329:, and it was not necessarily the result of confusion or conflation. The only evidence for association between Ašratum and Ishtar is an esoteric text from the second century BCE, meant to explain the relationship between the names Ašratum and Gubarra. It has been pointed out that due to its late date and character the text is unlikely to provide information relevant to earlier references to Ašratum.
167:) and "wife." However, due to Ašratum's position in the Mesopotamian pantheon and distinct circumstances of her development, information pertaining to her character cannot be necessarily assumed to apply to Athirat, and vice versa. For example, while it is possible Ašratum was associated with eroticism and voluptuousness, no analogous evidence exists for Athirat. In a bilingual
542:
Ašratum could be referred to with the
Sumerian name Gubarra. In some bilingual texts, Ašratum and Amurru appear in the Akkadian version, side by side with Gubarra and Martu in the Sumerian passages. Steve A. Wiggins assumes that Gubarra was a distinct goddess in origin, but came to be identified with
348:
god list from the Old
Babylonian period, Ašratum nonetheless occurs among underworld deities. Jeremiah Peterson proposes that this might have been the result of her husband Amurru/Martu sometimes being grouped with underworld deities such as
523:" and "bride", but the latter meaning relied on the social practice of fathers picking the brides of their sons. As an epithet of goddesses, it denotes their status as a daughter in law of a specific deity. For example,
217:
inscription of a man bearing the name Itur-ašdum is considered to be the most significant source for the study of Ašratum's character. It refers to her as "mistress of voluptuousness and joy" (Sumerian:
386:
Oldest attestations of Ašratum are
Amorite personal names from the first half of the second millennium BCE, such as Ašratum-ummi, "Ašratum is my mother." Four administrative documents from the reign of
280:- "voluptuousness." Steve A. Wiggins additionally lists "luxury" as a possible translation. While in past scholarship the latter epithet was used to argue that Ašratum was confused or conflated with
361:. Further evidence for Ašratum's possible association with the underworld include the mention of a "corpse star" (ADDA) in connection with her in a late mystical text and the use of the epithet
606:
tentatively suggest that since the former of these two texts is difficult to reconcile with other attestations of her, a different similarly named deity might be meant in this case instead.
476:. It has been pointed out that these deities were not otherwise associated with Antu, and therefore it is assumed the formation of this group was most likely a late, synthetic development.
440:
Ašratum continued to be worshiped in
Babylon in the first millennium BCE. Her temple from that city, Eḫilikalama (Sumerian: "house of the luxuriance of the land") has been dated to the
576:(Akkadian: "the glorified one"), a goddess only attested in late sources from the first millennium BCE. An esoteric text from the second century BCE explains her name as
555:
of
Gubarra, but neither its name nor location are presently known. A similar theonym, Nin-gubara (Sumerian: "mistress with loose hair"), is explained as an
403:
slab which a certain Itur-ašdum, apparently a devotee of this goddess and an official in charge of the
Silakku canal district,dedicated for the life of
344:, though it is also possible the term can be understood as a reference to an ordinary steppe, rather than a euphemism for the land of the dead. In the
444:. It has been proposed that it can be identified with a building designated as temple D II during excavations. Ašratum was also still worshiped in
507:." Some early translations referred to her as the "bride of An", but this is now considered to be a mistake. The Sumerian term used in this text,
1403:
1364:
1189:
1170:
374:
Another of Ašratum's epithets, "tenderly cared for by a mountain", is likely connected to her status as wife of Amurru, who was called
1337:
1260:
1157:
488:, also known as Martu. However, there are also instances where he was described as married to goddesses usually associated with
1431:
341:
399:, a spelling of this goddess' name apparently exclusive to this city. Another early piece of evidence for her worship is a
124:, but despite likely sharing the same origin these two goddesses occupied different positions in the respective pantheons.
326:
1159:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
496:, possibly due to conflation or confusion between him and this god. No children of Ašratum and Amurru are known.
448:
in the
Hellenistic period, as indicated by a text enumerating deities partaking in a New Year parade alongside
273:
548:
573:
1278:
George, Andrew; Krebernik, Manfred (2022). "Two
Remarkable Vocabularies: Amorite-Akkadian Bilinguals!".
441:
176:
596:
196:
1355:
Westenholz, Joan
Goodnick (1997). "Nanaya: Lady of Mystery". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.).
102:
277:
556:
188:
1409:
1399:
1360:
1343:
1333:
1295:
1266:
1256:
1226:
1195:
1185:
1166:
245:
168:
164:
156:
1287:
1248:
592:
192:
133:
601:
201:
151:
have been proposed for the name, including "holy place" or "sanctuary" (based on the root '
532:
318:
286:
220:
214:
371:. Ekurritum was also the name of a goddess in one case listed as a wife of Ningishzida.
520:
500:
465:
449:
179:
which presumably originated in southern Mesopotamia, an Amorite deity named ʔAṯeratum (
321:. It is therefore insufficient evidence for assuming that its use reflected a case of
1425:
552:
524:
469:
261:
172:
591:
god list and a possible reference to such a connection in a lexical text. However,
485:
110:
76:
1308:
425:), it has been proposed that it was originally a fragment of a figure depicting a
388:
1375:
1230:
1208:
489:
434:
350:
337:
148:
569:, but it is uncertain if she corresponds to the deity identified with Ašratum.
284:, more recent research shows that many deities, both male and female (the word
565:
457:
453:
412:
367:
333:
332:
Ašratum was also one of the goddesses who could be described with the epithet
322:
1413:
1347:
1299:
1270:
1199:
404:
400:
240:). The former epithet might possibly point at erotic connotations. The term
184:
1329:
God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia
1291:
415:
of this artifact is not known, it has been proposed that it originated in
160:
141:
118:
106:
17:
1023:
1021:
759:
757:
755:
753:
584:
536:
421:
408:
314:
257:
144:
137:
121:
114:
53:
365:, which might have such connotations, to refer to her in the god list
1395:
A reassessment of Asherah: with further considerations of the goddess
588:
560:
493:
416:
358:
354:
345:
310:
306:
305:. It is attested as an epithet not only Ašratum and Ishtar, but also
281:
269:
265:
207:
1327:
419:. As the inscription mentions the dedication of a protective deity (
340:. It has been argued that it might point at an association with the
276:
favors "sensuality" in translations of epithets including it, while
1393:
473:
461:
392:
95:
49:
256:) denoted a quality of both male and female deities, for example
147:, and it is likely they developed from a common source. Multiple
725:
723:
445:
206:
in this context the name designates the goddess also known from
433:
priest of Ašratum is mentioned in a document from the reign of
504:
841:
839:
837:
411:. The accompanying text is written in Sumerian. While the
901:
899:
856:
854:
583:
It has been proposed Ašratum could be associated with the
969:
967:
965:
916:
914:
886:
884:
871:
869:
812:
810:
808:
395:
were signed with seals inscribed with the name Aširatum (
1038:
1036:
740:
738:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
665:
663:
661:
648:
646:
996:
994:
325:. Epithets were commonly shared by multiple deities in
621:
619:
531:
in relation to her position as the daughter in law of
250:
88:
1182:
The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period
1114:
1066:
1027:
1012:
828:
763:
1253:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
1156:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
1102:
72:
67:
59:
45:
37:
32:
580:, "Ašratum the foreigner" or "the other Ašratum."
587:due to their placement next to each other in the
290:is grammatically neutral), could be described as
1207:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
109:origin. She was regarded as the wife of the god
1280:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
729:
714:
484:Ašratum was commonly regarded as the wife of
8:
944:
787:
499:The Itur-ašdum inscription calls her the "
905:
1138:
890:
799:
775:
637:
1357:Sumerian Gods and their Representations
1126:
1054:
985:
973:
956:
932:
920:
875:
845:
816:
744:
702:
681:
669:
652:
615:
1090:
1078:
1042:
1000:
860:
625:
572:Ašratum could also be identified with
29:
27:Mesopotamian goddess of Amorite origin
225:) and "mistress with patient mercy" (
7:
25:
1398:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
1115:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1067:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1028:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1013:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
829:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
764:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1374:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998),
336:, most commonly associated with
1103:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
480:Associations with other deities
1:
1184:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX.
1180:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003).
1380:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1313:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1255:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
1235:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1213:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
551:, there is a reference to a
251:
155:, "place," attested in both
1326:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009).
1307:Krebernik, Manfred (2011),
730:George & Krebernik 2022
715:George & Krebernik 2022
1448:
1332:. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.
543:Ašratum. In the so-called
378:, "lord of the mountain".
515:, equivalent of Akkadian
274:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
1392:Wiggins, Steve (2007).
549:Library of Ashurbanipal
132:Ašratum was a deity of
1432:Mesopotamian goddesses
452:, which also features
136:origin. Her name is a
1292:10.3917/assy.116.0113
1286:(1). CAIRN: 113–166.
547:(CTL) known from the
545:Canonical Temple List
442:neo-Babylonian period
327:Mesopotamian religion
177:Old Babylonian period
535:and wife of his son
191:), but according to
103:Mesopotamian goddess
1105:, pp. 373–374.
1057:, pp. 157–158.
959:, pp. 155–156.
848:, pp. 167–168.
802:, pp. 184–185.
684:, pp. 221–222.
278:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
163:, as well as other
1227:Edzard, Dietz-Otto
213:An Old Babylonian
183:) is equated with
1405:978-1-59333-717-9
1366:978-90-56-93005-9
1249:George, Andrew R.
1191:978-90-04-13024-1
1172:978-3-7278-1738-0
1141:, pp. 69–70.
863:, pp. 37–38.
790:, pp. 67–68.
597:Manfred Krebernik
527:was often called
197:Manfred Krebernik
165:Semitic languages
82:
81:
46:Major cult center
16:(Redirected from
1439:
1417:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1370:
1351:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1303:
1274:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1203:
1176:
1164:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
989:
983:
977:
971:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
909:
903:
894:
888:
879:
873:
864:
858:
849:
843:
832:
826:
820:
814:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
748:
742:
733:
727:
718:
712:
706:
700:
685:
679:
673:
667:
656:
650:
641:
635:
629:
623:
605:
593:Andrew R. George
563:in the god list
254:
205:
193:Andrew R. George
113:. Her name is a
90:
30:
21:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1406:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1354:
1340:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1277:
1263:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1231:"Martu A. Gott"
1225:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1192:
1179:
1173:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
992:
984:
980:
972:
963:
955:
951:
945:Wiggermann 1998
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
912:
904:
897:
889:
882:
874:
867:
859:
852:
844:
835:
827:
823:
815:
806:
798:
794:
788:Westenholz 1997
786:
782:
774:
770:
762:
751:
743:
736:
728:
721:
713:
709:
701:
688:
680:
676:
668:
659:
651:
644:
636:
632:
624:
617:
612:
599:
521:daughter in law
512:
501:daughter in law
482:
384:
303:
299:
295:
238:
234:
230:
199:
130:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1404:
1389:
1371:
1365:
1352:
1338:
1323:
1304:
1275:
1261:
1245:
1223:
1204:
1190:
1177:
1171:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1131:
1129:, p. 167.
1119:
1117:, p. 131.
1107:
1095:
1093:, p. 164.
1083:
1071:
1069:, p. 259.
1059:
1047:
1045:, p. 435.
1032:
1030:, p. 126.
1017:
1015:, p. 277.
1005:
990:
988:, p. 164.
978:
976:, p. 155.
961:
949:
947:, p. 369.
937:
935:, p. 171.
925:
923:, p. 168.
910:
906:Krebernik 2011
895:
880:
878:, p. 166.
865:
850:
833:
821:
819:, p. 158.
804:
792:
780:
778:, p. 185.
768:
766:, p. 106.
749:
747:, p. 156.
734:
732:, p. 118.
719:
717:, p. 114.
707:
705:, p. 157.
686:
674:
672:, p. 153.
657:
655:, p. 163.
642:
630:
614:
613:
611:
608:
519:, meant both "
510:
481:
478:
383:
380:
301:
297:
293:
236:
232:
228:
223:ḫi-li ma-az-bi
129:
126:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1444:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1376:"Nin-ĝišzida"
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1339:3-86835-019-5
1335:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:0-931464-80-3
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1139:Peterson 2009
1135:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1003:, p. 99.
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
982:
979:
975:
970:
968:
966:
962:
958:
953:
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
908:, p. 72.
907:
902:
900:
896:
893:, p. 69.
892:
891:Peterson 2009
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
825:
822:
818:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
800:Beaulieu 2003
796:
793:
789:
784:
781:
777:
776:Beaulieu 2003
772:
769:
765:
760:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
711:
708:
704:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
678:
675:
671:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
640:, p. 43.
639:
638:Peterson 2009
634:
631:
628:, p. 37.
627:
622:
620:
616:
609:
607:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
570:
568:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:(the wife of
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
381:
379:
377:
372:
370:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
289:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
253:
247:
243:
239:
224:
222:
216:
211:
209:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
127:
125:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
86:
78:
75:
71:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1394:
1383:, retrieved
1379:
1356:
1328:
1317:, retrieved
1312:
1283:
1279:
1252:
1239:, retrieved
1234:
1217:, retrieved
1212:
1209:"Nin-gubara"
1181:
1158:
1149:Bibliography
1134:
1127:Wiggins 2007
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1081:, p. 5.
1074:
1062:
1055:Wiggins 2007
1050:
1008:
986:Wiggins 2007
981:
974:Wiggins 2007
957:Wiggins 2007
952:
940:
933:Wiggins 2007
928:
921:Wiggins 2007
876:Wiggins 2007
846:Wiggins 2007
831:, p. 6.
824:
817:Wiggins 2007
795:
783:
771:
745:Wiggins 2007
710:
703:Wiggins 2007
682:Wiggins 2007
677:
670:Wiggins 2007
653:Wiggins 2007
633:
582:
577:
571:
564:
544:
541:
528:
516:
508:
498:
483:
439:
430:
426:
420:
397:A-ši-ra-tum)
396:
385:
375:
373:
366:
362:
331:
291:
285:
249:
241:
226:
219:
212:
180:
173:lexical list
152:
131:
98:
91:
84:
83:
60:Ethnic group
1315:(in German)
1309:"Šarrāḫītu"
1237:(in German)
1215:(in German)
1091:George 1993
1079:George 1993
1043:Edzard 1987
1001:George 1993
861:George 1993
626:George 1993
600: [
578:Ašrat aḫītu
490:Ningishzida
435:Samsu-iluna
429:goddess. A
351:Ningishzida
338:Geshtinanna
248:equivalent
200: [
181:a-še-ra-tum
149:etymologies
99:A-ši-ra-tum
38:Other names
1385:2022-04-13
1319:2022-04-13
1241:2022-04-13
1219:2022-04-13
610:References
492:, such as
458:Sadarnunna
454:Amasagnudi
413:provenance
342:underworld
334:Belet-Seri
323:syncretism
1414:171049273
1348:460044951
1300:0373-6032
574:Šarrāḫītu
566:An = Anum
405:Hammurabi
401:limestone
389:Rim-Sîn I
368:An = Anum
363:ekurrītum
244:(and its
189:Bēlet-ilī
185:DIĜIR.MAḪ
175:from the
171:-Amorite
128:Character
92:Aš-ra-tum
68:Genealogy
1426:Category
1271:27813103
1251:(1993).
1229:(1987),
1200:51944564
529:kallatum
517:kallatum
376:bēl šadī
246:Akkadian
169:Akkadian
161:Ugaritic
157:Akkadian
142:Ugaritic
119:Ugaritic
101:) was a
89:𒀭𒀸𒊏𒌈
18:Ashratum
585:Sebitti
557:epithet
537:Shamash
409:Babylon
382:Worship
315:Ninurta
258:Shamash
145:Athirat
138:cognate
134:Amorite
122:Athirat
115:cognate
107:Amorite
85:Ašratum
63:Amorite
54:Babylon
41:Gubarra
33:Ašratum
1412:
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1336:
1298:
1269:
1259:
1198:
1188:
1169:
589:Nippur
561:Inanna
553:temple
494:Azimua
486:Amurru
417:Sippar
359:Ninazu
355:Nergal
346:Nippur
311:Nergal
307:Marduk
292:nin ša
282:Ishtar
270:Nisaba
266:Nanaya
227:nin ša
215:votive
208:Ugarit
111:Amurru
77:Amurru
73:Spouse
1163:(PDF)
604:]
474:Shala
462:Nuska
427:lamma
422:lamma
393:Larsa
252:kubzu
204:]
96:Larsa
94:, in
50:Larsa
1410:OCLC
1400:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1344:OCLC
1334:ISBN
1296:ISSN
1267:OCLC
1257:ISBN
1196:OCLC
1186:ISBN
1167:ISBN
595:and
509:é-gi
472:and
466:Gula
450:Antu
446:Uruk
431:gudu
357:and
317:and
268:and
242:ḫili
195:and
159:and
1288:doi
1284:116
559:of
533:Sin
525:Aya
503:of
470:Aya
464:),
407:of
391:of
319:Sin
300:-su
296:-la
287:nin
262:Aya
235:-su
231:-la
221:nin
140:of
117:of
105:of
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602:de
539:.
513:-a
505:An
468:,
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313:,
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