900:; they tend to focus on his personal character rather than describe events during his reign. He seems to have continued to defend his kingdom militarily and to have funded various cults and religious works. He did not have any children, and bequeathed his realm to the Roman Republic in his will with his death in 133 BC. The Romans were reluctant to take on territory in Asia Minor and did not take charge of the kingdom. A man named Aristonicus, claiming to be the illegitimate son of Eumenes II, assumed the dynastic name of Eumenes III, attempted to overturn Attalus III's will, and apparently acquired authority at least in the core Pergamese cities. In 131 or 130 BC Rome sent an army against him which was defeated. Scandalously for the time, Eumenes III was apparently willing to recruit slaves for his army and arm them. However, a second force defeated Eumenes III in 129 BC. They annexed the former kingdom of Pergamon, which became the
335:
49:
1027:
1043:
1055:
403:
1071:
955:= "Great Mother") was imported into Rome. At the time, Pergamon was Rome's closest ally in the region of the Greek Eastern Mediterranean, and they sought out artifacts from the region that matched the request, where the closest equivalent goddess was Cybele. A sacred stone dedicated to Cybele under Pergamese stewardship was sent to Rome within a year (and possibly other relics), and the new cult in Rome took credit for Rome's eventual victory in 201 BC.
63:
5335:
391:
5345:
5355:
994:. The ruling dynasty associated Telephus with its city and claimed him as its legendary forefather and the ancestor of the Attalids. Pergamon, having entered the Greek world much later than its counterparts to the west, could not boast the same divine heritage as older city-states and so had to cultivate its place in Greek mythology retroactively. Telephus defeating the
2450:
374:
970:, "bestower of victory." Eumenes II would create a magnificent new two-story temple to Athena, refounded the festival in her honor as the festival of Nikephoria in 181 BC, and dedicated a site outside the city with the name Nikephorion. The Nikephoria would be the most important religious celebration in Pergamum in the 2nd century BC.
1230:
praise the
Attalids, his enemies, for their unity as instrumental to their success as he mourns the hatred between his own sons that brought down the Antigonid Macedonian kingdom. While this dialogue was surely a literary invention, it seems accurate that the Attalid royal court avoided scandal and
731:
Gauls. Achaeus returned from his victorious campaign in 217 BC and hostilities between the two resumed. Attalus made an alliance with
Antiochus III, who besieged Achaeus in Sardis in 214 BC. Antiochus captured the city and put Achaeus to death in the next year. Attalus regained control over his
723:
made
Achaeus governor of the Seleucid territories north of the Taurus. Achaeus embarked upon a remarkably successful military campaign. Within two years, he had recovered the lost territories, taken parts of the traditional Pergamese heartland, and forced Attalus to retreat within the walls of
1225:
A notable aspect of
Attalid dynastic propaganda was the unity of the family and the avoiding of petty royal squabbles between siblings that consumed their neighbors in civil wars and assassinations. Perhaps spurred by the precariousness of their royal claim, the Attalids displayed remarkable
966:, but nothing is known of it. By 220 BC, Attalus I is recorded as holding important games in Athena's honor, and likely expanding the precincts of Athena's temple. At some point at either the end of Attalus I's rule or near the start of Eumenes II's rule, Athena was given the local title
977:
embarked upon a vast building program in
Pergamon to suit the capital's new prominence. He expanded the Library of Pergamon that had probably been started by his father Attalus I, which adjoined the newly created Temple to Athena noted above. He also began construction of the great
759:
of the
Seleucids seem to have conquered or at least cowed into neutrality much of Pergamese territory in 198 BC; by 196 BC, at least, it seems that Antiochus III was able to march his armies through the area without opposition, and important putatively Attalid cities such as
1054:
676:. Antiochus Hierax made alliances with other kings in Asia Minor, his base of power, including both the Galatians and the Cappadocians. Around 230 BC, Hireax attacked Pergamon with the help of the Galatians. Attalus defeated the Gauls and Antiochus in the
724:
Pergamon. However, Achaeus himself turned on
Antiochus III and proclaimed himself a king, perhaps because he was accused of intending to revolt anyway, or perhaps simply drunk with success. By 220/219 BC, Achaeus and Attalus seem to have made peace.
743:(214–205 BC), although their participation was rather ineffective and insignificant. They would go on to support Rome in many subsequent wars. Attalus I, who had helped the Romans in the first war, also provided them with assistance in the
819:, another Roman ally. Later the Romans gave these possessions of Rhodes to Pergamon. These acquisitions were an enormous increase in the size and influence of Pergamon. During the reign of Eumenes II, the Pergamese would also fight the
998:
was likely allegorical to the modern
Attalids defeating the Galatians and Gauls in a similar battle of good vs. evil, to burnish the legitimacy of the dynasty. Similarly, the Attalids implausibly claimed a link to Alexander the Great via
1026:
962:. A temple to Athena seems to have been built around the beginning of the third century BC, while Lysimachus still acknowledged Seleucid suzerainty, and portraits of Athena appeared on coinage. A festival was also held called
517:, but exercised considerable autonomy and soon became entirely independent. It was a monarchy ruled by Philetaerus's extended family and their descendants. It lasted around 150 years before being eventually absorbed by the
513:, one of Lysimachus' lieutenants, rebelled and took the city of Pergamon and its environs with him; Lysimachus died soon after in 281 BC. The new kingdom was initially in a vassal-like relationship of nominal fealty to the
658:. This victory was a key to the legitimacy of Hellenistic kings, who styled themselves after Alexander the Great's legacy of military glories, and improved the standing and prestige of the kingdom. Attalus took the name
6980:
6923:
6975:
573:, but enjoyed considerable autonomy. He extended his power and influence beyond just the city of Pergamon, making allies with neighboring city states. He contributed troops, money, and food to the city of
1042:
557:
under his purview. At some point prior to 281 BC, Philetaerus deserted
Lysimachus and rebelled, allegedly over fears of Arsinoe, Lysimachus's wife, who was accused of arranging the death of
608:
in 261 BC. He created an outright independent
Pergamese state, and greatly increased its territories. He established garrisons, such as Philetaireia, in the north at the foot of
850:
as king in 159 BC, although Attalus II had already assumed many key responsibilities by then. Before he became king, he was a military commander. In 190 BC he took part in the
6825:
866:, led by his son Demetrius. Attalus expanded his kingdom and founded the cities of Philadelphia and Attalea-in-Pamphylia. In 152 BC the two kings and Rome helped and funded
6934:
6327:
6914:
6910:
1070:
2482:
48:
6937:
6908:
712:, who had succeeded Seleucus II, to recover the lost territory. The newly expanded kingdom stretched over 143,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi).
5391:
1011:. According to the Attalids, Pergamus had founded the city of Pergamon and named it after himself, while they claimed Andromache was a distant ancestor of
4082:
854:, which was the final victory of the Romans in the war against the Seleucids. In 189 BC he led the Pergamene troops which flanked the Roman army under
624:, reaching the Gulf of Cyme. Eumenes I minted coins with the portrait of Philetaerus, who during his reign had still been depicting the Seleucid king
6818:
6985:
6933:
6889:
3470:
2414:
858:
in the Galatian War. He was the lead commander in the war with Pontus, as well. After becoming king in his own right, he made war against
855:
585:, thus gaining prestige and goodwill for him and his family. He built the sanctuary of Demeter on the acropolis of Pergamon, the temple of
727:
In 218 BC, Achaeus undertook an expedition to Selge, south of the Taurus. Attalus recaptured his former territories with the help of some
6928:
6846:
6855:
6811:
2475:
6935:
6921:
6920:
6897:
6896:
6929:
6892:
6864:
6851:
4092:
3782:
3475:
3409:
2271:
2256:
6870:
6917:
6894:
3480:
3455:
2317:
2290:
2238:
6882:
6875:
6871:
5384:
5289:
4038:
3465:
3460:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6876:
6862:
6857:
6849:
6848:
3932:
3792:
3787:
3064:
935:). Various art and statues were built to them. The worship of Cybele would later intersect with Roman history. According to
569:, while Seleucus himself was killed a few months later. Philetaerus offered his services to Seleucus and his successors of the
6915:
6909:
6904:
349:
6930:
6508:
6400:
5316:
3957:
2468:
558:
4868:
6879:
6924:
6922:
6861:
6649:
6635:
6503:
6488:
5643:
5311:
4361:
3877:
3797:
3495:
3205:
6955:
6793:
6498:
6483:
6458:
6435:
6415:
5284:
3813:
3267:
6845:
715:
The expansion was not to last long. In 223 BC, Seleucus III crossed the Taurus, but was assassinated, and the general
398:, one of the steepest theatres in the world, has a capacity of 10,000 people and was constructed in the 3rd century BC.
6970:
6874:
6863:
6697:
6682:
6493:
6478:
6463:
6448:
6405:
6377:
5588:
5377:
4339:
3947:
3823:
3485:
3439:
3394:
3170:
2859:
1709:
6916:
4878:
553:. Philetaerus was trusted to manage the fortress of Pergamon and guard much of Lysimachus's treasury, and had 9,000
6850:
2285:. Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, Volume 36 (Second ed.). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
646:) succeeded Eumenes I after being adopted as his son. Early in his reign, he won a battlefield victory against the
6513:
6468:
6443:
6420:
6390:
6211:
5000:
4873:
4006:
4001:
3977:
3887:
3404:
2502:
863:
655:
6901:
704:. With Antiochus Hierax's death, Attalus gained control over all Seleucid territories in Asia Minor north of the
6856:
6425:
6410:
6313:
6270:
6096:
5849:
5493:
5358:
5301:
4257:
4060:
4045:
3967:
3902:
3371:
3222:
3117:
2591:
2525:
582:
6885:
2374:
2197:
6965:
6960:
6911:
6895:
6740:
6672:
6658:
6653:
6644:
6630:
6616:
6606:
6473:
6395:
6323:
6308:
6275:
6265:
6141:
5854:
4055:
4018:
3952:
3618:
3505:
2438:
2384:
995:
617:
6880:
6869:
6852:
6589:
1939:
62:
6884:
6854:
6907:
6720:
6687:
6640:
6626:
6518:
6385:
6332:
6298:
6290:
6239:
6234:
5920:
5744:
5623:
5557:
5465:
5432:
5338:
4462:
4262:
4247:
4050:
4033:
4013:
3982:
3882:
3818:
3434:
3419:
3389:
3350:
3227:
3079:
2581:
2401:
2397:
2389:
720:
589:(Pergamon's patron deity), and Pergamon's first palace. He added considerably to the city's fortifications.
6925:
2428:
1061:
784:
6886:
6860:
6755:
6621:
6453:
6342:
6337:
6303:
6260:
6229:
6101:
6026:
5963:
5940:
5859:
5844:
5834:
5829:
5814:
5754:
5749:
5734:
5603:
5508:
5498:
5460:
5296:
4299:
4070:
4028:
3962:
3927:
3379:
3363:
3059:
3000:
2849:
2844:
2364:
2345:
1702:
901:
875:
859:
836:
685:
669:
651:
6905:
6902:
2262:
Dignas B., "Rituals and the Construction of Identity in Attalid Pergamon" in Dignas B, Smith RRR (eds.),
2249:
The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation
6926:
6881:
6865:
6853:
6847:
6781:
6776:
6760:
6730:
6596:
6362:
6318:
6255:
6051:
6041:
5988:
5983:
5839:
5819:
5809:
5804:
5789:
5779:
5739:
5618:
5613:
5593:
5583:
5567:
5562:
5427:
5348:
4577:
4567:
4557:
4542:
4232:
3972:
3942:
3897:
3892:
3523:
3490:
3292:
3197:
3183:
2839:
2710:
2674:
2369:
1064:. Rome was eager to weaken the Seleucids by awarding territory to the weaker and Roman-allied Pergamon.
924:
origin that became syncretized with Greek beliefs and mythology, and the Corybantes, worshippers of the
879:
870:
in his successful bid to start a civil war in the Seleucid Empire and to seize the Seleucid throne from
840:
828:
824:
744:
709:
677:
484:
293:
6887:
402:
6919:
6912:
6893:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6859:
6766:
6745:
6548:
6367:
6219:
5794:
5774:
5691:
5681:
5648:
5598:
5503:
5475:
5455:
5417:
4820:
4814:
4800:
4284:
4242:
4214:
4099:
3912:
3142:
2938:
2454:
1854:
832:
740:
566:
126:
6888:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6834:
6715:
6667:
6662:
6553:
6357:
6250:
6244:
6106:
5824:
5759:
5701:
5628:
5608:
5572:
5518:
5513:
5422:
4951:
4921:
4309:
4204:
4199:
3636:
2951:
2834:
2788:
2551:
1227:
542:
506:
6867:
6866:
6858:
5344:
878:
to seize the Bithynian throne from his father Prusias II. Attalus II also aided the Romans in the
6891:
6735:
6584:
6166:
6018:
5729:
5719:
5686:
5523:
5442:
5400:
5168:
5065:
4971:
4615:
4532:
4420:
3922:
3746:
3262:
3242:
3099:
2970:
2854:
2649:
2576:
891:
851:
668:, king. Several years later, the "War of the Brothers" broke out in the Seleucid Empire between
647:
625:
609:
562:
430:
354:
246:
6899:
791:, the Romans seized the possessions of the defeated Antiochus III in Asia Minor and gave Mysia,
768:
were in Seleucid possession. The authority of the Pergamese state was hanging by a thread when
620:, which was named after his grandfather. He also extended his control to the south of the river
6883:
6872:
6890:
6771:
6750:
6705:
6352:
6280:
6126:
5764:
5724:
5539:
5485:
5470:
5243:
4830:
4379:
4227:
4179:
4023:
3992:
3937:
3854:
3731:
3603:
3424:
3257:
3210:
3150:
3024:
3006:
2982:
2964:
2874:
2869:
2520:
2330:(The Routledge History of the Ancient World), Routledge, first edition, 1999; ASIN: B017PNSW7M
2313:
2296:
2286:
2267:
2252:
2234:
944:
871:
716:
597:
85:
6918:
6906:
862:
in 156–154 BC with the help of the Romans. He also made an alliance and received troops from
6528:
6347:
5998:
5882:
5784:
5577:
5552:
5173:
4705:
4670:
4487:
4344:
4222:
4109:
4104:
3429:
3384:
3215:
3122:
2738:
2571:
2556:
2546:
2278:
2052:
1848:
940:
932:
788:
705:
673:
612:, which was named after his adoptive father, and Attaleia, in the east, to the northeast of
448:
122:
5213:
783:, rejected an offer of marriage and alliance with the Seleucids, and supported Rome in the
6224:
6181:
6116:
6076:
5892:
5769:
5711:
5676:
5668:
5547:
5188:
4946:
4734:
4547:
4289:
4155:
4087:
3414:
3012:
2994:
2902:
2879:
2753:
2664:
2624:
2561:
2433:
867:
570:
514:
340:
112:
108:
104:
1851:, Roman city, former diocese and present Latin Catholic titular bishopric; now Yanantepe
958:
Another cult of importance, if more common in the Hellenistic world, was to the goddess
6913:
6601:
6171:
6111:
5799:
5409:
5070:
5010:
5005:
4961:
4742:
4690:
4680:
4660:
4650:
4394:
4389:
4384:
3869:
3849:
3237:
3047:
3036:
3030:
3018:
2818:
2793:
2705:
2566:
2491:
979:
925:
780:
736:
621:
518:
475:
426:
367:
280:
1857:, Roman city, former diocese and present Latin Catholic titular bishopric; now Antalya
6949:
6569:
6558:
6056:
6046:
6003:
5968:
5696:
5306:
5223:
5198:
4888:
4810:
4492:
4435:
4334:
4324:
4294:
4276:
4150:
3302:
3084:
2976:
2932:
2894:
2733:
2654:
896:
Not that much has survived in ancient sources of the reign of the last Attalid king,
846:
Eumenes II was ill for the last decade of his life, and was succeeded by his brother
756:
596:, succeeded him upon his death in 263 BC. He rebelled and defeated the Seleucid king
2308:
Kosmetatou, Elizabeth (2003). "The Attalids of Pergamon". In Erskine, Andrew (ed.).
973:
After the Pergamese expansion in size and prestige after the Treaty of Apamea, King
835:(171–168 BC). Eumenes II also successfully intervened in Seleucid politics, aiding
680:
and in a second battle in the east. He then fought Antiochus alone in a battle near
6611:
6574:
6538:
6191:
6176:
6091:
6031:
5993:
5973:
5958:
5633:
5123:
5075:
4941:
4795:
4665:
4304:
4140:
3646:
3608:
3307:
1178:, with a few minor corrections by modern historians for apparent slips of the pen.
820:
554:
390:
6151:
6146:
6086:
6071:
6008:
5953:
5930:
5925:
5900:
5638:
5143:
5035:
5015:
4848:
4843:
4351:
4329:
4319:
4314:
4237:
4194:
3741:
3651:
3641:
3528:
3518:
3282:
2659:
2634:
1825:
1811:
1349:
1218:
1212:
1182:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1033:
1008:
897:
693:
534:
510:
297:
276:
259:
232:
220:
160:
100:
1170:
Knowledge of the dates of the reigns of the Attalid kings are largely based on
6710:
6677:
6543:
6201:
6061:
5948:
5915:
5877:
5869:
5080:
5050:
5045:
5030:
4916:
4883:
4552:
4522:
4189:
3917:
3751:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3563:
3548:
3538:
3513:
2889:
2644:
2599:
1717:
1688:
1206:
1200:
1048:
Pergamon's territory in 200 BC, before the outbreak of war with the Seleucids.
1004:
974:
847:
769:
538:
502:
498:
208:
196:
6579:
6563:
6196:
6186:
6161:
6131:
6036:
5978:
5910:
5905:
5658:
5653:
5528:
5450:
5055:
4981:
4966:
4936:
4931:
4863:
4787:
4772:
4757:
4700:
4600:
4252:
4184:
3756:
3736:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3661:
3656:
3626:
3573:
3533:
3312:
3178:
3132:
3112:
2919:
2743:
2614:
2357:
1548:
1454:
1194:
1188:
1076:
Another map of Pergamon after 188 BC, showing specific cities in Asia Minor.
800:
636:
593:
550:
184:
172:
2449:
6156:
6081:
6066:
5105:
5095:
5085:
5060:
4926:
4858:
4838:
4805:
4767:
4710:
4625:
4610:
4467:
4457:
4374:
4369:
3766:
3761:
3721:
3716:
3691:
3671:
3598:
3553:
3543:
3399:
3297:
3232:
3160:
2768:
2379:
1012:
1000:
991:
987:
765:
700:
in 227 BC. He was killed in battle against the Gauls and the Kingdom of
664:
613:
565:, another of Alexander's generals, defeated and killed Lysimachus at the
546:
438:
434:
407:
395:
263:
141:
76:
17:
6725:
6121:
5248:
5238:
5193:
5183:
5178:
5163:
5153:
5138:
5133:
5020:
4908:
4898:
4777:
4752:
4747:
4720:
4715:
4695:
4685:
4675:
4640:
4630:
4620:
4572:
4562:
4537:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4472:
4125:
3907:
3568:
3558:
3317:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3252:
3247:
3127:
3074:
2988:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2748:
917:
913:
812:
796:
761:
574:
81:
6803:
779:) came to the throne in 197 BC. Eumenes II sought alliances with the
6136:
5369:
5218:
5148:
5128:
5090:
4956:
4762:
4655:
4592:
4582:
4527:
4145:
4130:
3726:
3711:
3686:
3681:
3666:
3327:
3322:
3089:
3069:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2669:
2629:
2619:
2604:
1171:
983:
959:
928:
921:
816:
728:
697:
681:
605:
586:
89:
1992:
Green, P., "The Road to Sellasia". Alexander to Actium, pp. 264-265
947:
told the Senate that Carthage would be defeated if the cult of the
5228:
5203:
5100:
5040:
5025:
4893:
4853:
4605:
4517:
4512:
4482:
4477:
4452:
4135:
3676:
3631:
3583:
3155:
3107:
2808:
2778:
2725:
2700:
2639:
2609:
808:
804:
792:
701:
689:
601:
578:
401:
389:
2460:
2300:
5233:
5208:
5158:
4645:
4635:
2352:
2340:
936:
6807:
5373:
5273:
4415:
3844:
3348:
2695:
2515:
2464:
882:, the final war that destroyed Macedonia as a political force.
6844:
460:
2012:
2010:
831:(around 183-179 BC?), and would aid the Romans again in the
692:
in 229 BC. After this Antiochus left to start a campaign in
6981:
States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC
1911:
1909:
1036:
holds just the city of Pergamon and its immediate environs.
2064:
2062:
2060:
1976:
1974:
1961:
1959:
1896:
1894:
931:(possibly the Asia Minor equivalent of the Greek goddess
912:
Two notable cults in early Pergamon were the cult of the
463:
454:
6976:
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
662:, "Savior", afterward, and explicitly took the title of
751:
Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)
787:
of 192–188 BC. In 188 BC, after the war's end by the
2264:
Historical and Religious Memory in the Ancient World
1032:Territory after the death of Lysimachus in 281 BC.
466:
457:
6696:
6527:
6434:
6376:
6289:
6210:
6017:
5939:
5891:
5868:
5710:
5667:
5538:
5484:
5441:
5408:
5114:
4991:
4980:
4907:
4829:
4786:
4733:
4591:
4443:
4434:
4360:
4275:
4213:
4168:
4118:
4069:
3991:
3868:
3806:
3775:
3617:
3504:
3448:
3370:
3196:
3169:
3141:
3098:
3046:
2888:
2827:
2724:
2590:
2539:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1088:
537:rose from humble origins to become a lieutenant of
489:
451:
290:
273:
256:
242:
226:
214:
202:
190:
178:
166:
154:
140:
132:
118:
96:
72:
32:
982:in the late 180s BC. In its interior there is a
1060:Pergamon's expansion after Roman victory in the
530:From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)
815:, in the southwestern corner of Asia Minor, to
1226:cooperation between each other. Polybius has
6819:
5385:
2476:
2231:The Attalid Kingdom: A Constitutional History
501:that was created from the territory ruled by
8:
2247:Austin, M. M., "The Attalids of Pergamum",
632:Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)
549:), who ruled a large state centered around
6826:
6812:
6804:
5392:
5378:
5370:
5270:
4988:
4440:
4431:
4412:
4172:
4075:
3865:
3841:
3358:
3345:
3052:
2721:
2692:
2536:
2512:
2483:
2469:
2461:
2328:The Greek World After Alexander, 323–30 BC
2208:
2173:
2137:
2016:
1915:
1885:
1873:
1003:, a very marginal figure who was a son of
61:
29:
521:during the period from 133–129 BC.
27:Greek state during the Hellenistic period
1231:appealed well to the common citizenry.
1221:Aristonicus (pretender, 133–129 BC)
943:between Rome and Carthage (205 BC), the
1940:Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.8.1
1866:
1022:
433:that ruled much of the Western part of
2149:
2092:
2080:
2028:
2001:
1980:
1965:
1950:
1927:
1900:
1085:
719:assumed control of the Seleucid army.
6324:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
2185:
2161:
2116:
2104:
2068:
2040:
1824:
1822:
1810:
1808:
1806:
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1800:
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1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
839:in his quest to take the throne from
592:Philetaerus' nephew and adopted son,
289:
272:
255:
251:
225:
213:
201:
189:
177:
165:
153:
149:
139:
7:
6792:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
4884:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
2310:A Companion to the Hellenistic World
2251:, Cambridge University Press, 2006;
2198:Strabo, Geography, 13.4.1-2; 623-624
735:The Attalids became allies of the
708:. He repulsed several attempts by
25:
2266:, Oxford University Press, 2012;
5353:
5343:
5334:
5333:
2448:
1069:
1053:
1041:
1025:
916:, a pantheon likely of original
447:
372:
347:
333:
47:
5354:
2312:. Blackwell. pp. 159–174.
803:to the kingdom of Pergamon and
774:
650:of Asia Minor (called Gauls by
641:
40:approx. 282 BC–129 BC
6986:States in Hellenistic Anatolia
1209:Philadelphus (159–138 BC)
886:Final years (138–129 BC)
616:near the sources of the river
581:, for its defense against the
279:bequeathed the kingdom to the
1:
6796:in most of their territories.
5594:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
2955:
2942:
2923:
2906:
2346:From the Founding of the City
406:Ruins of the ancient city of
262:takes control of the city of
4083:Funeral and burial practices
3268:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2439:Resources in other libraries
2176:, pp. 164–165, 167–168.
874:. In 149 BC, Attalus helped
827:(around 188–184 BC?),
559:Agathocles, Lysimachus's son
5589:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
2233:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2229:Allen, Reginald E. (1983).
1710:Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia
490:
7002:
4007:Greek Revival architecture
2152:, pp. 50–51, 434–436.
2128:Shipley 2000, pp. 318–319.
996:giants in the Gigantomachy
908:Art, religion, and culture
889:
864:Ariarathes V of Cappadocia
696:, and then pivoted toward
656:Battle of the Caecus River
6841:
6790:
5494:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
5329:
5280:
5269:
4430:
4411:
4175:
4078:
3864:
3840:
3415:Attalid kings of Pergamon
3361:
3357:
3344:
3223:Antigonid Macedonian army
3055:
2720:
2691:
2535:
2511:
2498:
2434:Resources in your library
2188:, pp. 9–11, 181–183.
2053:Attalus, Eumenes II Soter
1778:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1748:
1714:
1699:
1685:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1559:
1513:
1511:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
479:
437:from its capital city of
312:
308:
292:• Incorporated into
252:
238:
150:
60:
44:
39:
5855:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
5654:Cleopatra VII Philopator
2283:The Attalids of Pergamon
6652:'s attempted rule with
6333:Mithridates V Euergetes
5745:Antiochus III the Great
5558:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
5499:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
5423:Alexander III the Great
1197:Soter (241–197 BC)
1092:Δυναστεία των Ατταλιδών
721:Antiochus III the Great
491:Dynasteía ton Attalidón
480:Δυναστεία των Ατταλιδών
441:. It was ruled by the
228:• 133–129 BC
216:• 138–133 BC
204:• 160–138 BC
192:• 197–159 BC
180:• 241–197 BC
168:• 263–241 BC
156:• 282–263 BC
6436:Monarchs of Cappadocia
6338:Mithridates VI Eupator
5860:Philip II Philoromaeus
5845:Antiochus XII Dionysus
5835:Demetrius III Eucaerus
5830:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
5815:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
5755:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
5750:Seleucus IV Philopator
5735:Seleucus II Callinicus
5634:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
5509:Demetrius II Aetolicus
3449:Artists & scholars
3364:List of ancient Greeks
3001:Second Athenian League
2850:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2675:Ancient Greek colonies
1015:, Alexander's mother.
986:depicting the life of
949:Mater Deum Magna Idaea
902:Roman province of Asia
876:Nicomedes II Epiphanes
860:Prusias II of Bithynia
837:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
777: 197–159 BC
686:Battle of the Harpasus
670:Seleucus II Callinicus
644: 241–197 BC
410:
399:
294:Roman province of Asia
6378:Monarchs of Commagene
6299:Mithridates I Ctistes
5840:Philip I Philadelphus
5820:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
5810:Antiochus VIII Grypus
5805:Seleucus V Philometor
5790:Antiochus VII Sidetes
5780:Antiochus VI Dionysus
5740:Seleucus III Ceraunus
5639:Berenice IV Epiphanea
5584:Ptolemy VI Philometor
5568:Ptolemy IV Philopator
5563:Ptolemy III Euergetes
5428:Philip III Arrhidaeus
4568:Sybaris on the Traeis
3293:Sacred Band of Thebes
3033:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
2547:Cycladic civilization
2370:Description of Greece
990:, son of the demigod
890:Further information:
880:Fourth Macedonian War
829:Pharnaces I of Pontus
825:Prusias I of Bithynia
745:Second Macedonian War
710:Seleucus III Ceraunus
678:Battle of Aphrodisium
405:
393:
97:Common languages
6212:Monarchs of Bithynia
5795:Alexander II Zabinas
5775:Demetrius II Nicator
5692:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
5659:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
5624:Ptolemy XI Alexander
5599:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
5504:Antigonus II Gonatas
4093:mythological figures
3814:Ancient Greek tribes
2939:Peloponnesian League
2457:at Wikimedia Commons
2349:, Books 33–35, 42–45
1855:Attalea in Pamphylia
856:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso
833:Third Macedonian War
741:First Macedonian War
567:Battle of Corupedium
296:after the defeat of
127:Hellenistic Religion
6956:Kingdom of Pergamon
6835:History of Anatolia
6794:Hellenistic satraps
5825:Antiochus X Eusebes
5760:Antiochus V Eupator
5702:Cleopatra Selene II
5629:Ptolemy XII Auletes
5614:Ptolemy X Alexander
5609:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
5573:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
5514:Antigonus III Doson
4205:Tunnel of Eupalinos
4200:Theatre of Dionysus
3824:Ancient Macedonians
3440:Tyrants of Syracuse
2952:Amphictyonic League
2552:Minoan civilization
2420:Kingdom of Pergamon
2211:, pp. 168–170.
2164:, pp. 122–129.
2140:, pp. 165–166.
2095:, pp. 136–139.
2083:, pp. 133–135.
1888:, pp. 160–161.
1876:, pp. 159–160.
1228:Philip V of Macedon
1101:Kingdom of Pergamon
1082:Dynasty of Pergamon
543:Alexander the Great
507:Alexander the Great
415:Kingdom of Pergamon
269:approx. 282 BC
34:Kingdom of Pergamon
6971:Hellenistic states
6698:Monarchs of Epirus
6531:Cimmerian Bosporus
6291:Monarchs of Pontus
5850:Cleopatra Selene I
5730:Antiochus II Theos
5720:Seleucus I Nicator
5687:Demetrius the Fair
5669:Monarchs of Cyrene
4879:Menestheus's Limin
4533:Pandosia (Lucania)
4421:Greek colonisation
3783:Athenian statesmen
3544:Diogenes of Sinope
3405:Kings of Macedonia
3395:Kings of Commagene
3263:Macedonian phalanx
3243:Hellenistic armies
2991:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
2855:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2577:Hellenistic Greece
2043:, pp. 77, 86.
1109:Western Asia Minor
1062:Roman–Seleucid War
892:War of Aristonicus
852:Battle of Magnesia
785:Roman–Seleucid War
626:Seleucus I Nicator
563:Seleucus I Nicator
497:The kingdom was a
431:Hellenistic period
411:
400:
355:Lysimachian Empire
247:Hellenistic period
67:Pergamon in 188 BC
6943:
6942:
6801:
6800:
6281:Socrates Chrestus
5770:Alexander I Balas
5765:Demetrius I Soter
5725:Antiochus I Soter
5471:Antipater Etesias
5367:
5366:
5325:
5324:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
4831:Iberian Peninsula
4763:Lipara/Meligounis
4729:
4728:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4380:Cypriot syllabary
4271:
4270:
4180:Athenian Treasury
4164:
4163:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3425:Ptolemaic dynasty
3385:Archons of Athens
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3211:Athenian military
3192:
3191:
3025:League of Corinth
3007:Thessalian League
2983:Chalcidian League
2965:Acarnanian League
2875:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2453:Media related to
2415:Library resources
2279:Hansen, Esther V.
2119:, pp. 84–85.
2107:, pp. 81–83.
2071:, pp. 76–81.
2031:, pp. 57–60.
2004:, pp. 46–50.
1983:, pp. 36–43.
1968:, pp. 34–36.
1953:, pp. 30–31.
1930:, pp. 28–29.
1903:, pp. 17–19.
1840:
1839:
1712:
1474:
1458:ruler of Pergamon
1364:
1353:ruler of Pergamon
1270:
1235:Attalid genealogy
1215:(138–133 BC)
1203:(197–159 BC)
1191:(263–241 BC)
1185:(282–263 BC)
1168:
1167:
872:Demetrius I Soter
598:Antiochus I Soter
488:
429:state during the
419:Pergamene Kingdom
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
360:
359:
16:(Redirected from
6993:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6805:
6593:
6509:Ariobarzanes III
5883:Ptolemy Epigonos
5785:Diodotus Tryphon
5578:Cleopatra I Syra
5553:Ptolemy Keraunos
5394:
5387:
5380:
5371:
5357:
5356:
5347:
5337:
5336:
5271:
4989:
4488:Heraclea Lucania
4441:
4432:
4413:
4173:
4105:Twelve Olympians
4076:
3866:
3842:
3430:Seleucid dynasty
3410:Kings of Paionia
3359:
3346:
3216:Scythian archers
3123:Graphe paranomon
3053:
2960:
2957:
2947:
2944:
2928:
2925:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2722:
2693:
2572:Classical Greece
2557:Mycenaean Greece
2537:
2513:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2452:
2326:Shipley (2000).
2323:
2304:
2244:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1849:Attalea in Lydia
1832:king of Pergamon
1818:king of Pergamon
1724:king of Pergamon
1706:
1695:king of Pergamon
1555:king of Pergamon
1472:
1362:
1268:
1239:
1238:
1164:
1162:
1086:
1073:
1057:
1045:
1029:
945:Sibylline Oracle
941:Second Punic War
789:Treaty of Apamea
778:
776:
706:Taurus Mountains
674:Antiochus Hierax
645:
643:
493:
483:
481:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
376:
375:
364:
363:
351:
350:
337:
336:
330:
329:
314:
313:
123:Greek Polytheism
65:
51:
30:
21:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6966:Former kingdoms
6961:Attalid dynasty
6946:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6837:
6832:
6802:
6797:
6786:
6692:
6683:Mithridates III
6587:
6530:
6529:Monarchs of the
6523:
6504:Ariobarzanes II
6489:Ariarathes VIII
6430:
6416:Mithridates III
6372:
6314:Mithridates III
6285:
6206:
6013:
5941:Greco-Bactrians
5935:
5887:
5864:
5706:
5663:
5548:Ptolemy I Soter
5534:
5480:
5437:
5404:
5398:
5368:
5363:
5321:
5276:
5253:
5116:
5110:
4993:
4984:
4976:
4947:Melaina Korkyra
4903:
4825:
4782:
4735:Aeolian Islands
4725:
4587:
4445:
4426:
4425:
4399:
4356:
4267:
4209:
4160:
4114:
4065:
3987:
3978:Wedding customs
3860:
3859:
3828:
3819:Thracian Greeks
3802:
3793:Olympic victors
3771:
3613:
3500:
3444:
3435:Kings of Sparta
3420:Kings of Pontus
3390:Kings of Athens
3366:
3353:
3332:
3228:Army of Macedon
3188:
3165:
3137:
3094:
3042:
3015:(370–c. 230 BC)
3013:Arcadian League
2997:(c. 400–188 BC)
2995:Aetolian League
2989:Boeotian League
2971:Hellenic League
2958:
2945:
2935:(c. 650–404 BC)
2926:
2920:Italiote League
2913:
2909:
2903:Doric Hexapolis
2893:
2884:
2880:Seleucid Empire
2823:
2716:
2715:
2679:
2586:
2562:Greek Dark Ages
2531:
2530:
2507:
2494:
2489:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2335:Ancient sources
2320:
2307:
2293:
2277:
2241:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2209:Kosmetatou 2003
2207:
2203:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2174:Kosmetatou 2003
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2138:Kosmetatou 2003
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2017:Kosmetatou 2003
2015:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1916:Kosmetatou 2003
1914:
1907:
1899:
1892:
1886:Kosmetatou 2003
1884:
1880:
1874:Kosmetatou 2003
1872:
1868:
1864:
1845:
1833:
1831:
1819:
1817:
1725:
1723:
1708:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1556:
1554:
1471:
1465:Philetaerus (?)
1459:
1457:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1267:
1237:
1160:
1158:
1114:Place of origin
1093:
1090:
1089:Attalid dynasty
1084:
1077:
1074:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1021:
910:
894:
888:
868:Alexander Balas
773:
753:
640:
634:
571:Seleucid Empire
532:
527:
515:Seleucid Empire
505:, a general of
450:
446:
443:Attalid dynasty
423:Attalid kingdom
373:
348:
341:Seleucid Empire
334:
301:
283:
266:
229:
217:
205:
193:
181:
169:
157:
103:
79:
68:
56:
55:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6999:
6997:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6948:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6808:
6799:
6798:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6741:Neoptolemus II
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6702:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6656:
6647:
6638:
6636:Mithridates II
6633:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6602:Paerisades III
6599:
6594:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6535:
6533:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6499:Ariobarzanes I
6496:
6491:
6486:
6484:Ariarathes VII
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6459:Ariarathes III
6456:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6406:Mithridates II
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6309:Mithridates II
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6172:Apollodotus II
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5800:Cleopatra Thea
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5374:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5351:
5341:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4986:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Megara Hyblaea
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4661:Hybla Gereatis
4658:
4653:
4651:Heraclea Minoa
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4438:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4395:Attic numerals
4392:
4390:Greek numerals
4387:
4385:Greek alphabet
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4039:Musical system
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3998:
3996:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Mathematicians
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:Kings of Argos
3376:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Cretan archers
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3037:Achaean League
3034:
3031:Euboean League
3028:
3022:
3019:Epirote League
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2967:(c. 500–31 BC)
2962:
2949:
2936:
2930:
2917:
2899:
2897:
2895:Confederations
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2819:Lissus (Crete)
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:Archaic Greece
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:Ancient Greece
2490:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:External links
2407:
2406:
2405:
2377:
2362:
2350:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2305:
2291:
2275:
2272:978-0199572069
2260:
2257:978-0521535618
2245:
2239:
2225:
2224:
2223:Modern sources
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2056:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2019:, p. 163.
2006:
1994:
1985:
1970:
1955:
1943:
1932:
1920:
1918:, p. 161.
1905:
1890:
1878:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
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1371:
1370:
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1311:
1309:
1307:
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1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:Current region
1103:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1017:
980:Pergamon Altar
926:mother goddess
909:
906:
887:
884:
781:Achaean League
752:
749:
747:(200–197 BC).
737:Roman Republic
633:
630:
628:on his coins.
583:invading Gauls
561:. In 281 BC,
531:
528:
526:
523:
519:Roman Republic
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
370:
368:Roman Republic
361:
358:
357:
352:
344:
343:
338:
326:
325:
320:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:Roman Republic
274:
271:
270:
267:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
243:Historical era
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
227:
224:
223:
218:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
200:
199:
194:
191:
188:
187:
182:
179:
176:
175:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
120:
116:
115:
98:
94:
93:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
53:
46:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6998:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6840:
6836:
6829:
6824:
6822:
6817:
6815:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6721:Neoptolemus I
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6617:Mithridates I
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:Paerisades IV
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6591:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:Paerisades II
6568:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6559:Spartokos III
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6494:Ariarathes IX
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:Ariarathes VI
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6464:Ariarathes IV
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6449:Ariarathes II
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6421:Antiochus III
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6396:Mithridates I
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6271:Nicomedes III
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6102:Demetrius III
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6057:Antimachus II
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:Apollodotus I
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Eucratides II
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:Euthydemus II
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Ptolemy Apion
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:Cleopatra III
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5360:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5272:
5268:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:Hemeroscopion
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Magna Graecia
4433:
4429:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:Arcadocypriot
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4263:Zeus, Olympia
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Hera, Olympia
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:Mount Olympus
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:Sacred places
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Olympic Games
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:Homosexuality
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Seleucid army
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:Delian League
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2953:
2950:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2933:Ionian League
2931:
2921:
2918:
2914: 560 BC
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Magna Graecia
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
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2385:The Histories
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2250:
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2240:0-19-814845-3
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2018:
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946:
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938:
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798:
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786:
782:
771:
767:
763:
758:
757:Antiochus III
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
733:
732:territories.
730:
725:
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718:
713:
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545:'s generals (
544:
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95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
75:
71:
64:
59:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
6756:Alexander II
6612:Paerisades V
6575:Spartokos IV
6539:Paerisades I
6514:Ariarathes X
6469:Ariarathes V
6444:Ariarathes I
6426:Antiochus IV
6411:Antiochus II
6343:Pharnaces II
6304:Ariobarzanes
6276:Nicomedes IV
6266:Nicomedes II
6192:Apollophanes
6177:Hippostratos
6092:Heliokles II
6052:Demetrius II
6032:Antimachus I
5994:Eucratides I
5989:Demetrius II
5974:Antimachus I
5959:Euthydemus I
5644:Ptolemy XIII
5619:Berenice III
5466:Antipater II
5433:Alexander IV
5154:Dionysopolis
5124:Abonoteichos
5076:Pantikapaion
4666:Hybla Heraea
4002:Architecture
3958:Prostitution
3647:Aristophanes
3506:Philosophers
3476:Philosophers
3308:Spartan army
3039:(280–146 BC)
3027:(338–322 BC)
3021:(370–168 BC)
3009:(374–196 BC)
3003:(378–355 BC)
2985:(430–348 BC)
2979:(478–404 BC)
2973:(499–449 BC)
2864:
2660:Peloponnesus
2582:Roman Greece
2429:Online books
2419:
2391:
2383:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2327:
2309:
2282:
2263:
2248:
2230:
2218:Bibliography
2204:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2048:
2036:
2024:
1997:
1988:
1946:
1935:
1923:
1881:
1869:
1828:
1814:
1721:Philadelphos
1720:
1691:
1551:
1224:
1175:
1169:
972:
967:
963:
957:
952:
948:
911:
895:
845:
821:Galatian War
754:
734:
726:
714:
663:
659:
635:
591:
533:
496:
442:
422:
418:
414:
412:
323:Succeeded by
322:
317:
300:Aristonicus
80:(modern-day
54:Coat of arms
6777:Pyrrhus III
6761:Olympias II
6731:Alexander I
6588: [
6585:Spartokos V
6454:Ariamnes II
6401:Antiochus I
6363:Pythodorida
6319:Pharnaces I
6240:Zipoetes II
6235:Nicomedes I
6152:Artemidoros
6147:Menander II
6087:Antialcidas
6072:Agathokleia
6027:Demetrius I
6019:Indo-Greeks
6009:Heliocles I
5964:Demetrius I
5954:Diodotus II
5931:Eumenes III
5926:Attalus III
5901:Philetaerus
5870:Lysimachids
5682:Berenice II
5649:Ptolemy XIV
5531:(pretender)
5461:Alexander V
5443:Antipatrids
5401:Hellenistic
5302:Place names
5214:Salmydessus
5036:Kalos Limen
5016:Chersonesus
5006:Borysthenes
4711:Tauromenion
4523:Metapontion
4285:Proto-Greek
4238:Erechtheion
4233:Athena Nike
4195:Philippeion
4024:Mathematics
3995:and science
3878:Agriculture
3742:Stesichorus
3652:Bacchylides
3642:Archilochus
3529:Antisthenes
3519:Anaximander
3491:Seven Sages
3481:Playwrights
3461:Geographers
3456:Astronomers
3283:Pezhetairos
2910: 1100
2890:Federations
2789:Megalopolis
2726:City states
2701:City states
2150:Hansen 1971
2093:Hansen 1971
2081:Hansen 1971
2029:Hansen 1971
2002:Hansen 1971
1981:Hansen 1971
1966:Hansen 1971
1951:Hansen 1971
1928:Hansen 1971
1901:Hansen 1971
1826:Attalus III
1815:Aristonikos
1812:Eumenes III
1731:Philetaerus
1707:daughter of
1479:Eumenes (?)
1473:∞ Antiochis
1350:Philetaerus
1219:Eumenes III
1213:Attalus III
1183:Philetaerus
1148:Eumenes III
1138:Attalus III
1134:Final ruler
1128:Philetaerus
1118:Paphlagonia
1034:Philetaerus
1009:Neoptolemus
964:Panathenaia
953:Magna Mater
898:Attalus III
739:during the
694:Mesopotamia
684:and in the
604:capital of
535:Philetaerus
511:Philetaerus
394:Theatre of
318:Preceded by
304:129 BC
298:Eumenes III
286:133 BC
277:Attalus III
260:Philetaerus
233:Eumenes III
221:Attalus III
161:Philetaerus
6950:Categories
6767:Pyrrhus II
6746:Alcetas II
6711:Tharrhypas
6678:Gepaepyris
6650:Scribonius
6544:Satyros II
6474:Orophernes
6386:Ptolemaeus
6368:Polemon II
6261:Prusias II
6230:Zipoetes I
6202:Strato III
6127:Theophilos
6107:Philoxenus
6062:Menander I
6042:Agathocles
5984:Agathocles
5949:Diodotus I
5921:Attalus II
5916:Eumenes II
5878:Lysimachus
5486:Antigonids
5204:Polemonion
5081:Phanagoria
5051:Kimmerikon
5046:Kerkinitis
5031:Hermonassa
5021:Dioscurias
4917:Aspalathos
4864:Kalathousa
4839:Akra Leuke
4768:Phoenicusa
4553:Scylletium
4538:Poseidonia
4458:Brentesion
4345:Pamphylian
4340:Macedonian
4258:Samothrace
4243:Hephaestus
4190:Long Walls
4169:Structures
4110:Underworld
4056:Technology
4019:Literature
3953:Philosophy
3918:Euergetism
3807:By culture
3752:Thucydides
3594:Pythagoras
3589:Protagoras
3579:Parmenides
3564:Heraclitus
3549:Empedocles
3539:Democritus
3524:Anaximenes
3514:Anaxagoras
3466:Historians
2959: 595
2946: 550
2927: 800
2912: – c.
2840:Cappadocia
2645:Ionian Sea
2635:Hellespont
2600:Aegean Sea
2390:Polybius,
2186:Allen 1983
2162:Allen 1983
2117:Allen 1983
2105:Allen 1983
2069:Allen 1983
2041:Allen 1983
1862:References
1834:138–133 BC
1829:Philometor
1820:133–129 BC
1726:159–138 BC
1718:Attalus II
1703:Stratonice
1697:197–159 BC
1689:Eumenes II
1557:241–197 BC
1460:263–241 BC
1355:282–263 BC
1207:Attalus II
1201:Eumenes II
1154:Deposition
1144:Final head
1005:Andromache
975:Eumenes II
968:Nikephoros
848:Attalus II
841:Heliodorus
770:Eumenes II
539:Lysimachus
503:Lysimachus
499:rump state
435:Asia Minor
209:Attalus II
197:Eumenes II
133:Government
6751:Pyrrhus I
6716:Alcetas I
6622:Pharnaces
6597:Kamasarye
6580:Leukon II
6564:Hygiainon
6519:Archelaus
6358:Polemon I
6256:Prusias I
6197:Strato II
6187:Zoilos II
6182:Dionysios
6162:Archebius
6132:Peukolaos
6097:Polyxenos
6037:Pantaleon
5979:Pantaleon
5911:Attalus I
5906:Eumenes I
5712:Seleucids
5540:Ptolemies
5529:Philip VI
5476:Sosthenes
5456:Philip IV
5451:Cassander
5418:Philip II
5290:in Epirus
5239:Trapezous
5184:Mesambria
5169:Eupatoria
5139:Apollonia
5134:Anchialos
5096:Theodosia
5066:Nymphaion
5056:Myrmekion
5026:Gorgippia
4982:Black Sea
4967:Tragurion
4952:Nymphaion
4937:Epidauros
4932:Epidamnos
4922:Apollonia
4899:Zacynthos
4821:Ptolemais
4815:Apollonia
4788:Cyrenaica
4778:Therassía
4773:Strongyle
4753:Ereikousa
4676:Leontinoi
4616:Apollonia
4493:Hipponion
4290:Mycenaean
4253:Parthenon
4185:Lion Gate
4088:Mythology
4051:Sculpture
4014:Astronomy
3948:Pederasty
3923:Festivals
3908:Education
3788:Lawgivers
3757:Timocreon
3737:Sophocles
3732:Simonides
3707:Philocles
3702:Panyassis
3697:Mimnermus
3662:Herodotus
3657:Euripides
3627:Aeschylus
3574:Leucippus
3534:Aristotle
3313:Strategos
3179:Synedrion
3133:Ostracism
3113:Areopagus
3065:Free city
2860:Macedonia
2744:Byzantion
2650:Macedonia
2615:Cyrenaica
2592:Geography
2526:Geography
2392:Histories
2365:Pausanias
2358:Periochae
2301:71-142284
2281:(1971) .
1843:Namesakes
1736:Athenaeus
1562:Apollonis
1549:Attalus I
1455:Eumenes I
1195:Attalus I
1189:Eumenes I
1176:Geography
1019:Territory
801:Pamphylia
654:) at the
652:Pausanias
648:Galatians
637:Attalus I
610:Mount Ida
600:near the
594:Eumenes I
551:Byzantium
541:, one of
485:romanized
185:Attalus I
173:Eumenes I
119:Religion
6782:Deidamia
6763:(regent)
6736:Aeacides
6673:Aspurgus
6566:(regent)
6549:Prytanis
6391:Sames II
6247:(regent)
6220:Boteiras
6167:Telephos
6157:Hermaeus
6112:Diomedes
6082:Strato I
6067:Zoilos I
5893:Attalids
5580:(regent)
5519:Philip V
5339:Category
5317:Theatres
5244:Tripolis
5179:Kerasous
5174:Heraclea
5106:Tyritake
5061:Nikonion
4972:Thronion
4894:Salauris
4849:Emporion
4806:Berenice
4796:Balagrae
4748:Euonymos
4721:Tyndaris
4706:Syracuse
4701:Selinous
4671:Kamarina
4626:Casmenae
4611:Akrillai
4528:Neápolis
4463:Caulonia
4444:Mainland
4375:Linear B
4370:Linear A
4300:Dialects
4277:Language
4071:Religion
4029:Medicine
3963:Religion
3928:Folklore
3913:Emporium
3888:Clothing
3883:Calendar
3767:Xenophon
3762:Tyrtaeus
3747:Theognis
3722:Polybius
3717:Plutarch
3692:Menander
3672:Hipponax
3599:Socrates
3554:Epicurus
3400:Diadochi
3298:Sciritae
3258:Hetairoi
3233:Ballista
3198:Military
3161:Gerousia
3151:Ekklesia
3118:Ecclesia
3100:Athenian
3048:Politics
2961:–279 BC)
2948:–366 BC)
2929:–389 BC)
2865:Pergamon
2835:Bithynia
2828:Kingdoms
2769:Pergamon
2711:Military
2706:Politics
2503:Timeline
2455:Pergamon
2380:Polybius
1363:∞ Satyra
1013:Olympias
1001:Pergamus
992:Herakles
988:Telephus
922:Thracian
918:Phrygian
766:Thyatira
729:Thracian
665:basileus
614:Thyatira
547:diadochi
439:Pergamon
408:Pergamon
396:Pergamon
264:Pergamon
142:Basileus
136:Monarchy
77:Pergamon
18:Attalids
6772:Ptolemy
6726:Arybbas
6706:Admetus
6688:Cotys I
6668:Polemon
6663:Polemon
6659:Dynamis
6654:Dynamis
6645:Dynamis
6641:Asander
6631:Dynamis
6627:Asander
6554:Eumelos
6353:Arsaces
6328:Laodice
6251:Ziaelas
6245:Etazeta
6122:Epander
6117:Amyntas
5524:Perseus
5410:Argeads
5359:Outline
5312:Temples
5249:Zaliche
5229:Thèrmae
5219:Sesamus
5189:Odessos
5164:Cytorus
5159:Cotyora
4909:Illyria
4874:Mainake
4869:Kypsela
4758:Hycesia
4716:Thermae
4696:Segesta
4686:Messana
4641:Helorus
4621:Calacte
4601:Akragas
4563:Sybaris
4548:Rhegion
4503:Krimisa
4453:Alision
4362:Writing
4335:Locrian
4325:Epirote
4295:Homeric
4228:Artemis
4215:Temples
4156:Olympia
4126:Eleusis
4061:Theatre
4046:Pottery
3973:Warfare
3968:Slavery
3903:Economy
3898:Cuisine
3893:Coinage
3870:Society
3855:Culture
3850:Society
3798:Tyrants
3637:Alcaeus
3619:Authors
3569:Hypatia
3559:Gorgias
3496:Writers
3318:Toxotai
3288:Sarissa
3278:Peltast
3273:Phalanx
3253:Hoplite
3248:Hippeis
3171:Macedon
3143:Spartan
3128:Heliaia
3075:Proxeny
2784:Larissa
2779:Kerkyra
2774:Eretria
2764:Miletus
2759:Ephesus
2754:Corinth
2749:Chalcis
2670:Taurica
2540:Periods
2521:History
2388:. See
2375:10.15.3
2373:. See
1470:Attalus
1369:Attalus
1360:Eumenes
1266:Attalus
1159: (
1124:Founder
1098:Country
813:Pisidia
797:Phrygia
762:Phocaea
717:Achaeus
575:Cyzicus
555:talents
525:History
487::
275:•
258:•
82:Bergama
73:Capital
6348:Darius
6142:Nicias
6137:Thraso
6077:Lysias
5403:rulers
5349:Portal
5297:People
5285:Cities
5224:Sinope
5209:Rhizos
5199:Phasis
5149:Bathus
5144:Athina
5129:Amisos
5091:Tanais
5086:Pityus
5011:Charax
4962:Pharos
4957:Orikon
4854:Helike
4844:Alonis
4811:Cyrene
4743:Didyme
4656:Himera
4631:Catana
4593:Sicily
4583:Thurii
4578:Terina
4543:Pixous
4498:Hydrus
4473:Croton
4305:Aeolic
4223:Aphaea
4146:Dodona
4131:Delphi
4100:Temple
3776:Others
3727:Sappho
3712:Pindar
3687:Lucian
3682:Ibycus
3667:Hesiod
3604:Thales
3372:Rulers
3351:People
3328:Xyston
3323:Xiphos
3184:Koinon
3090:Tyrant
3080:Stasis
3070:Koinon
2870:Pontus
2845:Epirus
2814:Sparta
2804:Rhodes
2799:Megara
2794:Thebes
2739:Athens
2665:Pontus
2630:Epirus
2620:Cyprus
2605:Aeolis
2417:about
2394:, 4.48
2361:, 42.3
2316:
2299:
2289:
2270:
2255:
2237:
1172:Strabo
1161:133 BC
1157:133 BC
984:frieze
960:Athena
929:Cybele
914:Cabiri
817:Rhodes
799:, and
698:Thrace
682:Sardis
622:Caïcus
606:Sardis
602:Lydian
587:Athena
425:was a
146:
113:Lydian
109:Carian
105:Lycian
90:Turkey
6661:with
6643:with
6629:with
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6326:with
5999:Plato
5677:Magas
5307:Stoae
5275:Lists
5194:Oinòe
5117:coast
5115:South
5101:Tyras
5071:Olbia
5041:Kepoi
4994:coast
4992:North
4985:basin
4927:Aulon
4889:Rhode
4801:Barca
4691:Naxos
4646:Henna
4606:Akrai
4573:Taras
4558:Siris
4518:Medma
4513:Locri
4478:Cumae
4468:Chone
4446:Italy
4352:Koine
4330:Ionic
4320:Doric
4315:Attic
4136:Delos
4034:Music
3677:Homer
3632:Aesop
3584:Plato
3486:Poets
3156:Ephor
3108:Agora
3085:Tagus
3060:Boule
2809:Samos
2734:Argos
2640:Ionia
2625:Doris
2610:Crete
2402:7.15
1692:Soter
1552:Soter
1269:∞ Boa
809:Lycia
805:Caria
793:Lydia
755:King
702:Tylis
690:Caria
660:Soter
618:Lycus
579:Mysia
577:, in
476:Greek
427:Greek
421:, or
101:Greek
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5001:Akra
4942:Issa
4636:Gela
4508:Laüs
4483:Elea
4141:Dion
3993:Arts
3983:Wine
3609:Zeno
3206:Wars
2398:5.77
2353:Livy
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2314:ISBN
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