519:(rapid eye movement) stage of sleep, when dreams occur, however this is only to portray the images we see in our dreams. Further analysis of this ideology can be seen in nightmares. Most humans do not want to have frightening dreams, still, we as individuals have no control over what we dream about. This is a prime example of why dreaming is considered an automatic behavior. Sleepwalking also comes around as a thought of automatic behavior found within the subcategory of dreams. What is happening to our bodies when we sleepwalk? Sleepwalking occurs in the frontal cortex responsible for rationality and the hippocampus used for memory. Scientists know this information from performing various tests on sleepwalking patients, such as EEG's and brain scans. It has been shown that sleepwalking relates to the natural human behavior of sleeping, although the frontal cortex is awake and ready to go. This can be seen in a lot of animal species, as this form of sleep where the frontal cortex is partially awake stems from an adaptation of enhanced survival. This is because the animals are ready to rise and defend against predators, and are less vulnerable while sleeping. While sleepwalking can be rather daunting and dangerous, it is something nobody can control, therefore considered a subclass of automatic behavior in dreams.
296:, during which the person holding the pendulum is attempting not to move it, the thought of it moving still crosses the mind. Expectation attention can therefore be described as expecting an action to occur, where our thought process is based on a movement we believe is bound to happen, creating this expectation. As our thoughts and actions are connected, focusing on the expectation of such action is likely bound to happen. We can also see the "trolling for consistent action" affecting expectation attention. For example, when thinking of a specific feeling, such as coughing, as the thought lingers for a while we suddenly feel the urge to cough, clearing our throat and then eliminating such sensation. As this process plays out, we do not feel that we coughed due to the thought of doing so, as we aren't as aware of the thought in the first place. Expectation attention allows us to focus on our thought about action, even though our consciousness does not perceive us focusing on it, and so thought and behavior are separated.
418:, and many more by using a divining/dowsing rod. A divining rod usually consists of either tree branches or a forked rod, normally being hazelwood and V/Y/L shaped. With these rods, it is believed that when standing over a water source or minerals, the rods will spontaneously cross, or stick downwards. The scientific community criticizes this belief as they think dowsing is caused by an automatic behavior from the person dowsing. Indeed, subconsciously, the rods getting pushed together might be caused by the individual. This could be explained by the
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the original thought of the specific movement of the pendulum. As we can see the result of such action that we produce, it is harder to continue producing such action if it is opposite from our original idea of how the action will be produced. As it becomes harder to see the initial perceived action, the consistency of such action is being seen less, and the consciousness will soon become the unconsciousness of performing this action.
376:, is a flat board marked with the letters of the alphabet, the words "yes and no", numbers 0–9 as well as other graphics. The board uses a small heart-shaped piece of plastic or wood which is called a planchette. To use this board correctly, participants must place their fingers on the planchette and see which direction it points. The action of the board can be explained by a psychophysiological phenomenon known as the
289:, possession, odd voices or sudden new habits, physical illness, and others. Dissociation can be connected to hypnosis, where involuntary actions are produced as a result. Hypnosis was closely related to dissociation because people were vulnerable to hypnosis while experiencing dissociative symptoms. Dissociation leads people to lose control over their actions as their consciousness and unconsciousness separate.
380:. The ideomotor effect, also known as the "Automatism Theory", is the idea that even though a person may not know they are controlling the message indicator, they are. Most proponents of the Automatism Theory undertake the fact that it is probable to move the planchette unconsciously and declare that the Ouija board opens up a shortcut from the conscious to the subconscious mind.
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eating. Something so simple as breathing is affected due to automatisms, and the effects it can cause are shortness of breath, changes in respiratory rate and pattern, and reflexes such as coughing are triggered through automatisms. These are all examples of things someone does daily and possible side effects they can experience due to their epilepsy.
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alien hand syndrome that can occur, which are the
Frontal Lobe version, the Callosal version, and the Posterior version. The frontal lobe version is the only version that affects the right hand of the individual. The callosal version involves the corpus callosum area of the brain. The posterior version involves the parietal lobe. The
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specific pattern. The pendulum is linked to automatism as it is often believed to be caused by automatic behavior. Indeed, slight movement can make the pendulum move. In addition, thinking about the pendulum moving can subconsciously push someone to move the pendulum and blame it on spirits. This is another case of the
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Eating is another aspect of one's life that happens daily. Automatisms that are attached to eating can be triggered or caused by eating which can cause dizziness, impaired speech, jerking, and lip-smacking, without loss of awareness. All of those effects are provoked by eating or the mere thought of
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are uncontrollable movements, also known as automatism. O'Sullivan observed many automatisms in her patients such as purposeless swearing, spitting, uncontrollable clicking fingers, fumbling movements, and more. According to O'Sullivan, these symptoms are "an automatic release phenomenon that occurs
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is an automatic behavior, first discovered in 1908, in which the person has uncontrolled behavior and observes his limbs moving without consciously having the capacity to control it. Often, it happens to be the left hand, since the right hemisphere is affected. There are a few different versions of
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Movement confusion is another condition of automatism, and is defined as one's belief that an action must be seen to believe that they are producing that action. For example, with the use of a pendulum, pushing a pendulum in a certain direction or pulling it in the opposite direction can contradict
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An outside agent can also be a condition of automatism. People subject to automatism will produce involuntary actions that were not controlled by their mental causation. To explain that phenomenon many will believe an outside factor is responsible for the action. Since the individuals don't have a
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The interest in automatic behavior started in the 19th century after a vast spiritual movement was associated with uncontrollable body movements. Many people believed that uncontrollable movements such as table-turning, tilting, and screaming were signs of spirit possessions or that outside forces
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is a neurodevelopmental condition with primary indicators being vocal and motor tics. To be classified as
Tourette's syndrome, the individual must have a minimum of one vocal tic and two motor tics that have been chronically present. A tic is defined as a sudden, recurring, automatic, movement or
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while fully awake until it starts. In these episodes, which can last for longer periods of time, the subject proceeds to engage in routine activities such as cooking, showering, driving a familiar route, or even conversation. Following the episode, the subject regains consciousness, often feeling
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are often used as the weight stone, as the user could connect with them spiritually and cleanse them as needed. When using a pendulum, individuals begin to think about what questions they want to ask the pendulum, usually being yes or no questions. Usually, the pendulum will start moving in a
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to depict fake spiritual possessions by making it seem like they weren't in control of their bodies. Interest in the spiritual movement eventually dropped in the early 20th century. However, scientists were always skeptical of the idea of automatism. There wasn't a concrete way to know if the
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Everyday automatism is how someone can be affected in their everyday life due to the automatism they are experiencing. Even the most basic things done daily becomes extremely difficult—for example, showering, eating, and even breathing. Showering becomes difficult with the effects of nausea,
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vocalization. The cause has been widely disputed since its discovery in 1885 by George Giles de la
Tourette. Causal theories have ranged widely from repressed sexual conflict to oppressive parents. Modern day research leans more towards both environmental and genetic factors and triggers.
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because brain inhibition has been lost." The release of inhibition causes automatic behavior in other cases such as after a cingulotomy or even in the postictal phase of a seizure. In those cases, the patients having an epileptic seizure aren't in control of their bodies.
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conscious feeling of doing the automatic behavior, they automatically doubt that their mind could be responsible for it, pushing them to believe someone else, or something else, is causing their behavior. Many people link automatism with spirit possession for that reason.
184:, during which a higher amount of brain stimulus increases dreaming patterns. In such circumstances, subjects can hold conversations, sit up, and even open their eyes. These acts are considered subconscious as most of the time the events cannot be recalled by the subject.
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While the human body is sleeping, we are considered to be unconscious, but what happens to us when we are dreaming? Automatism can be illustrated within dreams, as the human brain does not need to think about dreaming, it simply happens. The brain is active during the
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behaviors. Others may include speech, which may or may not be coherent or sensible. The subject may or may not remain conscious otherwise throughout the episode. Conscious subjects may be fully aware of their other actions at the time, but unaware of their automatism.
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of the cingulate cortex is most likely impacted by the seizure. If the patient has an automatic behavior involving oral-alimentary like chewing or the movement of the appendicular skeleton such as picking up an object, this means the seizure activated the
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Automatic behavior may also manifest while performing well-learned actions. In this case, the behavior becomes automatic because it does not require conscious monitoring. The seemingly purposeful task is performed with no clear memory of it happening.
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351:, part of the cortex involved in behavior regulation, can create an automatic movement to the contralateral leg, lip, and face. If the patient has an effective automatism such as facial expressions that exhibit fear, the
237:. Pierre Janet played an important role in studying the condition of dissociation related to automatic behaviors. Janet collected abnormal cases of automatisms and studied these cases with the idea that the patient's
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will generate automatic movements. The automatic behavior happens around five seconds after the seizure starts. It results from the spread of the seizure past its starting point. During a seizure, the
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paleness, and oral automatisms which can be triggered by the shower, through this automatism it is affected in the left temporal lobe. When the shower triggers this automatism, it triggers the left
1453:"A polysomnographically documented case of adult somnambulism with long-distance automobile driving and frequent nocturnal violence: Parasomnia with continuing danger as a noninsane automatism?"
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were separated, causing behavioral changes and automatism. This approach to automatisms and the study of the conscious and unconscious part of the brain was inspired by the work of
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Kaido, Takanobu; Otsuki, Taisuke; Nakama, Hideyuki; Kaneko, Yuu; Kubota, Yuichi; Sugai, Kenji; Saito, Osamu (2006). "Complex behavioral automatism arising from insular cortex".
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Another condition of automatism is the expectation of attention, where someone has expectations that an action will be produced. For example, the use of a
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There are many conditions for automatism. One example is dissociation, where consciousness and unconsciousness can be separated and change
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607:"automatism - definition of automatism in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"
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285:, prevalent in many cases can be seen in people who have experienced blindness, deafness, anesthesia of various parts of the body,
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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Automatic behaviors involve the spontaneous production of purposeless verbal or motor behavior without conscious self-control or
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Different automatic behavior can occur depending on what part of the brain is affected during the seizures. For instance, the
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Many individuals started focusing on automatic behavior, such as the psychotherapist and psychologists
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causing the patient to have an uncontrollable ictal pouting also known as an inverted smile.
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Automatism, Insanity, and the
Psychology of Criminal Responsibility: A Philosophical Inquiry
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498:. Although anyone can fall victim to this, alien hand syndrome is a very rare side effect.
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At that time, automatism was a condition that many people faked. Indeed, scam artists use
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Chen, Yu-Ting; Sahaya, Kinshuk; Lee, Ricky; Hinkle, Jay; Greenfield, L. (2016-04-05).
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and causes these effects to happen to the individual experiencing these automatisms.
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areas of the brain are also associated to this syndrome. It can occur after
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1195:"Living as we Dream: Automatism and Automation from Surrealism to Stiegler"
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In some more complex automatisms, the subject enters into the behaviors of
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1572:"Sleep Basics: REM & NREM, Sleep Stages, Good Sleep Habits & More"
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Katherine
Inoyama, Orrin Devinsky, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2019
656:"Sleep Basics: REM & NREM, Sleep Stages, Good Sleep Habits & More"
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sensation of losing control of the body felt by the individuals was real.
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1297:"Eating Epilepsy, a Rare and Under-Recognized Reflex Epilepsy (P6.367)"
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Gunn, John; Fenton, George (1971). "Epilepsy, Automatism, and Crime".
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145:. This condition can be observed in a variety of contexts, including
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Epileptic
Disorders: International Epilepsy Journal with Videotape
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as the individual is not aware they are causing the rods to move.
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628:"Hypnotic hazards: adverse effects of Zolpidem and other z-drugs"
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of the brain can be activated, generating an automatic behavior.
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is a hand-held device usually containing a crystal and a chain.
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1344:"Effects of Seizures on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Function"
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Brainstorm: Detective
Stories From the World of Neurology
680:"Automatic Behavior - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
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Brainstorm: Detective
Stories From the World of Neurology
1242:"Bathing epilepsy: a video case of an autonomic seizure"
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as the individual is not aware of moving the pendulum.
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Jansen, Katrien; Vervisch, Jan; Lagae, Lieven (2010).
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from the temporal lobe or extratemporal seizure with
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Statue of a sleepwalker on top of a house in
Austria
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122:often occurs in certain types of epilepsy, such as
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196:Varying degrees of automatism may include simple
221:disoriented, and has no memory of the incident.
1403:Shiffrin, Richard M.; Dumais, Susan T. (1981).
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360:of the patient. Seizures can also impact the
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180:Automatic behavior can also be exhibited in
1426:Solomons, Leon M.; Stein, Gertrude (1896).
2426:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
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609:. Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com
85:
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71:Learn how and when to remove this message
2043:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
1451:Schenck, C. H.; Mahowald, M. W. (1995).
200:, such as finger rubbing, lip smacking,
1009:Cavanna, A. E.; Seri, S. (2013-08-20).
704:"Automatism - Definition of Automatism"
630:. Australian Prescriber. Archived from
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1409:Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition
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1411:. Psychology Press. pp. 111–40.
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1960:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
706:. Epilepsy.about.com. Archived from
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484:two hemispheres surgically separated
2007:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
1313:10.1212/WNL.86.16_supplement.P6.367
911:. Chatto & Windus. pp. 87, 141.
208:, or more complex actions, such as
1937:Complex partial status epilepticus
1407:. In Anderson, John Robert (ed.).
1193:Chalmers, Madeleine (2020-12-01).
134:of particular medications such as
27:Set of brief unconscious behaviors
25:
2022:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
1894:Benign familial neonatal seizures
1846:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
2266:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2261:Central hypoventilation syndrome
1360:10.1111/j.1535-7597.2004.42001.x
34:
2421:Periodic limb movement disorder
2388:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
1405:"The Development of Automatism"
230:were taking over human bodies.
1982:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
1955:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
1556:. Cambridge University Press.
1121:"What Is Alien Hand Syndrome?"
999:. MIT Press. pp. 116-120.
997:The Illusion of Conscious Will
981:. MIT Press. pp. 113-115.
979:The Illusion of Conscious Will
961:. MIT Press. pp. 109–113.
959:The Illusion of Conscious Will
891:The Illusion of Conscious Will
874:. MIT Press. pp. 131–137.
872:The Illusion of Conscious Will
823:The Illusion of Conscious Will
802:. MIT Press. pp. 100–102.
800:The Illusion of Conscious Will
402:is a technique used to locate
308:Automatic behavior in seizures
1:
2693:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
2501:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
2363:Advanced sleep phase disorder
1500:10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91676-X
1169:"The Science of Sleepwalking"
1145:"What happens when we dream?"
1082:10.1126/science.305.5689.1390
771:. epilepsy.dk. Archived from
2373:Delayed sleep phase disorder
2301:Excessive daytime sleepiness
1932:Epilepsia partialis continua
1066:"Making Sense of Tourette's"
907:O'Sullivan, Suzanne (2018).
368:Spirit possession automatism
2506:Nocturnal penile tumescence
2378:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
1987:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
1965:Unverricht–Lundborg disease
1529:10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.10.006
1064:Olson, Steve (2004-09-03).
2824:
2368:Cyclic alternating pattern
1904:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
1552:Schopp, Robert F. (1991).
1149:BBC Science Focus Magazine
825:. MIT Press. pp. 131.
588:. Medterms.com. 2011-04-27
496:Creutzfeldt--Jakob disease
2584:Behavioral sleep medicine
2393:Shift work sleep disorder
2341:Sleep state misperception
2055:Epilepsy Action Australia
1428:"Normal Motor Automatism"
1199:Nottingham French Studies
556:Facilitated communication
492:Corticobasal degeneration
2141:Rapid eye movement (REM)
2017:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
1851:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
1342:Devinsky, Orrin (2004).
893:. MIT Press. pp.142-143.
752:Complex Partial Seizures
425:
273:Conditions of automatism
163:complex partial seizures
124:complex partial seizures
2462:Exploding head syndrome
2271:Obstructive sleep apnea
1899:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
1781:Epilepsy and employment
1517:Epilepsy & Behavior
995:Wegner, Daniel (2017).
977:Wegner, Daniel (2017).
957:Wegner, Daniel (2017).
889:Wegner, Daniel (2017).
870:Wegner, Daniel (2017).
821:Wegner, Daniel (2017).
798:Wegner, Daniel (2017).
253:; two investigators of
43:Some of this article's
2777:Sleeping while on duty
2326:Idiopathic hypersomnia
1831:Temporal lobe epilepsy
1751:Electroencephalography
1470:10.1093/sleep/18.9.765
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561:Homicidal somnambulism
511:
312:According to the book
173:, or in response to a
128:temporal lobe epilepsy
2599:Neuroscience of sleep
2331:Night eating syndrome
2316:Kleine–Levin syndrome
1836:Frontal lobe epilepsy
1258:10.1684/epd.2010.0330
1211:10.3366/nfs.2020.0296
1011:"Tourette's syndrome"
684:www.sciencedirect.com
509:
283:Dissociative symptoms
2753:Sleep and creativity
2072:Epilepsy Research UK
1856:Vertiginous epilepsy
1776:Epilepsy and driving
1727:Epilepsy in children
1432:Psychological Review
345:electric stimulation
2748:Sleep and breathing
2204:Sensorimotor rhythm
2060:Epilepsy Foundation
2027:Epilepsy in animals
1707:Aura (warning sign)
1076:(5689): 1390–1392.
732:. Zopiclone tablets
523:Everyday automatism
488:Alzheimer's disease
443:Alien hand syndrome
438:Alien hand syndrome
431:Tourette's syndrome
426:Tourette's Syndrome
353:limbic motor region
320:, a side effect of
279:behavioral patterns
167:Jacksonian seizures
116:automatic behaviors
2758:Sleep and learning
2511:Nocturnal emission
2411:Nightmare disorder
2276:Periodic breathing
1947:Myoclonic epilepsy
1924:Status epilepticus
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362:anterior cingulate
318:Suzanne O'Sullivan
120:automatic behavior
110:is a set of brief
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2768:Sleep deprivation
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2000:Related disorders
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1841:Rolandic epilepsy
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1563:978-0-521-40150-0
1418:978-0-89859-093-7
1348:Epilepsy Currents
1307:(16 Supplement).
1119:Alyssa Anderson.
1027:10.1136/bmj.f4964
551:Automatic writing
266:confidence tricks
155:Tourette syndrome
151:psychogenic fugue
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2450:Benign phenomena
2352:Circadian rhythm
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2066:Epilepsy Outlook
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1567:
1548:
1511:
1494:(7710): 1173–6.
1482:
1472:
1447:
1444:10.1037/h0066163
1422:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1006:
1000:
993:
982:
975:
962:
955:
936:
933:
912:
905:
894:
887:
876:
875:
867:
826:
819:
804:
803:
795:
784:
783:
781:
780:
765:
759:
748:
742:
741:
739:
737:
728:Philip, Alexis.
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
700:
694:
693:
691:
690:
676:
670:
669:
667:
666:
660:Cleveland Clinic
652:
643:
642:
640:
639:
624:
618:
617:
615:
614:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
582:
546:Automatism (law)
420:Ideomotor Effect
394:ideomotor effect
378:ideomotor effect
334:cingulate cortex
225:Early automatism
86:
76:
69:
65:
62:
56:
38:
30:
21:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2681:Procrastination
2634:Four-poster bed
2603:
2567:
2561:Polysomnography
2539:Sleep induction
2515:
2486:Sleep paralysis
2445:
2397:
2356:
2353:
2345:
2287:
2246:Mouth breathing
2224:Sleep disorders
2218:
2155:
2146:Quiescent sleep
2126:
2124:sleep disorders
2117:
2087:
2082:
2049:Epilepsy Action
2031:
1991:
1941:
1918:
1914:Febrile seizure
1879:Absence seizure
1860:
1816:Complex partial
1785:
1768:Personal issues
1762:
1747:Investigations
1743:Anticonvulsants
1731:
1717:Epileptogenesis
1712:Postictal state
1690:
1681:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1600:
1586:
1570:
1564:
1551:
1514:
1485:
1450:
1425:
1419:
1402:
1399:
1397:Further reading
1394:
1393:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1008:
1007:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
965:
956:
939:
934:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
869:
868:
829:
820:
807:
797:
796:
787:
778:
776:
775:on June 8, 2012
767:
766:
762:
749:
745:
735:
733:
727:
726:
722:
713:
711:
702:
701:
697:
688:
686:
678:
677:
673:
664:
662:
654:
653:
646:
637:
635:
626:
625:
621:
612:
610:
605:
604:
600:
591:
589:
584:
583:
579:
574:
542:
525:
504:
440:
428:
370:
338:cortical region
310:
275:
243:unconsciousness
227:
194:
175:traumatic event
143:self-censorship
84:
77:
66:
60:
57:
54:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2808:Epilepsy types
2805:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Comfort object
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Sleep medicine
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Todd's paresis
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1975:Lafora disease
1972:
1970:MERRF syndrome
1967:
1962:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:Atonic seizure
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1811:Simple partial
1808:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1758:Epileptologist
1755:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1617:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:Classification
1585:
1584:External links
1582:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1562:
1549:
1512:
1483:
1448:
1438:(5): 492–512.
1423:
1417:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1334:
1287:
1252:(3): 236–238.
1232:
1205:(3): 368–383.
1185:
1175:. 9 March 2017
1160:
1136:
1111:
1056:
1001:
983:
963:
937:
913:
895:
877:
827:
805:
785:
760:
743:
720:
695:
671:
644:
619:
598:
576:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
541:
538:
524:
521:
503:
500:
439:
436:
427:
424:
369:
366:
330:focal seizures
322:focal seizures
309:
306:
274:
271:
226:
223:
193:
190:
126:in those with
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
82:
79:
78:
45:listed sources
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2820:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Seizure types
2801:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:Sleep hygiene
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Sleep inertia
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2441:Sleep-talking
2439:
2437:
2436:Sleep driving
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Sleep spindle
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:Organizations
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Seizure types
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Seizure types
1700:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1463:(9): 765–72.
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
974:
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
938:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
914:
910:
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
886:
884:
882:
878:
873:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
806:
801:
794:
792:
790:
786:
774:
770:
769:"epilepsy.dk"
764:
761:
758:
754:
753:
747:
744:
731:
724:
721:
710:on 2013-05-13
709:
705:
699:
696:
685:
681:
675:
672:
661:
657:
651:
649:
645:
634:on 2013-07-23
633:
629:
623:
620:
608:
602:
599:
587:
581:
578:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
537:
533:
531:
530:temporal lobe
522:
520:
518:
508:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:, having the
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:brain surgery
457:
453:
449:
444:
437:
435:
432:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
395:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
358:temporal lobe
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
301:
297:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
272:
270:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
251:William James
248:
247:Sigmund Freud
244:
240:
239:consciousness
236:
231:
224:
222:
219:
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
189:
185:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:schizophrenia
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
101:
98:
96:
92:
87:
75:
72:
64:
52:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2654:Sleeping bag
2431:Sleepwalking
2416:Night terror
2133:sleep cycles
1888:
1874:Tonic–clonic
1634:
1619:
1604:
1575:
1553:
1523:(1): 315–9.
1520:
1516:
1491:
1487:
1460:
1456:
1435:
1431:
1408:
1354:(2): 43–46.
1351:
1347:
1337:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1148:
1139:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1114:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1018:
1014:
1004:
996:
978:
958:
908:
890:
871:
822:
799:
777:. Retrieved
773:the original
763:
750:
746:
736:29 September
734:. Retrieved
723:
712:. Retrieved
708:the original
698:
687:. Retrieved
683:
674:
663:. Retrieved
659:
636:. Retrieved
632:the original
622:
611:. Retrieved
601:
590:. Retrieved
580:
534:
526:
513:
441:
429:
404:ground water
398:
382:
371:
342:
327:
313:
311:
302:
298:
291:
276:
263:
235:Pierre Janet
232:
228:
218:sleepwalking
215:
210:sleepwalking
195:
186:
179:
140:
115:
107:
106:
67:
58:
47:
2738:Second wind
2713:Dream diary
2589:Sleep study
2529:Sleep diary
2481:Hypnopompia
2476:Sleep onset
2467:Hypnic jerk
2306:Hypersomnia
2256:Catathrenia
2251:Sleep apnea
2161:Brain waves
2131:Stages of
1866:Generalised
374:Ouija Board
287:convulsions
132:side effect
112:unconscious
48:may not be
18:Automatisms
2797:Categories
2772:Sleep debt
2718:Microsleep
2698:Chronotype
2612:Daily life
2496:Somnolence
2472:Hypnagogia
2403:Parasomnia
2321:Narcolepsy
2233:Anatomical
2214:Theta wave
2184:Gamma wave
2179:Delta wave
2169:Alpha wave
1889:Automatism
1736:Management
1488:The Lancet
1179:2022-04-19
1154:2022-03-09
1130:2022-07-08
779:2013-07-19
714:2013-07-19
689:2022-02-11
665:2022-02-25
638:2013-07-19
613:2013-07-19
592:2013-07-19
572:References
206:swallowing
192:Variations
171:narcolepsy
130:, or as a
108:Automatism
89:Automatism
61:March 2023
2782:Sleepover
2733:Power nap
2728:Nightwear
2594:Melatonin
2556:Somnology
2521:Treatment
2354:disorders
2293:Dyssomnia
2199:PGO waves
2194:Mu rhythm
2189:K-complex
2174:Beta wave
2151:Slow-wave
1368:1535-7597
1321:0028-3878
1301:Neurology
1266:1294-9361
1227:229408064
1219:0029-4586
1173:Big Think
1106:177963554
1090:0036-8075
1035:1756-1833
757:eMedicine
468:infection
452:occipital
416:gemstones
349:cingulate
328:Usually,
182:REM sleep
100:Neurology
95:Specialty
2649:Mattress
2624:Bunk bed
2544:Hypnosis
2336:Nocturia
2311:Insomnia
1827:Epilepsy
1807:Seizures
1688:epilepsy
1684:Seizures
1545:24712774
1537:16356775
1386:15562299
1329:78495080
1282:38773618
1274:20736140
1098:15353772
1051:33447909
1043:23963548
540:See also
480:migraine
476:aneurysm
456:parietal
408:minerals
389:Crystals
385:pendulum
294:pendulum
259:hysteria
255:hypnosis
198:gestures
159:epilepsy
136:zolpidem
50:reliable
2676:Bedtime
2671:Bedroom
2666:Bedding
2661:Bed bug
2644:Hammock
2549:Lullaby
2383:Jet lag
2283:Snoring
2241:Bruxism
1641:D001332
1508:4103755
1479:8638069
1070:Science
448:frontal
400:Dowsing
347:of the
202:chewing
2743:Siesta
2629:Daybed
2457:Dreams
1695:Basics
1630:348.89
1615:G93.89
1560:
1543:
1535:
1506:
1477:
1415:
1384:
1377:531654
1374:
1366:
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1319:
1280:
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1264:
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1104:
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1049:
1041:
1033:
502:Dreams
494:, and
464:stroke
454:, and
2686:Story
2639:Futon
2572:Other
2120:Sleep
1800:Focal
1610:10-CM
1541:S2CID
1457:Sleep
1325:S2CID
1278:S2CID
1223:S2CID
1125:WebMD
1102:S2CID
1047:S2CID
472:tumor
204:, or
2122:and
2079:(UK)
2068:(UK)
2062:(US)
2051:(UK)
2045:(US)
1686:and
1636:MeSH
1625:9-CM
1558:ISBN
1533:PMID
1504:PMID
1475:PMID
1413:ISBN
1382:PMID
1364:ISSN
1317:ISSN
1270:PMID
1262:ISSN
1215:ISSN
1094:PMID
1086:ISSN
1039:PMID
1031:ISSN
738:2023
412:ores
383:The
372:The
257:and
249:and
241:and
165:and
161:(in
2723:Nap
2619:Bed
1621:ICD
1606:ICD
1525:doi
1496:doi
1492:297
1465:doi
1440:doi
1372:PMC
1356:doi
1309:doi
1254:doi
1207:doi
1078:doi
1074:305
1023:doi
1019:347
1015:BMJ
755:at
566:Tic
517:REM
316:by
169:),
114:or
2799::
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