159:—were delegated or else usurped the authority of the counts. Powerful landlords likewise usurped public authority, sometimes even usurping the ban over monasteries that had received ecclesiastical immunities. The ban thus came to refer to both the authority and the district (smaller than a county) over which it was exercised. The authority to summon men for military service extended to labour service in the upkeep of roads, bridges and castles. This in turn justified levying of tolls on the use of roads, bridges and fords. Eventually, labour service, called
169:. The use of common land, such as ponds, forests and pastures, was regulated by the lord and could likewise be described as banal. There were in the end few limits to what a lord could justify as a banality. The primary meaning of the ban remained for a long time, however, the ability to summon to court and to dispense justice.
172:
As a result of the "privatising" of the ban, the word itself acquired a new expanded meaning by the early eleventh century. It was an "unrestricted territorial authority" and "the whole of the powers enjoyed by the castellan lord over the men of his district a general power of constraint, whose forms
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defined the ban's three components: the right to defend the defenceless, that is, churches, widows and orphans; jurisdiction over violent crimes such as murder, rape and arson; and the right to summon free men for military service. In the ninth century, the exercise of banal power was often delegated
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and the collection of taxes and were thus the king's representatives in every aspect of his public authority. Under the
Carolingians, the ban itself still retained a primarily military significance. Since the counts had charge of the public fortresses in their counties, their ability to recruit and
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Payment for the use of the banal mill, oven and press was usually in kind and proportional to use, e.g. every sixth loaf to the lord or one twentieth of the wine processed. This made the ban an important source of revenue, since it was tied to productivity and commodity prices, both of which rose
77:
The adjective "banal" or "bannal" describes things pertaining to the ban. Its modern sense of "commonplace" (even "trite") derives from the fact that tenants were frequently required to use common mills, presses, ovens, etc. for the benefit of their lord exercising his banal rights.
66:) was originally the power to command men in war and evolved into the general authority to order and to punish. As such, it was the basis for the raising of armies and the exercise of justice. The word is of
280:
202:: the power to compel subjects to use the lord's mill for their grain, the lord's oven for their bread and the lord's winepress for their grapes. A fourth power, called the
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throughout the thirteenth century while tenurial rents were fixed by custom and thus remained low. Banal revenues could be granted in whole or in part as
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whose ecclesiastical jurisdictions had been granted royal immunity. One of the duties of a count was to summon the people to swear an oath to the king.
210:. These "banalities" were not uniform throughout France. Banal mills, for example, were more common in the north and ovens more common in the south.
285:) around a castle and subject to its holder's authority (11th century) or a fine levied for an offence committed with this zone (11th century)
454:
269:—a sergeant at arms (11th century), person owing a banality (13th century) or officer in charge of a banality (14th century)
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it was a royal prerogative, but could be delegated and, from the tenth century, was frequently usurped by lesser nobles.
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144:) to describe the development of a form of lordship based not merely on the ownership of land but on the
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206:, the right to compel subjects to buy the lord's wine during prescribed periods, was described as
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455:
Reframing the Feudal
Revolution: Political and Social Transformation Between Marne and Moselle,
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369:
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was gradually displaced in its original meaning of the right to command by the Latin terms
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90:(481–751), the ban was used mainly by the kings to summon free men to military service.
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command men was critical to garrisoning these fortresses and defending the kingdom.
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110:), who were royal appointees and exercised the power in public courts called
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Theodore
Evergates, "Ban, Banalité", in W. W. Kibler and G. A. Zinn (eds.),
156:
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Online, Oxford
University Press, January 2018. Accessed 18 February 2018.
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The counts combined their banal authority with the management of the
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origin and first appears in fifth-century law codes. Under the
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in southern France by the twelfth century. This left the term
507:, suburb. There are numerous variant spellings of the Latin:
27:"Bannus" and "Banality" redirect here. For other uses, see
195:
only its newly acquired sense of economic monopoly power.
406:(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), vol. 2, p. 69.
301:—district in which a banality is in force (12th century)
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There came to be three common powers the lord exercised
165:, was demanded on the castellan or lord's own land, his
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In the late eighth and early ninth century, under the
324:, seignorial impositions on peasant tenants in France
255:—commodities subject to a banality (12th century)
173:varied according to times and regions." The word
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466:(Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 22.
398:Theodore Evergates, "Ban, Banalité", in
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443:(New York: Garland, 1995), pp. 175–76.
116:. The ban was also often delegated to
247:—a due from a banality (14th century)
7:
368:Mathieu Arnoux, "Ban, Banality", in
152:(France) in the late tenth century.
340:, the ban of the Holy Roman Emperor
277:—zone within a radius of one mile (
25:
490:(Leiden: Brill, 1976), pp. 80–84.
488:Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus
441:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
82:Merovingian and Carolingian eras
293:—banal authority (13th century)
232:and in use in the Middle Ages.
376:(James Clarke and Co., 2002 ).
374:Encyclopedia of the Middle Age
1:
404:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
332:, the general levy in Germany
316:, the general levy in France
570:
148:. This had its origins in
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33:Banality (disambiguation)
187:in northern France and
97:(751–987), a series of
29:Bannus (disambiguation)
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499:Whence modern French
554:Feudalism in Europe
95:Carolingian dynasty
88:Merovingian dynasty
486:J. F. Niermeyer,
400:Joseph R. Strayer
142:seigneurie banale
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313:arrière-ban
222:Terminology
189:mandamentum
40:Middle Ages
522:bannileuca
345:References
337:Königsbann
274:bannileuga
200:per bannum
179:districtus
157:castellans
125:royal fisc
86:Under the
516:balileuga
510:banileuga
321:banalités
266:bannerius
260:bannarius
238:bannagium
208:ad bannum
54:, German
548:Category
534:baniliva
528:banilega
503:banlieue
329:Heerbann
306:See also
290:bannitus
252:bannalia
244:banagium
184:potestas
118:prelates
68:Germanic
64:banalité
62:(French
60:banality
18:Banality
402:(ed.),
372:(ed.),
298:banniva
167:demesne
113:placita
108:comites
106:(Latin
102:to the
46:(Latin
38:In the
537:, etc.
229:bannum
204:banvin
193:bannum
175:bannum
162:corvée
146:bannum
104:counts
72:Franks
52:bannum
48:bannus
42:, the
463:.1100
459:.800–
281:lieue
58:) or
181:and
56:Bann
31:and
419:OED
50:or
44:ban
550::
531:,
525:,
519:,
513:,
471:^
426:^
381:^
353:^
263:,
241:,
461:c
457:c
35:.
20:)
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