Jean-Bédel Bokassa - Knowledge (XXG)

1444: 4020: 1243:. Cognizant of the president's intentions, Banza increased his voicing of dissenting political views. A year later, after Banza made a number of remarks highly critical of Bokassa and his management of the economy, the president, perceiving an immediate threat to his power, demoted him from his minister of state position. Banza revealed his intention to stage a coup to Lieutenant Jean-Claude Mandaba, the commanding officer of Camp Kassaï, whom he looked to for support. Mandaba went along with the plan, but his allegiance remained with Bokassa. 3983: 395: 384: 3927: 1065:, who commanded the Camp Kassaï military base in northeast Bangui and, like Bokassa, had served in the French Army. Banza was an intelligent, ambitious and capable man who played a major role in the planning of the coup. By December, many people began to anticipate the political turmoil that would soon engulf the CAR. Dacko's personal advisers alerted him that Bokassa "showed signs of mental instability" and needed to be arrested before he sought to bring down the government; Dacko did not heed these warnings. 88: 1729:. In another regional innovation, access to the trial was granted to the public; this meant that the courtroom was constantly filled with standing-room-only spectators. There were live French-language broadcasts by Radio Bangui and local television news crews broadcast all over the country, as well as neighbouring French-speaking African countries. The trial was listened to and watched by many in the CAR and in neighbouring countries who had access to a radio or TV set. 753:. Mindogon was forced to organise the rosters of his village people to work for the French Forestière company. After hearing about the efforts of a prophet named Karnu to resist French rule and forced labour, Mindogon decided that he would no longer follow French orders and released some of his fellow villagers who were being held hostage by the Forestière. The company considered this to be a rebellious act, so they detained Mindogon and took him away bound in chains to 1232:

obtain a support base within the army, spending much of his time in the company of soldiers. Bokassa understood what his minister was doing, so he sent military units most sympathetic to Banza to the country's border and brought his own partisan units as close to the capital as possible. In September 1967, he took a special trip to Paris, where he asked for protection from French troops. Two months later, the French government deployed 80 paratroopers to Bangui.

1369: 1220: 1301: 1203:, the two decided to help one another if either was in danger of losing power. Soon after, other African countries began to diplomatically recognize the new government. At first, the French government was reluctant to support the Bokassa regime, so Banza went to Paris to meet with French officials to convince them that the coup was necessary to save the country from turmoil. Bokassa met with 373: 1046:, but rejected the budget proposal Bokassa had made for the army. At this point, Bokassa told friends he was annoyed by Dacko's mistreatment and was "going for a coup d'état". Dacko planned to replace Bokassa with Izamo as his personal military adviser, and wanted to promote army officers loyal to the government, while demoting Bokassa and his close associates. 36: 1750:, Bokassa stated: "I'm not a saint. I'm just a man like everyone else." Several times he erupted in rage, once attacking the chief prosecutor M'Boudou: "The aggravating thing about all this is that it's all about Bokassa, Bokassa, Bokassa! I have enough crimes levelled against me without you blaming me for all the murders of the last twenty-one years!" 1491: 1184:

communism. He alleged that PRC agents in the countryside had been training and arming locals to start a revolution, and on 6 January 1966 he dismissed communist agents from the country and cut off diplomatic relations with the PRC. Bokassa also believed that the coup was necessary in order to prevent further corruption in the government.

935:, Bokassa was given the task of creating the new country's military. Over a year later, Bokassa became commander-in-chief of the 500 soldiers of the army. Due to his relationship to Dacko and experience abroad in the French military, he was able to quickly rise through the ranks of the new national army, becoming its first 648: 894:. During his stay in Indochina, he married a 17-year-old Vietnamese girl named Nguyễn Thị Huệ. After Huệ bore him a daughter, Bokassa had the child registered as a French national. Bokassa left Indochina without his wife and child, as he believed he would return for another tour of duty in the near future. 1557:

By January 1979, French support for Bokassa had all but eroded after food riots in Bangui led to a massacre of civilians. The final straw came when Bokassa tried to force all students in the country, from elementary school to university students, to wear uniforms made by a company owned by one of his

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were substantiated by several testimonies during his eventual trial, including the statement of his former chef that he had repeatedly cooked the flesh of human carcasses stored in the palace's walk-in freezers for Bokassa's table. At his coronation he is said to have told the French ambassador that

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the government's chief of protocol, who admonished him for not following the correct order of seating at presidential tables. At this time Mgboundoulou no longer advocated Bokassa's status as leader of the army. At first, Dacko found his cousin's antics amusing. Despite the number of recent military

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issued a decree rehabilitating Bokassa and calling him "a son of the nation recognised by all as a great builder". The decree went on to hold that "This rehabilitation of rights erases penal condemnations, particularly fines and legal costs, and stops any future incapacities that result from them".

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of Dacko that he could not be positively sure if the photographs he had seen were of dead bodies to be used for consumption, Bokassa's former chef was called to testify that he had cooked human flesh stored in the walk-in freezers and served it to Bokassa on an occasional basis. The prosecution did

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One of the most lurid allegations against Bokassa was that of cannibalism. Former President Dacko was called to the witness stand to testify that he had seen photographs of butchered bodies hanging in the cold-storage rooms of Bokassa's palace immediately after the 1979 coup. Photographs apparently

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during protests against the costly school uniforms which they were forced to purchase from a factory (supposedly owned by one of Bokassa's wives). Several of them testified that on their first night in jail, Bokassa visited the prison and screamed at the children for their insolence. He was said to

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celebrations in July 1965. After attending the celebrations and a 23 July ceremony to mark the closing of a military officer training school he had attended decades earlier, Bokassa decided to return to the CAR. However, Dacko forbade his return, and the infuriated Bokassa spent the next few months

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Bokassa sought recognition for his status as leader of the army. He frequently appeared in public wearing his military decorations, and in ceremonies he often sat next to President Dacko to display his importance in the government. Bokassa frequently got into heated arguments with Jean-Paul Douate,

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Bokassa attempted to justify his actions by claiming that creating a monarchy would help Central Africa "stand out" from the rest of the continent and earn the world's respect. Despite generous invitations, no foreign leaders attended the event. By this time, many people inside and outside the CAE

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When Banza contacted his co-conspirators on 8 April 1969, informing them that they would execute the coup the following day, Mandaba immediately phoned Bokassa and informed him of the plan. When Banza entered Camp Kassaï on 9 April, he was ambushed by Mandaba and his soldiers. The men had to break

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Despite the changes in the country, Bokassa had difficulty obtaining international recognition for his new government. He tried to justify the coup by explaining that Izamo and PRC agents were trying to take over the government and that he had to intervene to save the country from the influence of

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to visit one of his ministers' plantations southwest of Bangui. An hour and a half before midnight, Banza gave orders to his officers to begin the coup. Bokassa called Izamo at his headquarters and asked him to come to Camp de Roux to sign some documents that needed his immediate attention. Izamo,

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Two versions concerning the end circumstances of his death differ on one minor detail. Did Bokassa tie him to a pillar before personally carving him with a knife that he had previously used for stirring his coffee in the gold-and-midnight blue Sèvres coffee set, or was the murder committed on the

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Around midnight, Bokassa, Banza, and their supporters left Camp de Roux to take over Bangui. After seizing the capital in a matter of hours, Bokassa and Banza rushed to the Renaissance Palace in order to arrest Dacko, who was nowhere to be found. Bokassa panicked, believing the president had been

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Gabriel-Faustin M'Boudou, the Chief Prosecutor of the CAR, called various witnesses to testify against Bokassa. Their testimonies helped to document victims ranging from political enemies to a newborn son of a palace guard commander who had been executed for attempting to kill Bokassa in 1978; a

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Bokassa and Banza began to argue over the country's budget, as Banza adamantly opposed the new president's extravagant spending. Bokassa moved to Camp de Roux, where he felt he could safely run the government without having to worry about Banza's thirst for power. In the meantime, Banza tried to

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on 7 July 1966, but the French remained noncommittal in offering their support. After Bokassa threatened to withdraw from the CFA franc monetary zone, President de Gaulle decided to make an official visit to the CAR on 17 November 1966. To the Bokassa regime, this visit meant that the French had

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In his address to the nation, Bokassa claimed that the government would hold elections in the future, a new assembly would be formed, and a new constitution would be written. He also told his countrymen that he would give up his power after the communist threat had been eliminated, the economy

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school in Mbaïki. As a child, he was frequently taunted by his classmates about his orphanhood. He was short in stature and physically strong. In his studies, Bokassa became especially fond of a French grammar book by an author named Jean Bédel. His teachers noticed his attachment, and started

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The coronation was estimated to cost his country roughly $ US20 million – one third of the CAE's annual budget and all of France's aid money for that year. His regalia, the lavish coronation, and generally the ceremonies adapted by the newly formed CAE were largely inspired by

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Throughout the trial, Bokassa denied all the charges against him. He attempted to shift the blame away from himself to wayward members of his former cabinet and the army for any misdeeds that might have occurred during his reign as both president and emperor. Testifying in his own

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During Bokassa's seven years in exile, he wrote his memoirs after complaining that his French military pension was insufficient. However, a French court ordered that all 8,000 copies of the book be destroyed because in it Bokassa claimed to have shared women with French President

4390: 1565:, where approximately 100 students were beaten to death by the guards. Bokassa is alleged to have participated in the massacre. However, he denied these allegations. After the massacre, Bokassa was condemned by foreign governments and international organizations cut off aid. 1392:, more than the annual budget of the CAR. The ceremony was organized by French artist Jean-Pierre Dupont, and Bokassa's ornate crown was made by Parisian jeweller Claude Bertrand. Bokassa sat on a two-ton throne modeled in the shape of a large eagle made from gilded bronze. 1088:

celebration with friends, reluctantly agreed and travelled to the camp. Upon arrival, he was confronted by Banza and Bokassa, who informed him of the coup in progress. After declaring his opposition to the coup, Izamo was taken by the coup plotters to an underground cellar.

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in December 1980 for the murder of numerous political rivals. He returned from exile on 24 October 1986 and was immediately arrested by the Central African authorities as soon as he stepped off the plane in Bangui. He was tried for fourteen different charges, including

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It is presumed that his conversion to Islam was a ploy calculated to ensure ongoing Libyan financial aid. Issues arose when it became clear no funds promised by Gaddafi were forthcoming. The conversion also clashed with Bokassa's plans to be crowned emperor in the

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trying to obtain support from the French and Central African armed forces, who he hoped would force Dacko to reconsider his decision. Dacko eventually yielded to pressure and allowed Bokassa back in October 1965. Bokassa claimed that Dacko finally gave up after

955:, suggested Dacko name Bokassa to the cabinet, which he hoped would both break the colonel's close connections with the army and satisfy the colonel's desire for recognition. To combat the chance that Bokassa would stage a coup, Dacko created a 500-member 2946: 1352:

declared himself a "friend and family member" of Bokassa. By that time, France supplied its former colony's regime with financial and military backing. In exchange, Bokassa frequently took Giscard on hunting trips in the CAR and supplied France with

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in Bangui, under Father Grüner. Grüner educated him with the intention of making him a priest, but realized that his student did not have the aptitude for study or the piety required for this occupation. He then studied at Father Compte's school in

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reported that Banza "was dragged before a Cabinet meeting where Bokassa slashed him with a razor. Guards then beat Banza until his back was broken, dragged him through the streets of Bangui and finally shot him." The French daily evening newspaper

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Dacko was arrested by soldiers patrolling Pétévo Junction, on the western border of Bangui. He was taken back to the palace, where Bokassa hugged the president and told him, "I tried to warn you — but now it's too late." Dacko was taken to

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before the local media, showing his countrymen his French army medals, and displaying his strength, fearlessness and masculinity. He formed a new government called the Revolutionary Council, invalidated the constitution and dissolved the

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Dacko did not conceal his plans. He hinted at his intentions to elders of the Bobangui village, who in turn informed Bokassa of the plot. Bokassa realized he had to act quickly, and worried that his 500-man army would be no match for the

1109:). In a move that he thought would boost his popularity with the people, Bokassa ordered prison director Otto Šacher to release all prisoners in the jail. Bokassa then took Dacko to Camp Kassaï, where he forced the president to resign. 1770:

On 12 June 1987, Bokassa was found guilty of murder in at least twenty cases and sentenced to death. The charge of cannibalism was not taken into account for the final verdict, since the consumption of human remains was classified a

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in Africa, he publicly dismissed the likelihood that Bokassa would try to take control of the country. At an official dinner, he said, "Colonel Bokassa only wants to collect medals and he is too stupid to pull off a coup d'état".

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Among the witnesses were twenty-seven teenagers and young adults who identified themselves as the only survivors of the 180 children arrested in April 1979. They had been arrested after children threw rocks at Bokassa's passing

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In the coming months, Bokassa imposed a number of new rules and regulations: men and women between the ages of 18 and 55 had to provide proof that they had jobs, or else they would be fined or imprisoned. Begging was banned.

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wives. In response to this, students began protesting against Bokassa and by April 1979, the students and police "were practically in state of war". Many students were shot dead by the police during these protests.

3971: 905:. Bokassa was then stationed as a military technical assistant in December 1958 in Brazzaville, and in 1959 after a twenty-year absence he was posted back to his homeland in Bangui. He was promoted to the rank of 1935: 889: 4355: 4385: 1617:

By 00:30 on 21 September 1979, the pro-French Dacko proclaimed the fall of the CAE and the restoration of the CAR under his presidency. Dacko remained president until he was overthrown on 1 September 1981 by

2943: 4415: 3013: 1705:. Now that Bokassa was unexpectedly in the hands of the CAR government, they were required by law to try him in person, granting him the benefit of defence counsel. At Bokassa's court arraignment, the 1980 1126:

is abolished. A new era of equality among all has begun. Central Africans, wherever you may be, be assured that the army will defend you and your property ... Long live the Central African Republic!

4420: 993:) and in an attempt to cultivate alternative sources of support and display his ability to make foreign policy without the help of the French government, Dacko established diplomatic relations with the 1595:

Upon arrival of two more French military transport aircraft containing over 300 French troops, a message was then sent by Colonel Brancion-Rouge to Colonel Degenne to trigger the second phase known as

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in February 1964; after receiving word of the coup from the country's vice president, officials in Paris sent paratroopers to Gabon in a matter of hours and M'Ba was quickly restored to power.

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cabinet table with the help of other persons? Late that afternoon, soldiers dragged a still identifiable corpse, with the spinal column smashed, from barrack to barrack to serve as an example.

653:; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996) was a Central African political and military leader. He became the second president of the Central African Republic (CAR) after seizing power in the 3194: 2741: 757:. On 13 November 1927, he was beaten to death in the town square just outside the prefecture office. A week later Bokassa's mother, unable to bear the grief of losing her husband, committed 1538:. Suppression of dissenters remained widespread, and torture was said to be especially rampant. Rumours abounded that Bokassa himself occasionally participated in beatings and executions. 4425: 2822: 3964: 1955: 1455:(Central African Revolutionary Council). On 4 December, at the MESAN congress, he converted back to Catholicism and instituted a new constitution that transformed the republic into the 2444:

The army Chief of Staff, Lieut. Col. Sangoule Lamizana, seized control of Upper Volta today in the fourth military take-over among the central African countries in the last two months.

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and the presidential guard. He was also concerned with the possibility that the French would come to Dacko's aid after the coup, as had occurred after one in Gabon against President

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were all abolished. Bokassa also opened a public transport system in Bangui made up of three interconnected bus lines through the capital city as well as a ferry service on the

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The Bangui radio announced today that Health Minister Alexandre Banza, 36 years old, had been executed for having plotted to assassinate the President, Col. Jean Bédel Bokassa.

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added to the country's list of problems. Bokassa felt that he needed to take over the government to address these issues—most importantly, to rid the CAR from the influence of

785:, where he developed his abilities as a cook. After graduating in 1939, Bokassa took the advice offered to him by his grandfather, M'Balanga, and Father Grüner, by joining the 4395: 3957: 1846:

In the lead-up to this official rehabilitation, Bokassa has been praised by CAR politicians for his patriotism and for the periods of stability that he brought the country.

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and François Gibault, who faced a panel modelled on the French legal system, composed of six jurors and three judges, presided over by High Court Judge Edouard Franck. The

4305: 1020:. According to Samuel Decalo, a scholar of African government, Bokassa's personal ambitions played the most important role in his decision to launch a coup against Dacko. 1742:

have ordered the prison guards to club the children to death; Bokassa allegedly participated, smashing the skulls of at least five children with his ebony walking stick.

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and take him directly to Bokassa. At his house in Berengo, Bokassa nearly beat Banza to death before Mandaba suggested that Banza be put on trial for appearance's sake.

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by Szpiner and Gibault on the grounds that the CAR's constitution allowed a former head of state to be charged only with treason was rejected by the CAR Supreme Court.

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thought Bokassa was insane. The Western press, mostly in France, the UK and the US, considered him a laughingstock, and often compared his eccentric behavior and

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of a former head of state was unprecedented in the history of post-colonial Africa, where former dictators had previously been tried and executed following

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On 29 February 1988, Kolingba demonstrated his opposition to capital punishment by voiding the death penalty against Bokassa and commuted his sentence to

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stabilized, and corruption rooted out. Bokassa allowed MESAN to continue functioning, but all other political organizations were barred from the CAR.

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he had unknowingly eaten human meat. This did not affect Bokassa's criminal record, however, since the consumption of human remains is considered a

2731: 4340: 1930: 1534:. In practice, however, he retained the same dictatorial powers he had held for the past decade as President Bokassa, and the country remained a 1042:

Tensions between Dacko and Bokassa continued to escalate in the coming months. In December, Dacko approved an increase in the budget for Izamo's

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Upon his return to France, Bokassa was stationed at Fréjus, where he taught radio transmissions to African recruits. In 1956, he was promoted to

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had personally told Dacko that "Bokassa must be immediately returned to his post. I cannot tolerate the mistreatment of my companion-in-arms".

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playing was allowed only during the nights and weekends. A "morality brigade" was formed in the capital to monitor bars and dance halls.

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began on the evening of 20 September 1979, and ended early the next morning as the first phase of Bokassa's overthrow. An undercover

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a.m. this morning, your army took control of the government. The Dacko government has resigned. The hour of justice is at hand. The

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Bokassa was born on 22 February 1921, as one of twelve children to Mindogon Mufasa, a village chief, and his wife Marie Yokowo in

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warned of the coup in advance, and immediately ordered his soldiers to search for Dacko in the countryside until he was found.

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Bokassa's trial began on 15 December 1986, taking place in the Palace of Justice in Bangui. Bokassa hired two French lawyers,

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Bokassa remained in the CAR for the rest of his life. In 1996, as his health declined, he proclaimed himself the Thirteenth

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His Imperial Majesty Bokassa the First, Apostle of Peace and Servant of Jesus Christ, Emperor and Marshal of Central Africa

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verdict was overturned and a new trial was ordered for him. Bokassa pleaded not guilty to all of the charges against him.

1552: 1415: 994: 4091: 4081: 3447: 1973: 1646: 1622:. Bokassa, who was visiting Libya on a state visit at the time, fled to Ivory Coast where he spent four years living in 1381: 1328:, who became the first woman to hold the position. He had earlier appointed the CAR's first female government minister, 1320:. He survived another coup attempt in December 1974. The following month, on 2 January, he relinquished the position of 921: 426: 2021: 1906: 951:

Other members of Dacko's cabinet believed that Bokassa was a genuine threat to the government. Jean-Arthur Bandio, the

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sent a battalion to secure the ceremony; he also lent seventeen aircraft to Bokassa's government, and even assigned

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The "friendly and fraternal" cooperation with France—according to Bokassa's own terms—reached its peak with the

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before his tour of duty ended in March 1953. For his exploits in battle, he was honoured with membership of the

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van de Walle, Nicholas (July 1991), "The Decline of the Franc Zone: Monetary Politics in Francophone Africa",

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not examine rumours that Bokassa had served some of the flesh of his victims to visiting foreign dignitaries.

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at Camp de Roux, where he admitted to his plan, but stated that he had not planned to kill Bokassa. He was

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Bokassa's extended family decided that it would be best if he received a French-language education at the

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reported that Banza was killed in circumstances "so revolting that it still makes one's flesh creep":

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personnel to support the orchestra. The coronation ceremony lasted for two days and cost 10 million

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on 3 November 1996 at his home in Bangui at the age of 75. He had seventeen wives, one of whom was

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military airport in neighbouring Chad to occupy the capital city as a peace-securing intervention.

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by the will of the Central African people, united within the national political party, the MESAN".

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in 2010, leading to an upsurge in his popularity, despite his well-known crimes and extravagances.

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showing a fridge in the palace that contained the bodies of schoolchildren were also published in

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Of this period, Bokassa served about eleven years as president and three years as self-proclaimed

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with the rank of battalion commandant under then-commander-in-chief Mgboundoulou. As a cousin of

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in 1958, and then an independent nation as the Central African Republic (CAR) on 13 August 1960.

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under CAR law, and upon seizing power from Dacko in 1981, President Kolingba had declared an

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A delegation led by Meng Yieng and agents of the Chinese government toured the CAR, showing

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Dacko's government faced a number of problems during 1964 and 1965: the economy experienced

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after the war, studying radio transmissions at an army camp in the French coastal town of

641: 530: 486: 3117:"Former Central African Republic ruler Jean-Bedel Bokassa denied today... - UPI Archives" 2290: 1733:

hospital nurse testified that Bokassa had ordered the newborn's death through poisoning.

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under CAR law and all previously committed misdemeanours had been forgiven by a general

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intelligence service learned of Bokassa's willingness to become a partner of Gaddafi.

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Giscard two diamonds in 1973. This soon became a major political scandal known as the

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broke out in September 1939 following his enlistment. While serving in the second

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Sovereign Knight Commander of the Imperial Order of Agricultural Merit, 1st Class

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The circumstances of Banza's death have been disputed. The American newsmagazine

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to have him come in with helicopters and aircraft. These aircraft took off from

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In September 1976, Bokassa dissolved the government and replaced it with the

3936: 2890:"But ex-president's past looms large: Giscard's new role at heart of Europe" 2658: 1413:. The Franco-Central African relationship drastically changed when France's 1409:, which contributed significantly to Giscard's losing his reelection bid in 1017: 1005: 745:

basin located at the edge of the equatorial forest, then a part of colonial

3839: 3805:

O'Toole, T. (1982). "Made in France: the Second Central African Republic".

1626:. He then moved to France, where he was allowed to settle in his Chateau d' 1247:

Banza's arms before they could overpower and throw him into the trunk of a

862: 754: 3604:

Decalo, S. (March 1973). "Military Coups and Military Regimes in Africa".

1870:

Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Imperial Order of Bokassa

805: 3419: 1577: 1561:

On 19 April 1979, there were mass arrests of students, who were taken to

1508: 1507:

extravagance with that of another well-known eccentric African dictator,

1472: 1362: 1282: 1165: 846: 822: 734: 236: 3819: 2732:"In Central Africa the Sun Sets on a Republic and Comes Up on an Empire" 1266:, taken to an open field behind Camp Kassaï, executed, and buried in an 1152:, which he called "a lifeless organ no longer representing the people". 1004:. Soon after, the PRC gave the CAR an interest-free loan of one billion 4391:

Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures

3596: 1776: 1694: 1686: 1623: 1524: 1504: 1354: 982: 936: 758: 707: 662: 574: 570: 525: 510: 447: 347: 17: 3626: 2298: 1061:

Bokassa received substantive support from his co-conspirator, Captain

613:

on 29 February 1988), further reduced to 20 years incarceration (1989)

1882:

Sovereign Knight of the Imperial Decoration of Recognition, 1st Class

1783: 1690: 1422:

After a meeting with Gaddafi in September 1976, Bokassa converted to

853:, and fought in southern France and in Germany in early 1945, before 841:'s capital at Brazzaville. On 15 August 1944, he participated in the 750: 742: 715: 616: 515: 261: 1239:, Bokassa demoted Banza to minister of health, but let him remain a 3079:"Bokassa Successor Says Dictator Killed Children in April Massacre" 1348:

aided Bokassa. France also lent support; in 1975, French President

3383: 2933:"L’empereur cannibale de Bangui et le conflit oublié de l’Afrique" 1581: 1442: 1423: 1299: 1218: 1196: 1192: 1169: 1134: 1024: 990: 804: 3726:

Knappman, Edward W. (1997). "Jean-Bédel Bokassa Trial: 1986–87".

2942:

by Brian Klass, vice.com, 29 September 2014; English translation

714:, but he was freed in 1993. Bokassa then lived a private life in 2944:"The cannibal emperor of Bangui and Africa's forgotten conflict" 1200: 4120: 3953: 3940: 3581:

Crabb, J. C. (July 1978). "The Coronation of Emperor Bokassa".

2718:

Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya

1998:

Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite

1365:

era. Bokassa restored ties with PRC and visited China in 1976.

920:

On 1 January 1962, Bokassa left the French Army and joined the

2963: 2961: 2959: 1779:

for all misdemeanours committed before the start of his rule.

1665:

from 1986 to 1995, when the Cercle purchased it from Bokassa.

1389: 1106: 29: 4351:

Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa politicians

985:

from the east. Under pressure from political radicals in the

4381:

Prisoners sentenced to death by the Central African Republic

1227:

visits Central African Republic and meets with Bokassa, 1970

1187:

Bokassa first secured diplomatic recognition from President

4356:

People convicted of murder by the Central African Republic

3484:

Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation

3324: 3322: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 1180:, and subsidized the creation of two national orchestras. 3195:"Jean-Bedel Bokassa vend son château à des proches du FN" 2764:"1976年11月15日华国锋到机场欢迎中非总统博卡萨 – 华国锋时政活动年谱（1976年） – 华国锋纪念网" 2150:

Lloyd Garrison (7 January 1966). "Coups, Dahomey Style".

1459:(CAE), with himself as "His Imperial Majesty" Bokassa I. 1079:

Early in the evening of 31 December 1965, Dacko left the

4416:

Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Senegal

868:

Afterwards, Bokassa attended officer training school in

2636:

Like Water on Stone: The Story of Amnesty International

2549: 2547: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2515: 2513: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2483: 2481: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2406: 2404: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 989:(Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa, or 4421:

Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan

3686:

Central African Republic: a failure in de-colonisation

3415:"Ex-President Jean-Bedel Bokassa rehabilitated by CAR" 3250: 3248: 3246: 2175: 2173: 4271:

Central African Republic prisoners sentenced to death

3705:

Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic

3289:"'Cannibal' dictator Bokassa given posthumous pardon" 2237: 2235: 2121: 2119: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2065: 2063: 2061: 1936:

Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures

987:

Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique noire

961:

and a 120-member presidential security guard, led by

4386:

Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)

4301:

French military personnel of the First Indochina War

2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2028:

Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Independence

1980:

Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast

1143:

In the early days of his regime, Bokassa engaged in

721:

Bokassa was posthumously rehabilitated by President

585: 126:

Himself as President of the Central African Republic

4261:

Central African Republic people convicted of murder

4046: 4027: 3994: 1395:On 10 October 1979, the French satirical newspaper 1116:: "This is Colonel Bokassa speaking to you. At 3:00 555: 544: 503: 474: 453: 443: 435: 407: 363: 346: 330: 292: 268: 251: 223: 219: 205: 193: 177: 155: 141: 130: 122: 112: 104: 97: 80: 3890:Dark Age: the political odyssey of Emperor Bokassa 3779: 3758: 3727: 3644:Psychoses of Power: African personal dictatorships 3522: 1357:, which was vital for France's nuclear energy and 2639:, Boston: Northeastern University Press, p. 1956:Free France Voluntary Service Commemorative Medal 1235:On 13 April 1968, in another one of his frequent 1211:finally accepted the new changes in the country. 1112:In the morning, Bokassa addressed the public via 876:as the transmissions expert for the battalion of 4122:Offices and positions held by Jean-Bédel Bokassa 2040:Grand Cross of the National Order of the Leopard 1913:Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Nile 573:on the cannibalism charge (because of a general 3480:"Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, Part 3" 3356:. Americancivilrightsreview.com. Archived from 3169:, Jean-Barthélémy Bokassa, Pharos/Laffont, 2006 1974:Grand Cross of the Order of the Equatorial Star 1634:because of his service in the French military. 1530:Bokassa claimed that the new empire would be a 1288: 1254:On 12 April, Banza presented his case before a 749:, some 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of 4326:Heads of state of the Central African Republic 4291:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Sunni Islam 4286:Converts to Sunni Islam from Roman Catholicism 3377: 3375: 3189: 3187: 1678:Bokassa had been tried and sentenced to death 1653:, from the 1970s to 1995. He rented it to the 71:"Bokassa" redirects here. For other uses, see 4426:Recipients of the Médaille militaire (France) 4321:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 3965: 2010:Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion 2004:First Class of the Order of the National Flag 872:, Senegal. On 7 September 1950, he headed to 776:During his teenage years, Bokassa studied at 8: 4436:Recipients of the Order of the National Flag 2034:Great Star of the Order of the Yugoslav Star 1941:Volunteer Combatant Cross Medal of 1939–1945 1514:Tenacious rumours that Bokassa occasionally 657:on 1 January 1966. He later established the 4256:Central African Republic military personnel 3340: 2703: 2093: 1821:, and a reported fifty children, including 1401:reported that Bokassa had offered the then- 4396:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) 4129: 4117: 3988:Presidents of the Central African Republic 3972: 3958: 3950: 3937: 3869:(1988). "The emperor who ate his people". 1946:Volunteer Combatant Resistance Cross Medal 1580:squad from the French intelligence agency 1312:In 1971, Bokassa promoted himself to full 86: 77: 27:Leader of Central Africa from 1966 to 1979 4306:French military personnel of World War II 4148:President of the Central African Republic 2016:Grand Cross of the Order of the Two Niles 1901:Grand Cross of the National Order of Chad 1809:and claimed to have secret meetings with 1378:imperial coronation ceremony of Bokassa I 173:1 January 1966 – 4 December 1976 4276:Central African Republic Roman Catholics 4246:Central African Republic anti-communists 3409: 3407: 3405: 3328: 3274: 3178: 2967: 1992:Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic 1986:Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic 1693:, cannibalism, illegal use of property, 1630:in the suburb of Paris. France gave him 1489: 1367: 1027:as part of the CAR's delegation for the 833:, he served with an African unit of the 761:. This left Bokassa an orphan at age 6. 623:(by President Kolingba on 1 August 1993) 4251:Central African Republic former Muslims 3849:Power Mad! A Book of Deranged Dictators 3041:"SURVIVORS DESCRIBE MASSACRE IN BANGUI" 2334: 2207: 2057: 1875:Imperial Order of Central African Merit 1453:Conseil de la Révolution Centrafricaine 1316:, and on 4 March 1972 declared himself 965:and Prosper Mounoumbaye, respectively. 3669:(in French). Paris: Jacques Grancher. 3460:from the original on 30 September 2023 3382:Orizio, Riccardo (26 September 2002). 3354:"Built For Designers & Developers" 3097:from the original on 22 September 2022 2920: 2553: 2538: 2519: 2504: 2487: 2472: 2455: 2410: 2395: 2378: 2359: 2322: 2260: 2226: 2191: 2179: 2164: 2137: 2125: 2110: 2081: 2069: 1966:Indochina Campaign Commemorative Medal 1586:1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment 1463:took place on 4 December 1977 at 10:43 327: 4376:People sentenced to death in absentia 3035: 3033: 3031: 2991: 2989: 2788: 2691: 2670: 1873:Sovereign Knight Grand Cordon of the 1191:of neighbouring Chad, whom he met in 909:on 1 July 1961. The French colony of 880:. Bokassa saw some combat during the 640: 7: 4311:Grand Cordons of the Order of Valour 4266:Central African Republic politicians 3928:Works by or about Jean-Bédel Bokassa 3873:. New York: Knopf. pp. 91–127. 2843: 2800: 2770:from the original on 26 October 2020 2291:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098439 2241: 1758:magazine. When the defence put up a 1139:Bokassa on a postage stamp from 1967 837:and took part in the capture of the 831:occupation of France by Nazi Germany 4316:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 3016:from the original on 27 August 2017 2888:Fuller, Thomas (28 February 2002). 2825:from the original on 19 August 2023 2310: 2194:, p. 23, a rank equivalent to 1921:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 1657:, a non-profit organization run by 1590:Bangui M'Poko International Airport 1334:Bangui M'Poko International Airport 931:and nephew of Dacko's predecessor, 581:on all other charges (12 June 1987) 108:4 December 1976 – 21 September 1979 4371:People of French Equatorial Africa 3834:(in French). Paris: Alain Moreau. 3427:from the original on 3 August 2023 3201:. 22 November 1995. Archived from 3148:from the original on 14 March 2023 3142:"Jean-Bédel Bokassa (1921-1996) •" 3059:from the original on 14 March 2023 2998:"Nightmares From Bokassa's Empire" 1895:Grand Cross of the Order of Valour 25: 4401:Recipients of the Order of Valour 3552:(in French), Paris: Carrére Lefon 3446:Lazareva, Inna (25 August 2016). 3390:from the original on 26 June 2022 3307:from the original on 1 March 2017 2902:from the original on 16 July 2014 2579:from the original on 23 July 2018 2434:from the original on 23 July 2018 2022:Grand Cross of the Order of Merit 1961:1939–1945 Commemorative War Medal 1907:Grand Cross of the Order of Merit 680:, though the country was still a 4018: 3981: 3490:from the original on 21 May 2024 3287:Smith, David (3 December 2010). 3254:"Trying the Butcher of Bangui", 2744:from the original on 8 July 2019 393: 382: 371: 34: 3782:Heads of States and Governments 2953:; both retrieved 12 August 2023 1790:Imprisonment, release and death 1655:Cercle national des combattants 1483:. Bokassa's full title became " 4341:Leaders who took power by coup 3919:Works about Jean-Bédel Bokassa 3761:African Armies and Civil Order 1569:Operations Caban and Barracuda 857:collapsed. He remained in the 791:(French colonial troops) as a 247:(now Central African Republic) 1: 2996:Dash, Leon (1 October 1979). 2856:Hoyle, Russ (30 March 1981), 2575:. 14 April 1969. p. 20. 2430:. 5 January 1966. p. 6. 1553:1979 Ngaragba Prison massacre 1372:Ceaușescu and Bokassa in 1972 981:from the south and the rebel 718:, and died in November 1996. 3548:Bokassa, Jean-Bédel (1985), 2610:. 4 May 1974. Archived from 922:Central African Armed Forces 829:in November 1941. After the 427:Central African Armed Forces 4361:People convicted of treason 3688:. London: Pall Mall Press. 3560:Political Trials in History 3448:"Nostalgia for a nightmare" 3167:Les diamants de la trahison 1498:at their coronation in 1977 1428:Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa. 1075:Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état 655:Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état 43:It has been suggested that 4452: 3258:(29 December 1986): p. 27. 2426:. Associated Press in the 1850:Titles, styles and honours 1610: 1550: 1439:Proclamation of the Empire 1072: 1002:communist propaganda films 995:People's Republic of China 773:calling him "Jean-Bédel." 563: 264:, Central African Republic 70: 4193:Emperor of Central Africa 4190: 4181: 4176: 4161: 4145: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4100: 4016: 3947: 3942:Links to related articles 3619:10.1017/S0022278X00008107 2858:"A Campaign Catches Fire" 1931:Croix de guerre 1939–1945 1647:Château du Grand Chavanon 1485:Emperor of Central Africa 1131:Early years of the regime 997:(PRC) in September 1964. 926:Central African President 901:, and two years later to 888:, and was decorated with 766:École Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc 678:Emperor of Central Africa 669:until his overthrow in a 630: 499: 495: 358: 337: 326: 215: 166: 137:(as President of the CAR) 99:Emperor of Central Africa 85: 60:Proposed since July 2024. 4406:Self-proclaimed monarchy 4336:Leaders ousted by a coup 4048:Central African Republic 3996:Central African Republic 3558:Christenson, R. (1991). 2716:Brian Lee Davis (1990), 1649:, a historic chateau in 1640:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 1592:with little resistance. 1475:, who had converted the 1426:and changed his name to 1380:on 4 December 1977. The 1350:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 809:Bokassa in 1939 (age 18) 747:French Equatorial Africa 698:, Bokassa was tried and 642:[ʒɑ̃bedɛlbɔkasa] 389:Central African Republic 245:French Equatorial Africa 160:Central African Republic 73:Bokassa (disambiguation) 4431:Politicide perpetrators 4281:Central African royalty 2813:SOFREP (9 April 2022). 2704:Appiah & Gates 1999 2283:Oxford University Press 2094:Appiah & Gates 1999 1532:constitutional monarchy 1416:Renseignements Généraux 1382:French Defence Minister 4029:Central African Empire 3564:Transaction Publishers 2949:12 August 2023 at the 2938:12 August 2023 at the 2602:"Lord High Everything" 1827:Jean-Bédel Bokassa Jr. 1499: 1494:Emperor Bokassa I and 1457:Central African Empire 1448: 1373: 1309: 1293: 1228: 1140: 1023:Dacko sent Bokassa to 810: 661:(CAE) with himself as 659:Central African Empire 400:Central African Empire 307:Jean-Bédel Bokassa Jr. 3778:Lentz, H. M. (1994). 3765:. New York: Praeger. 3525:Encyclopedia Africana 3085:. 24 September 1979. 3047:. 30 September 1979. 1536:military dictatorship 1493: 1477:French First Republic 1461:His formal coronation 1446: 1371: 1303: 1296:Rule during the 1970s 1222: 1138: 1101:at around 02:00 849:, France, as part of 808: 706:because of a general 685:military dictatorship 2870:on 21 September 2007 1813:. Bokassa died of a 1800:solitary confinement 1516:consumed human flesh 1330:Marie-Joséphe Franck 1014:political corruption 953:minister of interior 939:on 1 December 1964. 825:in July 1940, and a 712:solitary confinement 604:solitary confinement 211:Himself (as Emperor) 53:into this article. ( 4201:Monarchy abolished 4156:Himself as Emperor 3888:Titley, B. (1997). 3808:Fr. Col. Hist. Soc. 3757:Lee, J. M. (1969). 3665:Delpey, R. (1981). 3642:Decalo, S. (1989). 3423:. 1 December 2010. 3231:. 27 September 2013 2970:, pp. 439–440. 2740:. 5 December 1976. 2633:Powers, J. (2001), 2614:on 22 December 2008 2140:, pp. 166–167. 1841:In 2010, President 1651:Neuvy-sur-Barangeon 1613:Operation Barracuda 1597:Operation Barracuda 1481:First French Empire 1403:Minister of Finance 1189:François Tombalbaye 1174:female circumcision 882:First Indochina War 821:, Bokassa became a 819:bataillon de marche 466:First Indochina War 276:Catherine Denguiadé 4411:Emperors in Africa 4366:People from Lobaye 4296:Dethroned monarchs 4166:Title next held by 4133:Political offices 3851:. London: O'Mara. 3730:Great World Trials 3703:Kalck, P. (2005). 3684:Kalck, P. (1971). 3607:J. Mod. Afr. Stud. 3205:on 1 December 2017 3144:. 7 January 2010. 3083:The New York Times 3045:The New York Times 2981:The Fate of Africa 2895:The New York Times 2737:The New York Times 2572:The New York Times 1823:Jean-Serge Bokassa 1819:Marie-Reine Hassen 1645:Bokassa owned the 1607:Fall of the empire 1527:declared in 1981. 1500: 1449: 1433:Catholic cathedral 1374: 1344:The Libyan leader 1336:in February 1976. 1326:Elisabeth Domitien 1318:president for life 1310: 1260:sentenced to death 1237:cabinet reshuffles 1229: 1223:Romanian dictator 1141: 1081:Renaissance Palace 1068: 933:Barthélémy Boganda 835:Free French Forces 811: 788:Troupes coloniales 700:sentenced to death 637:Jean-Bédel Bokassa 549:Capital punishment 436:Service years 422:Free French Forces 416:Troupes coloniales 312:Marie-Ange Bokassa 302:Jean-Serge Bokassa 281:Marie-Reine Hassen 188:Ange-Félix Patassé 184:Elisabeth Domitien 146:Ange-Félix Patassé 81:Jean-Bédel Bokassa 4223: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4206:Republic restored 4114: 4113: 3903:978-0-7735-1602-1 3880:978-0-394-56914-7 3858:978-1-84317-106-5 3847:Shaw, K. (2004). 3797:978-0-89950-926-6 3749:978-0-7876-0805-7 3718:978-0-8108-4913-6 3695:978-0-269-02801-4 3676:978-2-7339-0005-5 3657:978-0-8133-7617-2 3573:978-0-88738-406-6 3562:. New Brunswick: 3540:978-0-465-00071-5 2979:Martin Meredith, 2673:, p. xxxiii. 1811:Pope John Paul II 1764:cross-examination 1496:Empress Catherine 1447:Imperial standard 1256:military tribunal 1241:minister of state 1225:Nicolae Ceaușescu 1150:National Assembly 1037:Charles de Gaulle 899:second lieutenant 851:Operation Dragoon 778:École Saint-Louis 696:trial in absentia 634: 633: 342: 341: 158:President of the 67: 66: 62: 16:(Redirected from 4443: 4331:House of Bokassa 4138:Preceded by 4130: 4118: 4106: 4022: 3986: 3985: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3951: 3938: 3932:Internet Archive 3907: 3884: 3862: 3843: 3823: 3801: 3785: 3774: 3764: 3753: 3733: 3722: 3699: 3680: 3661: 3638: 3600: 3577: 3553: 3544: 3528: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3411: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3360:on 22 April 2009 3350: 3344: 3341:Christenson 1991 3338: 3332: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3259: 3252: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3037: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 2993: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2954: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2866:, archived from 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2542: 2536: 2523: 2517: 2508: 2502: 2491: 2485: 2476: 2470: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2399: 2393: 2382: 2376: 2363: 2357: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2245: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2168: 2167:, pp. 9–10. 2162: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2114: 2108: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 1865:National honours 1760:reasonable doubt 1674:Exile and return 1632:political asylum 1584:, joined by the 1466: 1306:Giuseppe Saragat 1208:Georges Pompidou 1201:Fort Archambault 1119: 1034:French President 915:French Community 886:Legion of Honour 874:French Indochina 839:Vichy government 815:Second World War 797:on 19 May 1939. 652: 651: 650: 644: 545:Criminal penalty 504:Criminal charges 482:Légion d'Honneur 399: 397: 396: 388: 386: 385: 377: 375: 374: 328: 316:Martine Bokassa 258: 234:22 February 1921 233: 231: 208: 196: 180: 171: 161: 90: 78: 58: 46:House of Bokassa 38: 37: 30: 21: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4188: 4187:Empire declared 4185: 4167: 4151: 4143: 4123: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4042: 4023: 4014: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3943: 3915: 3910: 3904: 3887: 3881: 3871:African Madness 3865: 3859: 3846: 3826: 3804: 3798: 3777: 3756: 3750: 3725: 3719: 3709:Scarecrow Press 3702: 3696: 3683: 3677: 3667:La manipulation 3664: 3658: 3641: 3603: 3580: 3574: 3557: 3547: 3541: 3521:, eds. (1999). 3513: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3413: 3412: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3039: 3038: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3002:Washington Post 2995: 2994: 2987: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2957: 2951:Wayback Machine 2940:Wayback Machine 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2791:, p. xxxv. 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2651: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2582: 2580: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2545: 2537: 2526: 2518: 2511: 2503: 2494: 2486: 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431: 403: 394: 392: 383: 381: 372: 370: 359:Military career 322: 319:Georges Bokassa 288: 260: 256: 255:3 November 1996 235: 229: 227: 206: 194: 186: 178: 172: 167: 159: 148: 118:4 December 1977 93: 92:Bokassa in 1970 76: 63: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4449: 4447: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4189: 4186: 4179: 4178: 4177:Regnal titles 4174: 4173: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4050:(1979–present) 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3992: 3991: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3925: 3914: 3913:External links 3911: 3909: 3908: 3902: 3885: 3879: 3867:Shoumatoff, A. 3863: 3857: 3844: 3824: 3802: 3796: 3775: 3754: 3748: 3723: 3717: 3700: 3694: 3681: 3675: 3662: 3656: 3648:Westview Press 3639: 3613:(1): 105–127. 3601: 3578: 3572: 3555: 3545: 3539: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3471: 3438: 3401: 3371: 3345: 3333: 3331:, p. 440. 3318: 3279: 3277:, p. 439. 3260: 3242: 3229:Britannica.com 3216: 3183: 3181:, p. 438. 3171: 3159: 3133: 3108: 3070: 3027: 2985: 2972: 2955: 2925: 2913: 2880: 2848: 2836: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2755: 2723: 2708: 2706:, p. 226. 2696: 2675: 2663: 2649: 2625: 2593: 2558: 2543: 2524: 2509: 2492: 2477: 2460: 2448: 2428:New York Times 2415: 2400: 2383: 2364: 2339: 2327: 2325:, p. 220. 2315: 2313:, p. 100. 2303: 2265: 2246: 2231: 2212: 2200: 2184: 2169: 2157: 2152:New York Times 2142: 2130: 2115: 2098: 2096:, p. 278. 2086: 2074: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1951:Overseas Medal 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1926:Military Medal 1923: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1838: 1835: 1796:life in prison 1791: 1788: 1714: 1711: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1659:National Front 1620:André Kolingba 1611:Main article: 1608: 1605: 1570: 1567: 1551:Main article: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1440: 1437: 1341: 1338: 1322:prime minister 1297: 1294: 1268:unmarked grave 1216: 1213: 1205:Prime Minister 1145:self-promotion 1132: 1129: 1086:New Year's Eve 1073:Main article: 1070: 1067: 970: 967: 827:sergeant major 802: 799: 768:, a Christian 730: 727: 665:, reigning as 632: 631: 628: 627: 625: 624: 614: 611:André Kolingba 589: 582: 567: 559: 557: 553: 552: 551:(12 June 1987) 546: 542: 541: 539: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 507: 505: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 490: 489: 484: 478: 476: 472: 471: 469: 468: 463: 457: 455: 451: 450: 445: 441: 440: 437: 433: 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Jefferson: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3736:Gale Research 3732: 3731: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3515:Appiah, K. A. 3512: 3511: 3506: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3453:The Economist 3449: 3442: 3439: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3389: 3385: 3384:"Dear Tyrant" 3378: 3376: 3372: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3343:, p. 37. 3342: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3329:Knappman 1997 3325: 3323: 3319: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3275:Knappman 1997 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179:Knappman 1997 3175: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2968:Knappman 1997 2964: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2923:, p. 79. 2922: 2917: 2914: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2881: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2846:, p. 50. 2845: 2840: 2837: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2803:, p. 55. 2802: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2650:1-55553-487-2 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2626: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2556:, p. 43. 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2541:, p. 42. 2540: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2522:, p. 41. 2521: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2507:, p. 30. 2506: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2490:, p. 29. 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2475:, p. 35. 2474: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2458:, p. 34. 2457: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2413:, p. 33. 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2398:, p. 28. 2397: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2381:, p. 27. 2380: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2362:, p. 26. 2361: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2337:, p. 24. 2336: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2263:, p. 25. 2262: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2244:, p. 15. 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2229:, p. 24. 2228: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2210:, p. 21. 2209: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2182:, p. 10. 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2002:North Korea: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1978:Ivory Coast: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1723:trial by jury 1720: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1445: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1302: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1226: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1137: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084:who was at a 1082: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:French francs 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 968: 966: 964: 960: 959: 954: 949: 946: 940: 938: 934: 930: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 892: 887: 883: 879: 878:Saigon-Cholon 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 845:' landing in 844: 843:Allied forces 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 807: 800: 798: 796: 795: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 728: 726: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 649: 643: 638: 629: 622: 618: 615: 612: 609: 605: 601: 598: 597:incarceration 594: 590: 588: 587: 583: 580: 576: 572: 568: 566: 565: 564:During trial: 561: 560: 558: 554: 550: 547: 543: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 477: 473: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 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