189:
Moseley JB, O'Malley K, Petersen NJ, et al. (July 2002).
2089:"Update on the risks of complications after knee arthroscopy"
1962:"Robert Jackson was Canadian pioneer in arthroscopic surgery"
1439:
Englund M, Guermazi A, Gale D, et al. (September 2008).
1232:
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care
440:
Pioneering work began as early as the 1920s with the work of
2859:
2332:
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery
539:
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery
2283:
The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
570:"Open versus Two Forms of Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair"
207:
It has, in many cases, replaced the classic open surgery (
180:) is used to distend the joint and make a surgical space.
1631:. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone. pp. 173–178.
1681:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 342–351.
681:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
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204:, is a surgery that uses arthroscopic techniques.
16:Examination of a joint via small surgical incision
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332:Arthroscopic view showing two of the wrist bones
1700:
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2956:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
1835:(1st ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
1535:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
56:displays a fissure (tip of teaser instrument).
2875:
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1627:Wray D, Stenhouse D, Lee D, Clark AJ (2003).
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340:is used to investigate and treat symptoms of
8:
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1612:Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Spinal Surgery
500:) into the surrounding soft tissue, causing
2005:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1833:O'Connor's Textbook of Arthroscopic surgery
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1740:Craig H. Bennett; Caroline Chebli (2004).
1396:CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal
574:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
510:postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis
34:
2758:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
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2710:Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
2327:Arthroscopy Association of North America
2232:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2189:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
819:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
560:
1998:
1918:"Richard L. O'Connor, M.D., 1933–1980"
484:. For this, Jackson was named one of
25:
1677:Kerawala C, Newlands C, eds. (2010).
7:
1629:Textbook of general and oral surgery
2616:Autologous chondrocyte implantation
1981:Today, Orthopedics; February 2010.
943:The New England Journal of Medicine
866:The New England Journal of Medicine
545:Invasiveness of surgical procedures
406:temporomandibular joint dysfunction
112:
2767:Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
2611:Knee cartilage replacement therapy
512:(PAGCL) is a rare complication of
14:
1934:10.2106/00004623-198264020-00036
1916:Allen FR, Shahriaree H (1982).
1138:New England Journal of Medicine
163:The advantage over traditional
3145:Orthopedic surgical procedures
1679:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1652:Kalantzis A, Scully C (2005).
370:Arthroscopic procedures treat
363:Arthroscopic procedures (also
1:
2156:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31771-9
2093:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
1895:10.1016/S0749-8063(85)80087-6
1860:10.1016/S0749-8063(87)80002-6
1783:10.1016/S0749-8063(03)00693-5
916:10.1016/s0749-8063(05)80503-1
693:10.1302/0301-620X.93B10.27078
429:, and used sterile saline or
19:For the medical journal, see
2066:10.1016/j.arthro.2010.01.011
365:endoscopic spinal procedures
281:femoroacetabular impingement
44:located between thigh bone (
1507:10.1136/jisakos-2015-000003
1291:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015587
1101:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016114
3166:
3022:Female reproductive system
2910:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
2599:Articular cartilage repair
2244:10.1177/036354659702500432
984:Arthritis & Rheumatism
321:
268:
217:anterior cruciate ligament
18:
2382:
2106:10.1186/s12891-018-2102-y
1547:10.1007/s00167-016-4407-4
1244:10.1017/S0266462317000861
586:10.1007/s11999-009-0706-0
202:arthroscopic knee surgery
113:
33:
2725:Finger joint replacement
2516:Distraction osteogenesis
2201:10.1177/0363546512443043
1751:(Report). Archived from
831:10.1177/0363546513488518
342:repetitive strain injury
48:, above) and shin bone (
2295:10.5435/JAAOS-20-02-102
2025:"37 DR. ROBERT JACKSON"
1719:10.1053/jars.2001.24058
402:temporomandibular joint
396:Temporomandibular joint
2899:Gastrointestinal tract
2506:Femoral head ostectomy
2474:Vertebral augmentation
2048:Selby, Ronald (2010).
997:10.1002/art.1780360302
520:wherein the articular
377:and degenerative discs
375:Spinal disc herniation
333:
256:pain in patients with
2703:Weaver–Dunn procedure
2604:Microfracture surgery
2373:Procedures involving
1457:10.1056/NEJMoa0800777
1151:10.1056/nejmoa0708333
956:10.1056/NEJMoa0708333
331:
200:Knee arthroscopy, or
52:, below). The tibial
21:Arthroscopy (journal)
3150:Veterinary diagnosis
3073:Laparoscopic surgery
2693:Shoulder replacement
2655:Intervertebral discs
2413:Orthognathic surgery
2150:(10160): 2194–2202.
1922:J Bone Joint Surg Am
1208:10.1056/NEJMoa013259
879:10.1056/NEJMoa013259
550:Laparoscopic surgery
514:arthroscopic surgery
506:compartment syndrome
346:wrist osteoarthritis
308:shoulder instability
2845:Arthroscopic lavage
2577:Tension band wiring
2054:Arthroscopy Journal
1804:Böni T (1996). "".
1408:10.1503/cmaj.140433
400:Arthroscopy of the
336:Arthroscopy of the
234:Knee osteoarthritis
2787:Triple arthrodesis
2782:Broström procedure
2720:Brunelli procedure
2521:Ilizarov apparatus
2469:Vertebral fixation
2385:Orthopedic surgery
486:Sports Illustrated
465:Sports Illustrated
334:
296:rotator cuff tears
142:surgical procedure
139:minimally invasive
3127:
3126:
2966:Respiratory tract
2948:Capsule endoscopy
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2823:Joint replacement
2777:Ankle replacement
2585:
2584:
2572:External fixation
2567:Internal fixation
2418:Chin augmentation
2023:Hoffer, Richard.
1351:10.1136/bmj.h2747
1144:(11): 1097–1107.
1043:10.1136/bmj.j1982
949:(11): 1097–1107.
784:10.1136/bmj.i3740
736:10.1136/bmj.i3934
687:(10): 1327–1333.
647:10.1136/bmj.j1982
427:arthroscopia genu
324:Wrist arthroscopy
174:connective tissue
124:
123:
89:OPS-301 code
3157:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2763:Knee replacement
2688:Shoulder surgery
2631:
2398:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2315:
2314:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2195:(6): 1402–1405.
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2108:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1936:. Archived from
1913:
1907:
1906:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1746:
1742:Knee Arthroscopy
1737:
1731:
1730:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1624:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1589:. Archived from
1583:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1153:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1080:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1021:
1010:
1009:
999:
975:
969:
968:
958:
934:
928:
927:
898:
892:
891:
881:
857:
851:
850:
825:(7): 1565–1570.
813:
807:
806:
796:
786:
762:
756:
755:
719:
713:
712:
675:
669:
668:
658:
625:
616:
615:
605:
565:
380:spinal deformity
219:reconstruction.
160:reconstruction.
117:edit on Wikidata
109:
83:
38:
26:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3097:
3088:Mediastinoscopy
3049:
3016:
2988:
2960:
2893:
2888:
2858:
2849:
2791:
2748:Hip replacement
2743:Hip resurfacing
2731:
2676:
2620:
2581:
2530:
2526:Phemister graft
2494:
2478:
2422:
2387:
2378:
2371:
2323:
2318:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2014:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1451:(11): 1108–15.
1445:N. Engl. J. Med
1438:
1437:
1433:
1402:(14): 1057–64.
1389:
1388:
1384:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1195:N. Engl. J. Med
1188:
1187:
1183:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1082:
1081:
1068:
1023:
1022:
1013:
977:
976:
972:
936:
935:
931:
900:
899:
895:
859:
858:
854:
815:
814:
810:
764:
763:
759:
721:
720:
716:
677:
676:
672:
627:
626:
619:
567:
566:
562:
558:
534:
494:
482:Mary Lou Retton
449:Masaki Watanabe
418:
398:
354:
326:
320:
312:Keyhole surgery
300:frozen shoulder
292:
276:Hip arthroscopy
273:
271:Hip arthroscopy
267:
253:
236:
215:and to perform
213:meniscus injury
198:
193:
120:
105:
79:
57:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2838:Arthrocentesis
2835:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2760:
2755:
2753:Rotationplasty
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2698:Bankart repair
2695:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Epiphysiodesis
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Astragalectomy
2508:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2321:External links
2319:
2317:
2316:
2273:
2238:(4): 589–590.
2222:
2179:
2130:
2079:
2060:(3): 294–297.
2040:
2012:
1987:www.healio.com
1973:
1953:
1908:
1873:
1838:
1823:
1812:(10): 716–23.
1796:
1761:
1758:on 2007-09-30.
1732:
1694:
1687:
1669:
1662:
1644:
1638:978-0443070839
1637:
1616:
1603:
1578:
1541:(2): 335–346.
1521:
1500:(2): 108–119.
1480:
1431:
1382:
1325:
1314:
1285:(5): e015587.
1265:
1238:(4): 420–423.
1222:
1181:
1124:
1095:(5): e016114.
1066:
1011:
970:
929:
910:(6): 663–667.
893:
852:
808:
757:
714:
670:
617:
580:(4): 966–978.
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
533:
530:
493:
490:
417:
414:
397:
394:
393:
392:
388:general spine
386:
381:
378:
353:
350:
322:Main article:
319:
316:
291:
288:
269:Main article:
266:
263:
258:osteoarthritis
252:
251:Meniscal tears
249:
235:
232:
197:
194:
192:
189:
137:surgery) is a
122:
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114:
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3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
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3100:
3094:
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3089:
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3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
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3057:
3052:
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3041:
3038:
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3028:
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3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2994:Urinary tract
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Sigmoidoscopy
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2834:
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2829:
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2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
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2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
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2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2764:
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2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2648:Spinal fusion
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Bone grafting
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2490:Acromioplasty
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Jaw reduction
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:(2): 102–12.
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1943:on 2008-11-22
1939:
1935:
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1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:(in German).
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
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1780:
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1728:
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1712:
1708:
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1695:
1690:
1688:9780199204830
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1663:9780198566236
1659:
1655:
1648:
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1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1593:on 2015-03-10
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1467:
1462:
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1454:
1450:
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1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
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1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
990:(3): 289–96.
989:
985:
981:
974:
971:
966:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
930:
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3040:Falloposcopy
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3007:Ureteroscopy
2984:Bronchoscopy
2979:Laryngoscopy
2827:
2817:
2808:Arthroplasty
2772:Ankle fusion
2715:Hand surgery
2670:Arthroplasty
2665:Annuloplasty
2464:Foraminotomy
2449:Laminoplasty
2434:Coccygectomy
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3068:Laparoscopy
3002:Nephroscopy
2954:Accessory:
2938:Proctoscopy
2933:Pouchoscopy
2923:Colonoscopy
2918:Enteroscopy
2818:Arthroscopy
2813:Synovectomy
2643:Arthrodesis
2459:Facetectomy
2444:Laminectomy
1883:Arthroscopy
1848:Arthroscopy
1771:Arthroscopy
1707:Arthroscopy
1201:(2): 81–8.
904:Arthroscopy
508:. However,
478:Joan Benoit
474:Willis Reed
410:laparoscopy
228:arthroscope
150:arthroscope
127:Arthroscopy
101:MedlinePlus
29:Arthroscopy
3134:Categories
3114:Angioscopy
3045:Culdoscopy
3030:Colposcopy
3012:Cystoscopy
2974:Rhinoscopy
2833:Arthrogram
2803:Arthrotomy
2660:Discectomy
2454:Corpectomy
2439:Laminotomy
2377:and joints
2144:The Lancet
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2034:2020-01-27
1992:2020-01-27
1967:2020-01-27
1947:2010-11-27
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1597:2008-01-14
431:boric acid
420:Professor
209:arthrotomy
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3109:Fetoscopy
2891:Endoscopy
2591:Cartilage
2562:Reduction
2552:Osteotomy
2542:Ostectomy
2268:209327350
2252:0363-5465
1555:0942-2056
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3060:incision
2943:Anoscopy
2828:imaging:
2311:11304366
2303:22302448
2217:25464984
2209:22495145
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2001:cite web
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