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59:
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The depth and surface area of the Gulf of
Bothnia are constantly decreasing, as the land is rising after it had been pressed down by about 2,600 to 3,300 feet (790 to 1,010 meters) by the continental ice during last ice age. The rise is 80 cm every hundred years. It is estimated that the land
855:
In terms of tonnage in international traffic, the largest ports on the
Finnish side are Rauma, Kokkola and Tornio. The main ports of the Swedish side are in LuleÄ, SkellefteÄ, UmeÄ, Sundsvall, GÀvle and Hargshamn. In LuleÄ, iron ore pellets are exported and coal is imported. GÀvle is Sweden's
606:
The gulf is 725 km (450 mi) long, 80â240 km (50â149 mi) wide and has an average depth of 60 m (200 ft; 33 fathoms). The maximum depth is 295 m (968 ft; 161 fathoms). The surface area is 117,000 km (45,000 sq mi). The northernmost point is
495:, the cardinal directions were named according to the different parts of the typical tent used by this nomadic people. The door of the tent was traditionally pointed south, in the most sunny direction, and the bottom of the tent would be aligned with the north. Thus the origin of the word
856:
third-largest container port. It also ships forest products and oil. In port operations in the Gulf of
Bothnia, icebreaker assistance can be required for an ice season that averages as long as six months; whereas in the Gulf of Finland, the icebreaking season averages only three months.
867:
and is poorly connected to fresher waters from the
Atlantic. Mercury and PCB levels have been relatively high, although the Finnish Food Safety Authority considers the herring edible. Although the levels exceed the limits, the fatty acids have health benefits that offset this risk.
1399:
851:
The land surrounding the Gulf of
Bothnia is heavily forested. Trees are logged, then transported to the coast for milling. The gulf is also important for oil transport to the coastal cities and ore transport to steel mills, for instance in Raahe.
1415:
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619:
has a further 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 meters) to rise before equilibrium is reached. This recovery rate will progressively slow as isostatic equilibrium is approached.
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assistance are typically in force for all the gulf from late
January to late April and for the northernmost ports from the middle of December to the middle of May.
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of almost 10 mm (0.39 inches) a year. Within 2000 years the bay is expected to separate from the rest of the gulf and become a freshwater lake.
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The gulf was not known by ancient and medieval geographers and as late as in 1427 not indicated by the Danish cartographer
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1960:
737:, printed in 1493. The first map in which the gulf has been delineated, although without name, is that of
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1485:
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863:, for domestic needs. A persistent problem has been pollution, because the sea is enclosed by a large
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the classical authors usually meant 'outermost', as the northern lands were outermost to them. In
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1506:
438:
513:
505:, north was viewed as the bottom direction because the lowest point of the sun's path is there.
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31:
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area above water, splitting the Gulf of
Bothnia into a southern gulf and northern lake.
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on the eastern side ('West Bottom' and 'East Bottom'). The
Finnish name of Ăsterbotten,
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1313:"Late Weichselian and Holocene shore displacement history of the Baltic Sea in Finland"
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Being nearly fresh, the gulf is frozen over five months every year. The icing of the
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Geologica: Earthâs
Dynamic Forces by Dr Robert R. Coenraads and John I. Koivula
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origin. The depression is partly filled with sedimentary rock deposited in the
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2015:
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430:
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377:, meaning 'land'), hint as to the meaning in both languages: the meaning of
311:
46:
1422:. SYKE, Aalto University, YTK & Finnish Met. Institute. Archived from
1298:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199703)22:3<297::AID-ESP758>3.0.CO;2-R
1203:
672:
begins and ends in the northern Gulf of
Bothnia. Traffic restrictions for
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gradient exists from north to south. In the south the water is the normal
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region with a water depth of around 25 metres (82 ft) and a rate of
623:
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2010:
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987:
913:
908:
779: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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639:
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Into the gulf flow a number of rivers from both sides; consequently, a
608:
410:
343:, which at the time referred to the coastland west of the gulf. Later,
216: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
147:
71:
17:
710:
glacial erosion has had a limited effect in changing the topography.
434:
314:
for "gulf" or "bay", which is also the meaning of the second element
155:
2282:
1477:
1027:
590:
564:
556:
512:
57:
45:
1007:
1002:
585:
2341:
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1098:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from
27:
Northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea â between Sweden and Finland
2287:
748:
525:
defines the southern limit of the Gulf of Bothnia as follows:
185:
690:
Geologically the Gulf of Bothnia is an ancient depression of
97:
106:
103:
94:
646:
fish such as the pike, whitefish and perch thrive in it.
553:
and adjacent shoals and channels in the Gulf of Bothnia.
66:
in winter. The northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, the
1253:
Typical restrictions to navigation 1994/95-2003/04 (pdf)
706:. While being repeatedly covered by glaciers during the
1416:"Climate change creates new prerequisites for shipping"
713:
It is estimated that within about 2,000 years, ongoing
483:'under', indicates an original sense of 'lowlands' for
1274:(1997). "A long-term perspective on glacial erosion".
100:
1365:"Table 4. Statistics on international shipping 2014"
478:
458:
452:
91:
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2443:
2392:
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2024:
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1663:
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702:. Nearby plains adjoining the gulf are part of the
529:From SimpnÀsklubb (59°54'N) in Sweden, to Flötjan,
88:
561:June 2006 view of the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland.
615:. its coordinates are 65° 54'07" N 22° 39'00 E.
336:
330:
305:
54:, showing the Gulf of Bothnia in the upper half
473:, is derived. The original meaning of English
37:"Bothnia" redirects here. For other uses, see
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1462:
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8:
1372:Statistics from the Finnish Transport Agency
1148:
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642:to 0.2% in the northernmost part, that many
584:island at the Bothnian Bay near the city of
1063:"suomen kielisten ilmansuuntien etymologia"
464:
2360:
2346:
2338:
1469:
1455:
1447:
549:Head, 59°49'N) in Finland, thus including
839:Learn how and when to remove this message
638:, the salinity is so low, from 0.4% near
276:Learn how and when to remove this message
1160:
1158:
1093:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"
1311:Tikkanen, Matti; Oksanen, Juha (2002).
1168:. Bottenvikens SkargÄrd. Archived from
1040:
523:International Hydrographic Organization
1209:
329:was applied to the Gulf of Bothnia as
1277:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
7:
777:adding citations to reliable sources
602:at the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia
501:in its use as 'north'. According to
383:includes both 'bottom' and 'north'.
214:adding citations to reliable sources
395:, with an adjectival suffix added.
2807:Landforms of VĂ€sternorrland County
1345:Suomi 500 vuotta Euroopan kartalla
25:
2817:Mesoproterozoic rifts and grabens
649:The gulf is a combination of the
517:Depiction of the gulf, circa 1830
166:). In the south of the gulf lies
2802:Landforms of VĂ€sterbotten County
2699:
2320:
2319:
2307:
753:
190:
84:
1347:. Gummerus, 2005. Pages 12-16,
764:needs additional citations for
717:will raise the seafloor in the
657:in the south, separated by the
201:needs additional citations for
2797:Landforms of Norrbotten County
1069:. 26 July 2006. Archived from
859:There is some fishery, mainly
545:to the SW point of Hangöudde (
463:variant, from which the Latin
349:was applied to the regions of
1:
2812:Landforms of GĂ€vleborg County
138:, and it is the northernmost
1131:(in Swedish). bottenviken.se
1048:Svensk etymologisk ordbok /
389:is the base word for north,
30:Not to be confused with the
2767:Gulfs of the Atlantic Ocean
1232:"PerÀmeren erityispiirteet"
634:, but in the north, in the
477:, from Proto-Indo-European
154:) and the northern part of
2833:
2538:American Mediterranean Sea
1688:American Mediterranean Sea
1166:"About the Bay of Bothnia"
683:
479:
459:
453:
36:
29:
2696:
2301:
733:, not even in the map of
686:Geology of the Baltic Sea
2787:Geography of Scandinavia
1494:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
487:. On the other hand, by
357:on the western side and
39:Bothnia (disambiguation)
1640:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
1272:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna
1258:1 December 2015 at the
337:
331:
306:
1961:Great Australian Bight
1216:: CS1 maint: others (
708:last 2.5 million years
704:Sub-Cambrian peneplain
603:
588:
562:
555:
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465:
405:
399:
391:
385:
379:
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359:
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345:
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130:) is divided into the
127:
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55:
2792:FinlandâSweden border
2368:Marginal seas of the
684:Further information:
653:in the north and the
594:
568:
560:
527:
516:
61:
49:
2502:Gulf of St. Lawrence
1808:Gulf of St. Lawrence
773:improve this article
741:from the year 1482.
715:post-glacial rebound
335:in Old Norse, after
298:was originally just
210:improve this article
2782:Geography of Europe
2729: /
2668:Sea of the Hebrides
2109:Gulf of Carpentaria
1903:Sea of the Hebrides
1532:King Haakon VII Sea
1290:1997ESPL...22..297L
1242:on 21 January 2012.
1073:on 19 November 2016
449:Proto-Indo-European
447:gives the extended
292:. The Swedish name
62:Satellite image of
2104:Gulf of California
2001:Mozambique Channel
1645:Queen Victoria Sea
1507:Bellingshausen Sea
1426:on 20 October 2017
1381:on 1 December 2015
1343:Erkki Fredrikson:
1198:. Archived at the
604:
589:
563:
519:
76:
70:, is covered with
56:
2712:
2711:
2706:Oceans portal
2628:Mediterranean Sea
2507:Gulf of Venezuela
2335:
2334:
2314:Oceans portal
1863:Mediterranean Sea
1813:Gulf of Venezuela
1605:East Siberian Sea
1547:Riiser-Larsen Sea
1206:on 10 March 2007.
1192:"Gulf of Bothnia"
1172:on 5 October 2013
1105:on 8 October 2011
849:
848:
841:
823:
788:"Gulf of Bothnia"
739:Nicolaus Germanus
286:
285:
278:
260:
225:"Gulf of Bothnia"
16:(Redirected from
2824:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2704:
2703:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2244:Endorheic basins
2124:Gulf of Thailand
1976:Gulf of Khambhat
1471:
1464:
1457:
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1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1374:. Archived from
1369:
1361:
1355:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1268:
1262:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:. Archived from
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1222:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1202:. Archived from
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1181:
1179:
1177:
1162:
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961:Cities and towns
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757:
749:
735:Hartmann Schedel
500:
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21:
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2827:
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2821:
2777:Gulfs of Sweden
2772:Bays of Finland
2757:Gulf of Bothnia
2747:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2692:
2543:Archipelago Sea
2511:
2472:Gulf of Finland
2467:Gulf of Bothnia
2455:
2451:English Channel
2439:
2410:Bay of Campeche
2388:
2372:
2366:
2336:
2331:
2306:
2297:
2271:
2238:
2214:South China Sea
2194:Seto Inland Sea
2114:Gulf of Fonseca
2020:
1927:
1778:Gulf of Finland
1773:Gulf of Bothnia
1758:English Channel
1728:Bay of Campeche
1693:Archipelago Sea
1659:
1615:Gulf of Boothia
1571:
1512:Cooperation Sea
1488:
1475:
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934:Skellefte River
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825:
782:
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770:
758:
747:
731:Claudius Clavus
727:
688:
682:
578:Hailuoto Island
511:
282:
271:
265:
262:
219:
217:
207:
195:
184:
176:Archipelago Sea
158:'s east coast (
150:'s west coast (
128:Bottniska viken
87:
83:
80:Gulf of Bothnia
42:
35:
32:Gulf of Boothia
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2683:Tyrrhenian Sea
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2673:Sea of Marmara
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2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Gulf of Mexico
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Gulf of Guinea
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
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2374:
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2370:Atlantic Ocean
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2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Sea of Okhotsk
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Philippine Sea
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2129:Gulf of Tonkin
2126:
2121:
2119:Gulf of Panama
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Gulf of Anadyr
2096:
2094:Gulf of Alaska
2091:
2089:East China Sea
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1996:Laccadive Sea
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1585:Amundsen Gulf
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1527:D'Urville Sea
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1420:Climate Guide
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1400:Havsplanering
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1353:9789512061877
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789:
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784:Find sources:
778:
774:
768:
767:
762:This section
760:
756:
751:
750:
744:
742:
740:
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732:
724:
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719:Norra Kvarken
716:
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596:Sandy beaches
593:
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583:
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571:
570:Pilot station
567:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
543:VÊnö-KalkskÊr
540:
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332:Helsingjabotn
327:
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296:
291:
288:Bothnia is a
280:
277:
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258:
255:
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248:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
227: â
226:
222:
221:Find sources:
215:
211:
205:
204:
199:This section
197:
193:
188:
187:
181:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:North Bothnia
161:
157:
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149:
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137:
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117:
111:
81:
73:
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53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2714:
2678:Thracian Sea
2663:Sea of Crete
2653:Sea of Ă
land
2648:Sargasso Sea
2623:Ligurian Sea
2608:Labrador Sea
2603:Irminger Sea
2568:Bothnian Sea
2553:Balearic Sea
2523:Adriatic Sea
2482:Gulf of Lion
2466:
2420:Bothnian Bay
2415:Bay of Fundy
2324:
2305:
2179:Sea of Japan
2054:Bismarck Sea
2006:Persian Gulf
1991:Gulf of Suez
1986:Gulf of Oman
1966:Gulf of Aden
1933:Indian Ocean
1913:Thracian Sea
1898:Sea of Crete
1888:Sea of Ă
land
1883:Sargasso Sea
1858:Ligurian Sea
1843:Labrador Sea
1833:Irminger Sea
1788:Gulf of Lion
1772:
1743:Bothnian Sea
1733:Bay of Fundy
1708:Balearic Sea
1673:Adriatic Sea
1595:Beaufort Sea
1577:Arctic Ocean
1502:Amundsen Sea
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1419:
1410:
1404:(in Swedish)
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1376:the original
1371:
1359:
1344:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1322:
1316:
1306:
1281:
1275:
1266:
1248:
1240:the original
1236:ymparisto.fi
1235:
1226:
1204:the original
1195:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:the original
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:the original
1066:
1057:
1051:(in Swedish)
1043:
993:Kristinestad
894:KokemÀenjoki
889:Kiiminkijoki
858:
854:
850:
835:
826:
816:
809:
802:
795:
783:
771:Please help
766:verification
763:
728:
712:
689:
667:
655:Bothnian Sea
651:Bothnian Bay
648:
636:Bothnian Bay
621:
617:
613:Bothnian Bay
607:situated in
605:
582:municipality
528:
520:
488:
484:
474:
470:
454:*bhudh-m(e)n
443:
423:Netherlandic
418:
397:
353:VĂ€sterbotten
322:
290:latinization
287:
272:
263:
253:
246:
239:
232:
220:
208:Please help
203:verification
200:
172:Sea of Ă
land
160:West Bothnia
152:East Bothnia
136:Bothnian Sea
132:Bothnian Bay
79:
77:
68:Bothnian Bay
64:Fennoscandia
43:
2736: /
2658:Sea of Azov
2633:Myrtoan Sea
2588:Icarian Sea
2533:Alboran Sea
2435:Pottles Bay
2257:Caspian Sea
2229:Visayan Sea
2209:Solomon Sea
2204:Sibuyan Sea
2199:Shantar Sea
2154:Molucca Sea
2149:Mar de Grau
2079:Chilean Sea
2074:Celebes Sea
2069:Camotes Sea
2034:Arafura Sea
1946:Arabian Sea
1941:Andaman Sea
1893:Sea of Azov
1868:Myrtoan Sea
1683:Alboran Sea
1635:Pechora Sea
1630:Lincoln Sea
1600:Chukchi Sea
1590:Barents Sea
1567:Weddell Sea
1537:Lazarev Sea
1329:22 December
1109:28 December
1077:18 November
949:Kalix River
919:IndalsÀlven
696:Precambrian
663:land rising
485:bottomlands
361:Ăsterbotten
339:HĂ€lsingland
295:Bottenviken
120:Pohjanlahti
50:Map of the
2762:Baltic Sea
2751:Categories
2688:Wadden Sea
2618:Libyan Sea
2593:Ionian Sea
2578:Celtic Sea
2558:Baltic Sea
2528:Aegean Sea
2425:Hudson Bay
2400:Baffin Bay
2384:Foxe Basin
2293:Superocean
2267:Salton Sea
2234:Yellow Sea
2224:Tasman Sea
2169:Salish Sea
2049:Bering Sea
1956:Flores Sea
1923:Wadden Sea
1853:Libyan Sea
1823:Ionian Sea
1818:Hudson Bay
1763:Foxe Basin
1753:Celtic Sea
1713:Baltic Sea
1703:Baffin Bay
1678:Aegean Sea
1650:Wandel Sea
1625:Laptev Sea
1557:Scotia Sea
1542:Mawson Sea
1430:1 December
1385:1 December
1176:1 December
1135:1 December
1035:References
944:Lule River
939:Pite River
799:newspapers
674:icebreaker
670:Baltic Sea
644:freshwater
632:Baltic Sea
574:lighthouse
460:*bhudh-no-
431:Lithuanian
236:newspapers
146:, between
144:Baltic Sea
52:Baltic Sea
2733:63°N 20°E
2638:North Sea
2598:Irish Sea
2563:Black Sea
2430:James Bay
2189:Seram Sea
2159:Moro Gulf
2084:Coral Sea
2064:Bohol Sea
2059:Bohai Sea
2044:Banda Sea
2016:Timor Sea
1873:North Sea
1838:James Bay
1828:Irish Sea
1738:Black Sea
1655:White Sea
1562:Somov Sea
1522:Davis Sea
1018:Sundsvall
978:Jakobstad
973:HÀrnösand
929:Ume River
829:June 2023
700:Paleozoic
541:örn, and
509:Geography
471:fundament
427:Samogitia
413:with the
392:pohjoinen
368:Pohjanmaa
323:The name
312:Old Norse
266:June 2023
2444:Channels
2326:Category
2262:Dead Sea
2252:Aral Sea
2219:Sulu Sea
2174:Savu Sea
2144:Koro Sea
2139:Java Sea
2039:Bali Sea
1620:Kara Sea
1552:Ross Sea
1256:Archived
1212:cite web
983:Kalajoki
924:Ă
ngerman
904:DalÀlven
899:Oulujoki
884:Kemijoki
879:Kalajoki
692:tectonic
624:salinity
600:Kalajoki
535:FÊstörne
469:, as in
451:root as
425:region,
301:Botn(en)
174:and the
2011:Red Sea
1286:Bibcode
1067:Kysy.fi
988:Kokkola
914:Ljungan
909:Ljusnan
813:scholar
745:Economy
725:History
680:Geology
659:Kvarken
640:Kvarken
630:of the
611:in the
576:in the
531:LagskĂŠr
503:Lönnrot
457:with a
433:), and
415:English
411:cognate
304:, with
250:scholar
148:Finland
142:of the
124:Swedish
116:Finnish
72:sea ice
18:Bothnia
2738:63; 20
2377:Basins
2276:Others
1482:oceans
1402:p. 92
1351:
1318:Fennia
872:Rivers
815:
808:
801:
794:
786:
539:Kökars
466:fundus
439:Russia
435:Sambia
419:bottom
406:botten
346:botten
310:being
252:
245:
238:
231:
223:
156:Sweden
2460:Gulfs
2283:Ocean
1478:Earth
1379:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
1325:(1â2)
1196:ku.lt
1103:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
1028:Vaasa
1013:Rauma
998:LuleÄ
968:GĂ€vle
954:Torne
820:JSTOR
806:books
551:Ă
land
547:Hangö
498:pohja
493:Saami
489:north
480:*ner-
475:north
417:word
386:Pohja
380:pohja
257:JSTOR
243:books
168:Ă
land
2724:20°E
2721:63°N
2516:Seas
2393:Bays
1486:seas
1484:and
1432:2015
1387:2015
1349:ISBN
1331:2017
1218:link
1178:2015
1137:2015
1111:2020
1079:2016
1023:UmeÄ
1008:Pori
1003:Oulu
792:news
698:and
609:Töre
586:Oulu
580:, a
572:and
521:The
400:Botn
326:botn
307:botn
229:news
182:Name
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