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making a persuasive argument that leads to the change of beliefs or emotions thus enhancing the speaker's credibility. The move from a low credibility source to a high credibility source can elicit a positive surprise among individuals. The act of being persuaded by said speaker can also elicit a positive surprise, as an individual may have perceived the speaker as having too low of a credibility to elicit change and the change of beliefs or emotion then causes surprise.
905:(LET) states that people develop norms and expectations concerning appropriate usage of a language in a given situation. When norms or expectations of verbal language are violated surprise may occur. The EVT model supports that expectations can be violated verbally and this violation may cause a surprise within the individual. Expectations of verbal language that may lead to surprise may include but are not limited to, expletives, shouts, screams, and gasps.
654:
728:
877:
765:. The main function of surprise or the startle response is to interrupt an ongoing action and reorient attention to a new, possibly significant event. There is an automatic redirection of focus to the new stimuli and, for a brief moment, this causes tenseness in the muscles, especially the neck muscles. Studies show that this response happens extremely fast, with information (in this case a loud noise) reaching the
662:
719:
increase the level of attraction of the violator, whereas negative violations decrease the attraction. Positive violations would then cause positive surprise, such as a surprise birthday party, and negative violations would cause negative surprise, such as a parking ticket. Positive violations may enhance credibility, power, attraction, and persuasiveness. Negative violations may reduce them.
2181:
2175:
56:
51:
924:
the jump scene due to familiarity with scary movies, thus lowering the level of surprise. The EVT model helps to support this claim because as individuals become more accustomed to a situation or communication, it becomes less and less likely that the situation or communication will cause a violation of expectation, and without violating an expectation, surprise cannot occur.
1437:
892:
Non-verbal responses to surprise can also be affected by voice inflection, distance, time, environment, volume, rate, quality, pitch, speaking style, and even the level of eye contact made by an individual trying to cause a surprise. These non-verbal cues help to define whether the perceived surprise
872:
between the facial display of surprise and the actual experience of surprise. This suggests that there are variations in the expression of surprise. It has been suggested that surprise is an envelope term for both the startle response and also disbelief. More recent research shows that raising of the
923:
As individuals become more accustomed to particular types of surprise, over time the level of surprise will decrease in intensity. This does not necessarily mean that an individual, for instance, will not be surprised during the jump scene of a scary movie, it implies that the individual may expect
888:
Pupil dilation and constriction can determine the valence of surprise from the action to the reaction of the individual. Positive valence to surprise is shown through a dilation or expansion of the pupil, where as negative valence in surprise is associated with pupil constriction. But, newer studies
908:
The aforementioned expectations of verbal language are more closely associated to negative expectancies of surprise, but positive surprise can occur from verbal interaction as well. A positive violation of expectations that could result in a positive surprise may include a low credibility source
718:
Surprise does not always have to have a negative valence. EVT proposes that expectancy's will influence the outcome of the communication as a confirmation, behaviors within the expected range, or violation, behaviors outside the expected range. EVT also postulates that positive interactions will
673:
Surprise is intimately connected to the idea of acting in accordance with a set of rules. When the rules of reality generating events of daily life separate from the rule-of-thumb expectations, surprise is the outcome. Surprise represents the difference between expectations and reality, the gap
674:
between our assumptions and expectations about worldly events and the way that those events actually turn out. This gap can be deemed an important foundation on which new findings are based since surprises can make people aware of their own
861:. The intensity of the surprise is associated with how much the jaw drops, but the mouth may not open at all in some cases. The raising of the eyebrows, at least momentarily, is the most distinctive and predictable sign of surprise.
776:, which is a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival that causes a release of adrenaline for a boost of energy as a means to escape or fight. This response generally has a negative valence in terms of surprise.
779:
Surprise has one core appraisal-appraising something as new and unexpected-but new appraisals can shift the experience of surprise to another. Appraising an event as new predicts surprise, but the appraisal of the
689:
Interactant variables involve traits of the persons involved in the communication and in this instance the communication leading to surprise, including: sex, socio-economic status, age, race, and appearance.
1267:
603:
2662:
685:(EVT) says that three factors influence a person's expectations: interactant variables, environmental variables, and variables related to the nature of the interaction or environmental variables.
741:
622:. That is, it can be pleasant/positive, unpleasant/negative, or neutral/moderate. Surprise can occur in varying levels of intensity ranging from very surprised, which may induce the
1397:
Partala, Timo; Surakka, Veikko. (2003), "Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing", International journal of human-computer studies 59.1 : 185–198
1298:
889:
show pupil dilation for negative as well as positive stimuli, indicating a general autonomous arousal associated with pupil dilation and not affective valence.
868:(that facial display is necessary in the experience of emotion or a major determinant of feelings), in the case of surprise, some research has shown a strong
1116:
583:
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1099:
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2410:
849:
Spontaneous, involuntary surprise is often expressed for only a fraction of a second. It may be followed immediately by the emotion of
2620:
645:
2422:
1034:
Burgoon, J. K.; Hale, J. L. (1988). "Nonverbal
Expectancy Violations: Model Elaboration and Application to Immediacy Behaviors".
97:
2494:
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1157:
637:. According to these perspectives, surprise is evolutionarily adaptive, and also innate and universal across human cultures.
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682:
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Surprise can also occur due to a violation of expectancies. In the specific case of interpersonal communication, the
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902:
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796:
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750:
92:
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Burgoon, J.K., Dunbar, N.E, & Segrin, C. (2002). Non-verbal influence "The persuasion handbook". p.445-465.
808:
773:
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A surprised NASA Engineer Jay Greene. Photo taken after the destruction of the
Challenger Space shuttle in 1986
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754:
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2630:
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2197:
1689:
1455:
1007:
Burgoon, J. K.; Jones, S. B. (1976). "Toward a Theory of
Personal Space Expectations and Their Violations".
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will have a positive or negative valence and to what degree the surprise will be induced by the individual.
102:
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934:
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71:
1172:"Looking Past Pleasure: Anger, Confusion, Disgust, Pride, Surprise, and Other Unusual Aesthetic Emotions"
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2645:
2290:
2095:
1524:
509:
1347:
Hess, Eckhard H.; Polt, James M. (1960). "Pupil Size as
Related to Interest Value of Visual Stimuli".
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Open eyelids: the upper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white
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1268:"Evidence for strong dissociation between emotion and facial displays: The case of surprise"
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1186:
1117:"A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents"
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1016:
781:
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within 3 to 8 ms and the full startle reflex occurring in less than two tenths of a second.
762:
711:, physiological influences, biological influences and unique individual behavioral patterns.
653:
612:
549:
524:
469:
464:
1091:
On the
Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect
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Surprise may occur due to a violation of one, two, or a combination of all three factors.
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772:
If the startle response is strongly elicited through surprise then it will bring on the
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2011:
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249:
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1935:
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Cannon, Walter (1932). Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company.
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324:
279:
244:
194:
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Reisenzein, Rainer; Bordgen, Sandra; Holtbernd, Thomas; Matz, Denise (August 2006).
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Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth.
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Complexification: Explaining a
Paradoxical World through the Science of Surprise .
704:
169:
661:
1368:
1115:
Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011).
678:. The acknowledgement of ignorance, in turn, can mean a window to new knowledge.
2239:
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2051:
1989:
1861:
1829:
1751:
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1624:
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1142:(10th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. pp. 357–358.
626:, or slightly surprised, which elicits a less intense response to the stimulus.
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611:) is a rapid, fleeting, mental and physiological state. It is related to the
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eyebrows does provide facial feedback to disbelief but not to the startle.
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Environmental variables that effect the communication of surprise include:
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Surprise is included as a primary or basic emotion in the taxonomies of
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experienced by animals and humans as the result of an unexpected event.
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The physiological response of surprise falls under the category of the
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2016:
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1324:"Exploring the positive and negative implications of facial feedback"
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Linguistics may play a role in the formulation of surprise. The
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1911:
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1721:
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Ignorance and
Surprise: Science, Society, and Ecological Design.
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439:
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359:
314:
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27:
Emotional state experienced as the result of an unexpected event
1451:
1062:"Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions"
753:
as she presents him with the sword that belonged to her father
2663:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
1896:
1584:
1418:
Burgoon, M. & Miller. (1979). Language expectancy theory.
1121:
International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
854:
389:
189:
814:
Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features:
818:
Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved and high.
700:, and the nature of the surroundings of the interaction.
703:
Interaction variables that influence surprise include:
884:) of the pupils is a non-verbal response to surprise.
2250:
2188:
1490:
1179:Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
2058:
1206:"The pupillary light reflex in normal subjects"
784:predicts the response beyond surprise, such as
1933:
1463:
577:
8:
2237:
2076:
2067:
1834:
1275:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
807:. Representation of the biblical passage in
2736:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
1800:
1256:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
1470:
1456:
1448:
584:
570:
29:
1229:
1094:. Stanford University Press. p. 76.
821:Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.
1252:Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1975).
952:
41:
1414:
1412:
7:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
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1021:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00706.x
649:Facial expressions of astonishment
25:
749:is visibly surprised by his wife
2179:
2173:
1435:
54:
49:
1088:Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000).
982:Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010.
966:New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
1:
919:Perception § Familiarity
2688:Social emotional development
1369:10.1126/science.132.3423.349
1009:Human Communication Research
1934:
683:Expectancy Violation Theory
2775:
1287:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.295
916:
903:Language expectancy theory
866:facial feedback hypothesis
2731:
2171:
1048:10.1080/03637758809376158
2621:in virtual communication
1138:Kalat, James W. (2009).
1036:Communication Monographs
774:fight-or-flight response
624:fight-or-flight response
1420:The persuasion handbook
1170:Silva, Paul J. (2009).
723:Physiological responses
2238:
2077:
2068:
2059:
1835:
1801:
935:Affective neuroscience
885:
839:or pupil constriction
811:
758:
738:
670:
658:
650:
618:Surprise can have any
82:Emotional intelligence
1222:10.1136/bjo.65.11.754
1140:Biological Psychology
879:
799:
755:Eugène de Beauharnais
744:
730:
664:
656:
648:
2658:Group affective tone
1444:at Wikimedia Commons
828:above and below the
792:Non-verbal responses
732:Sunday at the Museum
285:Emotional Detachment
2711:constructed emotion
2381:functional accounts
1361:1960Sci...132..349H
2611:in decision-making
1852:(sense of purpose)
1254:Unmasking the face
1204:Ellis, CJ (1981).
886:
870:lack of connection
812:
801:Belshazzar's Feast
759:
739:
671:
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651:
2741:
2740:
2328:Appeal to emotion
2106:Social connection
1440:Media related to
1304:on April 11, 2016
1101:978-0-8047-6436-0
747:Pedro I of Brazil
669:looking surprised
594:
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520:Social connection
16:(Redirected from
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2716:discrete emotion
2616:in the workplace
2512:Empathy quotient
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1355:(3423): 349–50.
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1303:
1297:. Archived from
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897:Verbal responses
782:coping mechanism
763:startle response
613:startle response
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21:
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2744:
2743:
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2737:
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2668:Jealousy in art
2411:in conversation
2333:Amygdala hijack
2246:
2184:
2178:
2169:
2158:sense of wonder
1486:
1476:
1432:
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1210:Br J Ophthalmol
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835:Pupil dilation
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124:
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93:Self-regulation
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2693:Stoic passions
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2103:
2098:
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2086:Sentimentality
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2019:
2014:
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1982:
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1965:
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1922:at first sight
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1662:
1660:Disappointment
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1430:External links
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1281:(2): 295–315.
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1069:Adliterate.com
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1015:(2): 131–146.
984:
976:Matthias Gross
968:
951:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:
940:Nihil admirari
937:
931:
929:
926:
914:
911:
898:
895:
847:
846:
843:
833:
822:
819:
793:
790:
736:Honoré Daumier
724:
721:
713:
712:
709:cultural norms
701:
690:
642:
639:
592:
591:
589:
588:
581:
574:
566:
563:
562:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
250:Disappointment
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
125:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
113:
112:
107:
106:
105:
100:
89:
84:
79:
74:
72:Classification
69:
63:
60:
59:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2771:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:dysregulation
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:interpersonal
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2276:in psychology
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:consciousness
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:Schadenfreude
2066:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:Mono no aware
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1788:Joie de vivre
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Gratification
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:Embarrassment
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Belongingness
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:(11): 754–9.
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
946:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
927:
925:
920:
912:
910:
906:
904:
896:
894:
890:
883:
878:
874:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
844:
842:
838:
834:
831:
827:
823:
820:
817:
816:
815:
810:
809:Daniel 5:1–31
806:
802:
798:
791:
789:
788:or interest.
787:
783:
777:
775:
770:
768:
764:
756:
752:
748:
743:
737:
733:
729:
722:
720:
716:
710:
706:
702:
699:
695:
691:
688:
687:
686:
684:
679:
677:
668:
667:Carol Burnett
663:
655:
647:
640:
638:
636:
632:
631:Carroll Izard
627:
625:
621:
616:
614:
607:
605:pronunciation
598:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
567:
565:
564:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:Schadenfreude
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
325:Gratification
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
280:Embarrassment
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:Determination
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
195:Belongingness
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
118:
117:
111:
108:
104:
103:Dysregulation
101:
99:
98:Interpersonal
96:
95:
94:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
62:
61:
57:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2733:
2673:Meta-emotion
2586:Emotionality
2559:responsivity
2507:and bullying
2502:intelligence
2312:Affectivity
2296:neuroscience
2266:in education
2137:
1849:
1810:Homesickness
1786:
1712:Enthrallment
1697:Emotion work
1560:Anticipation
1419:
1402:
1393:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1299:the original
1278:
1274:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1185:(1): 48–51.
1182:
1178:
1165:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1090:
1083:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1056:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1012:
1008:
979:
971:
963:
955:
922:
907:
900:
891:
887:
864:Despite the
863:
848:
813:
800:
778:
771:
760:
731:
717:
714:
705:social norms
680:
672:
628:
617:
596:
595:
534:
170:Anticipation
18:Astonishment
2601:and culture
2406:recognition
2391:homeostatic
2291:forecasting
2240:Weltschmerz
2213:Misanthropy
1990:grandiosity
1872:Inspiration
1862:Infatuation
1830:Humiliation
1752:Frustration
1625:Contentment
1422:.p. 177-133
1328:APA PsycNET
1308:October 11,
913:Familiarity
375:Humiliation
320:Frustration
220:Contentment
2748:Categories
2678:Pathognomy
2579:well-being
2495:and gender
2490:expression
2485:exhaustion
2470:detachment
2455:competence
2436:Emotional
2418:regulation
2401:perception
2396:in animals
2346:and memory
2282:Affective
2190:Worldviews
2052:melancholy
2037:Resentment
1907:Loneliness
1882:Irritation
1867:Insecurity
1857:Indulgence
1732:Excitement
1717:Enthusiasm
1650:Depression
1610:Confidence
1605:Compassion
1580:Attraction
1505:Admiration
1500:Acceptance
1333:2015-11-02
1158:0393002055
1074:2017-06-05
960:John Casti
947:References
917:See also:
880:Widening (
698:chronemics
635:Paul Ekman
480:Resentment
405:Loneliness
295:Enthusiasm
235:Depression
205:Confidence
135:Admiration
130:Acceptance
77:In animals
2706:appraisal
2646:sociology
2597:Emotions
2569:symbiosis
2554:reasoning
2524:isolation
2465:contagion
2450:blackmail
2376:expressed
2371:evolution
2361:and sleep
2351:and music
2286:computing
2233:Reclusion
2228:Pessimism
2203:Defeatism
2133:Suffering
2079:Sehnsucht
2022:Rejection
1973:self-pity
1948:Nostalgia
1917:limerence
1887:Isolation
1825:Hostility
1782:Happiness
1762:Gratitude
1707:Emptiness
1690:vicarious
1640:Curiosity
1615:Confusion
1555:Annoyance
1535:Amusement
1525:Agitation
1520:Affection
1515:Aesthetic
1510:Adoration
1042:: 58–79.
859:confusion
837:mydriasis
805:Rembrandt
786:confusion
694:proxemics
676:ignorance
665:Comedian
540:Suspicion
530:Suffering
500:Self-pity
465:Rejection
420:Nostalgia
400:Limerence
370:Hostility
350:Happiness
330:Gratitude
275:Elevation
230:Curiosity
210:Confusion
165:Annoyance
145:Amusement
140:Affection
2759:Emotions
2754:Reflexes
2564:security
2544:literacy
2529:lability
2519:intimacy
2460:conflict
2440:aperture
2337:Emotion
2321:negative
2316:positive
2306:spectrum
2271:measures
2223:Optimism
2218:Nihilism
2208:Fatalism
2198:Cynicism
2143:Sympathy
2138:Surprise
1980:Pleasure
1902:Kindness
1892:Jealousy
1877:Interest
1844:Hysteria
1727:Euphoria
1670:Distrust
1620:Contempt
1600:Calmness
1492:Emotions
1479:Emotions
1442:Surprise
1385:12857616
1377:14401489
1295:16881766
928:See also
882:dilation
745:Emperor
597:Surprise
535:Surprise
445:Pleasure
395:Kindness
385:Jealousy
380:Interest
305:Euphoria
260:Distrust
215:Contempt
122:Emotions
43:Emotions
35:a series
33:Part of
2734:Italics
2697:Theory
2653:Feeling
2606:history
2591:bounded
2549:prosody
2356:and sex
2341:and art
2301:science
2257:Affect
2251:Related
2126:chronic
2101:Shyness
2061:Saudade
2047:Sadness
2042:Revenge
2032:Remorse
1963:Passion
1953:Outrage
1943:Neglect
1803:Hiraeth
1702:Empathy
1680:Ecstasy
1665:Disgust
1635:Cruelty
1630:Courage
1595:Boredom
1575:Arousal
1565:Anxiety
1550:Anguish
1357:Bibcode
1349:Science
1240:7326222
1231:1039657
620:valence
515:Shyness
490:Saudade
485:Sadness
475:Remorse
435:Passion
425:Outrage
290:Empathy
270:Ecstasy
255:Disgust
225:Courage
200:Boredom
185:Arousal
175:Anxiety
160:Anguish
110:Valence
2701:affect
2683:Pathos
2636:social
2480:eating
2153:Wonder
2121:Stress
2111:Sorrow
2027:Relief
2017:Regret
2005:vanity
2000:insult
1995:hubris
1850:Ikigai
1820:Horror
1796:Hatred
1655:Desire
1645:Defeat
1570:Apathy
1383:
1375:
1293:
1238:
1228:
1156:
1098:
841:miosis
826:sclera
751:Amélie
641:Causes
550:Wonder
525:Sorrow
470:Relief
460:Regret
365:Horror
355:Hatred
240:Desire
180:Apathy
67:Affect
2626:moral
2534:labor
2386:group
2165:Worry
2148:Trust
2116:Spite
2096:Shock
2091:Shame
1985:Pride
1958:Panic
1837:Hygge
1777:Guilt
1772:Grief
1767:Greed
1737:Faith
1675:Doubt
1545:Angst
1540:Anger
1530:Agony
1381:S2CID
1302:(PDF)
1271:(PDF)
1175:(PDF)
1065:(PDF)
803:, by
555:Worry
545:Trust
510:Shock
505:Shame
450:Pride
430:Panic
345:Guilt
340:Grief
335:Greed
310:Faith
265:Doubt
155:Angst
150:Anger
2445:bias
2430:work
2012:Rage
1968:Pity
1929:Lust
1912:Love
1815:Hope
1747:Flow
1742:Fear
1722:Envy
1483:list
1373:PMID
1310:2011
1291:PMID
1236:PMID
1154:ISBN
1127:(6).
1096:ISBN
851:fear
830:iris
767:pons
633:and
455:Rage
440:Pity
415:Lust
410:Love
360:Hope
315:Fear
300:Envy
87:Mood
1897:Joy
1585:Awe
1365:doi
1353:132
1283:doi
1226:PMC
1218:doi
1187:doi
1044:doi
1017:doi
857:or
855:joy
390:Joy
190:Awe
2750::
1411:^
1379:.
1371:.
1363:.
1351:.
1326:.
1289:.
1279:91
1277:.
1273:.
1234:.
1224:.
1214:65
1212:.
1208:.
1181:.
1177:.
1123:.
1119:.
1067:.
1040:55
1038:.
1011:.
987:^
978:;
962:;
853:,
734:,
707:,
696:,
37:on
1485:)
1481:(
1471:e
1464:t
1457:v
1387:.
1367::
1359::
1336:.
1312:.
1285::
1242:.
1220::
1193:.
1189::
1183:3
1160:.
1125:2
1104:.
1077:.
1050:.
1046::
1023:.
1019::
1013:2
832:.
757:.
599:(
585:e
578:t
571:v
20:)
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