168:
considers these words to be corruptions of Asvaka. It is possible that the corruption of the names occurred due to regional differences in pronunciation. Rama
Shankar Tripathi thinks it possible that the Assakenoi were either allied to or a branch of the Aspasioi. The Greeks recorded the two groups
224:
said that, during the time of
Alexander, there were a large number of bullocks - 230,000 - of a size and shape superior to what the Macedonians had known, which Alexander captured from them and decided to send to Macedonia for agriculture.
275:
The statistics for the
Assakenoi forces that fought Alexander vary. For example, Barbara West says there were 30,000 cavalry, 20,000 infantry and at least 30 elephants.
213:
recorded the strength of the Aśvaka opposition, noting that the women took up arms along with the men, preferring "a glorious death to a life of dishonour".
497:
Majumdar, Ramesh
Chandra; Pusalker, Achut Dattatrya; Bhavan, Bharatiya Vidya; Majumdar, A. K.; Ghose, Dilip Kumar; Dighe, Vishvanath Govind (2001).
190:
698:
669:
642:
593:
481:
437:
410:
380:
817:
557:
714:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich; Harmatta, János; Litvinovskiĭ, Boris
Abramovich; Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1999).
344:
498:
579:
165:
198:
753:
Codrington, K. de B. (July–August 1944). "A Geographical
Introduction to the History of Central Asia".
220:
The
Asvayanas have been attested to be good cattle breeders and agriculturists by classical writers.
189:
The
Assakenoi fielded 2,000 cavalry, 30 elephants and 30,000 infantry against Alexander during his
161:
791:
770:
538:
320:
30:
This article is about the people of ancient
Gandhara. For the ancient region of south India, see
456:
Ethnic
Settlements in Ancient India: A Study on the Puranic Lists of the Peoples of Bharatavarsa
812:
694:
686:
665:
659:
638:
632:
613:
589:
530:
477:
433:
406:
400:
376:
312:
193:, which began in 327 BCE, but they eventually had to surrender after losses at places such as
145:
133:
117:
41:
583:
427:
762:
715:
561:
348:
164:
refer to the Aspasioi and Assakenoi (Ἀσσακηνοί) tribes among his opponents. The historian
153:
116:. The Asvakas were especially engaged in the occupation of breeding, raising and training
296:
806:
454:
174:
782:
Gupta, Kalyan Kumar Das (March–June 1972). "The Aśvakas: an Early Indian Tribe".
471:
370:
178:
53:
534:
316:
128:
is believed by some scholars to have been preserved in that of the modern
476:. Trans. Webb-Boin, Sara. Université Catholique de Louvain. p. 100.
214:
210:
206:
170:
157:
112:
and it denotes someone connected with the horses, hence a horseman, or a
49:
45:
17:
795:
542:
518:
324:
300:
209:
before doing so; 40,000 of them were captured, along with 230,000 oxen.
205:. The Aspasioi chose to flee into the hills but destroyed their city of
774:
202:
194:
129:
113:
82:
75:
70:
221:
149:
31:
766:
217:
was the main leader of Asvakas during their war against Alexander.
89:
120:, as also in providing expert cavalry services. The name of the
169:
as inhabiting different areas, with the Aspasioi in either the
266:, as well as several other Prakrit, Latin and Greek variants.
473:
History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era
693:(Reprinted ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 577.
160:. Ancient Greek historians who documented the exploits of
637:(Reprinted ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 119.
620:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 352.
588:(Reprinted ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 99.
56:. The region in which they lived was also called
661:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
429:Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals
156:(Gandharians) who are recorded separately from
459:. General Printers and Publishers. p. 51.
432:. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 17–18.
8:
500:The History and Culture of the Indian People
519:"On Swāt. The Dards and Connected Problems"
405:. Cambridge University Press. p. 170.
736:cf: A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food
364:
362:
338:
336:
334:
717:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
691:A Companion to the Classical Greek World
607:
605:
399:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (2010-06-24).
301:"The Tombs of the Asvakayana-Assakenoi"
288:
239:
738:. Oxford India Paperbacks. p. 91.
687:"The Conquests of Alexander the Great"
394:
392:
44:: Aśvaka) were an ancient people from
7:
664:. Infobase Publishing. p. 359.
566:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
372:The Turks in the Early Islamic World
353:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
568:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
355:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
25:
616:. In Rapson, Edward James (ed.).
246:Also known in various sources as
631:Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1992) .
453:Chaudhuri, Sashi Bhusan (1955).
402:The Greeks in Bactria and India
618:The Cambridge History of India
1:
689:. In Kinzl, Konrad H. (ed.).
104:is derived from the Sanskrit
369:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2017).
136:being derived from Asvakan.
818:Ancient peoples of Pakistan
152:, Asvakas are described as
834:
685:Heckel, Waldemar (2010) .
506:. Vol. 2. p. 45.
29:
27:People of ancient Gandhara
658:West, Barbara A. (2009).
556:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2021).
470:Lamotte, Etienne (1988).
426:Gupta, Parmanand (1989).
375:. Routledge. p. 33.
177:and the Assakenoi in the
755:The Geographical Journal
634:History of Ancient India
580:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra
517:Tucci, Giuseppe (1977).
343:Brunner, C. J. (2020).
734:Achaya, K. T. (2001).
723:. UNESCO. p. 76.
614:"Alexander the Great"
612:Bevan, E. R. (1955).
162:Alexander the Great
48:in the present-day
68:The Sanskrit term
700:978-1-44433-412-8
671:978-1-43811-913-7
644:978-8-12080-018-2
595:978-8-12080-436-4
483:978-9-06831-100-6
439:978-8-17022-248-4
412:978-1-108-00941-6
382:978-1-351-88087-9
191:campaign in India
146:Major Rock Edicts
16:(Redirected from
825:
799:
778:
740:
739:
731:
725:
724:
722:
711:
705:
704:
682:
676:
675:
655:
649:
648:
628:
622:
621:
609:
600:
599:
576:
570:
569:
562:Yarshater, Ehsan
553:
547:
546:
514:
508:
507:
505:
494:
488:
487:
467:
461:
460:
450:
444:
443:
423:
417:
416:
396:
387:
386:
366:
357:
356:
349:Yarshater, Ehsan
340:
329:
328:
293:
276:
273:
267:
244:
132:, with the name
21:
833:
832:
828:
827:
826:
824:
823:
822:
803:
802:
781:
767:10.2307/1790027
752:
749:
747:Further reading
744:
743:
733:
732:
728:
720:
713:
712:
708:
701:
684:
683:
679:
672:
657:
656:
652:
645:
630:
629:
625:
611:
610:
603:
596:
578:
577:
573:
555:
554:
550:
516:
515:
511:
503:
496:
495:
491:
484:
469:
468:
464:
452:
451:
447:
440:
425:
424:
420:
413:
398:
397:
390:
383:
368:
367:
360:
342:
341:
332:
297:Tucci, Giuseppe
295:
294:
290:
280:
279:
274:
270:
245:
241:
231:
187:
142:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
831:
829:
821:
820:
815:
805:
804:
801:
800:
790:(1/2): 33–40.
779:
761:(1/2): 27–40.
748:
745:
742:
741:
726:
706:
699:
677:
670:
650:
643:
623:
601:
594:
571:
548:
529:(1/4): 9–103.
509:
489:
482:
462:
445:
438:
418:
411:
388:
381:
358:
330:
311:(1/2): 27–28.
287:
286:
278:
277:
268:
238:
237:
230:
227:
215:Queen Cleophis
186:
183:
166:R. C. Majumdar
141:
138:
65:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
830:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
808:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:East and West
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
750:
746:
737:
730:
727:
719:
718:
710:
707:
702:
696:
692:
688:
681:
678:
673:
667:
663:
662:
654:
651:
646:
640:
636:
635:
627:
624:
619:
615:
608:
606:
602:
597:
591:
587:
586:
585:Ancient India
581:
575:
572:
567:
563:
559:
552:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:East and West
520:
513:
510:
502:
501:
493:
490:
485:
479:
475:
474:
466:
463:
458:
457:
449:
446:
441:
435:
431:
430:
422:
419:
414:
408:
404:
403:
395:
393:
389:
384:
378:
374:
373:
365:
363:
359:
354:
350:
346:
339:
337:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:East and West
302:
298:
292:
289:
285:
284:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
243:
240:
236:
235:
228:
226:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
139:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
72:
63:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
787:
783:
758:
754:
735:
729:
716:
709:
690:
680:
660:
653:
633:
626:
617:
584:
574:
565:
551:
526:
522:
512:
499:
492:
472:
465:
455:
448:
428:
421:
401:
371:
352:
308:
304:
291:
282:
281:
271:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
233:
232:
219:
188:
175:Kunar Valley
143:
125:
121:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
85:
78:
69:
67:
57:
37:
36:
179:Swat Valley
108:or Prakrit
92:. The name
54:Afghanistan
807:Categories
248:Āśvakāyana
229:References
118:war horses
114:cavalryman
582:(1977) .
558:"Kamboja"
535:0012-8376
345:"Aspasii"
317:0012-8376
283:Citations
256:Assakenoi
154:Gandhāras
140:Ethnology
64:Etymology
18:Assakenoi
813:Kambojas
796:29755742
543:29756375
325:29754697
299:(1963).
260:Aspasioi
252:Āśvāyana
211:Diodorus
207:Arigaion
171:Alishang
158:Kambojas
50:Pakistan
46:Gandhara
42:Sanskrit
775:1790027
564:(ed.).
351:(ed.).
264:Aspasii
199:Massaga
185:History
144:In the
130:Pashtun
126:Assakan
122:Aśvakan
98:Aśvakan
83:Avestan
76:Prakrit
38:Asvakas
794:
773:
697:
668:
641:
592:
541:
533:
480:
436:
409:
379:
323:
315:
262:, and
222:Arrian
150:Ashoka
134:Afghan
102:Assaka
94:Aśvaka
88:means
58:Aśvaka
32:Assaka
792:JSTOR
771:JSTOR
721:(PDF)
560:. In
539:JSTOR
504:(PDF)
347:. In
321:JSTOR
234:Notes
195:Beira
90:horse
695:ISBN
666:ISBN
639:ISBN
590:ISBN
531:ISSN
478:ISBN
434:ISBN
407:ISBN
377:ISBN
313:ISSN
201:and
110:Assa
106:Aśva
86:aspa
81:and
79:assa
71:aśva
52:and
763:doi
759:104
203:Ora
173:or
148:of
124:or
100:or
809::
788:22
786:.
769:.
757:.
604:^
537:.
527:27
525:.
521:.
391:^
361:^
333:^
319:.
309:14
307:.
303:.
258:,
254:,
250:,
197:,
181:.
74:,
60:.
798:.
777:.
765::
703:.
674:.
647:.
598:.
545:.
486:.
442:.
415:.
385:.
327:.
96:/
40:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.