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said that Brébeuf appeared to her in a vision at the Québec Hôtel-Dieu while she was in a state of "mystical ecstasy", and he acted as her spiritual advisor. According to one account, Catherine de Saint-Augustin ground up part of Brébeuf's relic bone and gave it in a drink to a heretical and mortally
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To explain the low number of converts, Brébeuf noted that missionaries first had to master the Huron language. His commitment to this work demonstrates he understood that mutual intelligibility was vital for communicating complex and abstract religious ideas. He believed learning native languages was
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skills, especially in rainmaking. Despite his efforts to learn their ways, he considered Huron spiritual beliefs to be undeveloped and "foolish delusions"; he was determined to convert them to
Christianity. Brébeuf did not enjoy universal popularity with the Huron, as many believed he was a sorcerer.
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Fathers Brébeuf and
Lalement were recovered and buried together in a Sainte Marie cemetery. Brébeuf's relics later became important religious objects within Catholic New France. Historian Allan Greer notes that "his death seemed to fit the profile of a perfect martyr's end" and was preceded by what
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Potential martyrdom was a central component of the Jesuit missionary identity. Missionaries going to Canada knew they were at risk from harsh conditions, as well as from confronting alien cultures. They expected to die in the name of God; they believed the missionary life and its risks were a chance
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The
Jesuits Christophe Regnault and Paul Ragueneau provided the two accounts of the deaths of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant. According to Regnault, they learned of the tortures and deaths from Huron refugee witnesses who had escaped from Saint-Ignace. Regnault went to see the bodies to verify
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Throughout the torture, Brébeuf was reported to have been more concerned for the fate of the other
Jesuits and of the captive Native converts than for himself. As part of the ritual, the Iroquois drank his blood and ate his heart, as they wanted to absorb Brébeuf's courage in enduring the pain. The
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With increasing proficiency in the
Wyandot language, Brébeuf became optimistic about advancing his missionary goals. By understanding Huron religious beliefs and communicating Christian fundamentals, he could secure converts to Christianity. He realized the people would not give up all their
542:, they likely had difficulty with the very different conventions of the New World indigenous languages. Brébeuf's study of the languages was also shaped by his religious training. Current Catholic theology tried to reconcile knowledge of world languages with accounts in the
867:. A plaque near the grave of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant was unearthed during excavations at Ste Marie in 1954. The letters read "P. Jean de Brébeuf /brusle par les Iroquois /le 17 de mars l'an/1649" (Father Jean de Brébeuf, burned by the Iroquois, 17 March 1649).
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by the Hurons, Brébeuf was personally involved with teaching. His lengthy conversations with Huron friends left him with a good knowledge of their culture and spirituality. He learned their language and taught it to other missionaries and colonists. Fellow
Jesuits such as
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from French into Huron, and arranged to have it printed. It was the first printed text in that language (with French orthography). He also compiled a dictionary of Huron words, emphasizing translation of religious phrases such as from prayers and the Bible.
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and the losses disrupted their society. Many children and elders died. With their loved ones dying before their eyes, many Huron began to listen to the words of Jesuit missionaries who, unaffected by the disease, appeared to be men of great power.
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The religious communities in New France considered the Jesuit martyrs as imitators of previous saints in the
Catholic Church. In this sense, Brébeuf in particular, and others like him, reinforced the notion that "...Canada was a land of saints".
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prayed over Brébeuf's skull before fully joining in an outdoor ecumenical service on the grounds of the nearby
Martyrs' Shrine. The service was attended by an estimated 75,000 and mixed pre-Christian first-nation ritual with Catholic liturgy.
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was also martyred that year in the conflict between the Mohawk and other tribes. The
Jesuits considered the priests' martyrdom as proof that the mission to the Native Americans was blessed by God and would be successful.
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of the mission', stands out among them because of his giant frame, a man of noble birth, of vigorous passions tamed by religion," describing both the man and his defining drive according to formal terms of hagiography.
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by the aid of one of Brébeuf's ribs, again while under the care of
Catherine de Saint-Augustin. The exact circumstances of this event are disputed. Brébeuf's relics were also used by nuns who were treating wounded
423:(Saint-Joseph I) as the centre for missionary activity with the Huron. At the time, the Huron suffered epidemics of new Eurasian diseases contracted from the Europeans. Their death rates were high, as they had no
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imperative for the Jesuit missions, but noted that it was so difficult a task that it consumed most of the priest's time. Brébeuf felt his primary goal in his early years in New France was to learn the language.
452:". Brébeuf tried to find parallels between the Huron religion and Christianity, so as to facilitate conversion of the Huron to the European religion. Brébeuf was known by the Huron for his apparent
560:. People with a strong positive attitude towards the language often learn the language much more easily. Brébeuf was widely acknowledged to have best mastered the Native oratory style, which used
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territory, Brébeuf broke his collarbone. He was sent to Québec to recover, and worked there as a mission procurator. He taught the Huron, acting as confessor and advisor to the
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Jean de Brébeuf's remarkable facility with language was one of the reasons he was chosen for the Huron mission in 1626. He is distinguished for his commitment to learning the
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and pulled out material relating to the martyrs of New France. He formalized this material in a document, to be used as the foundation of canonization proceedings, entitled
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389:, but met with no success in trying to convert them to Catholicism. He was summoned to Québec because of the danger to which the entire colony was then exposed by the
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His record as a student was not particularly distinguished, but Brébeuf was already beginning to show an aptitude for languages. Later in New France, he would teach
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His efforts to develop a complete ethnographic record of the Huron has been described as "the longest and most ambitious piece of ethnographic description in all
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2006:
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in 1617 at the age of 24, spending the next two years under the direction of Lancelot Marin. Between 1619 and 1621, he was a teacher at the college of
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contribution. This breakthrough had enormous consequences for further study, becoming the foundation for all subsequent Jesuit linguistic work.
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in northern France as a steward, minister and confessor. He returned to New France in 1633, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life.
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658:(also known as St. Ignace), where they subjected the missionaries and native converts to ritual torture before killing them. The Iroquois then
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2493: », Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France 1995, Paris, Édition-diffusion de Boccard, 1997, p. 236–253, 6 ill.
2486: », Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France 1995, Paris, Édition-diffusion de Boccard, 1997, p. 229–235, 4 ill.
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as Christians. He claimed to have made 14 converts as of 1635 and, by the next year, he claimed 86. He wrote a detailed account in 1636 of
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Le buste reliquaire de saint Jean de Brébeuf par Charles de Poilly (1664), Un chef-d'œuvre de l'orfèvrerie parisienne conservé au Québec
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and the Ursuline convent from 1650 until 1925, when the relics were moved to the Québec Seminary for a ceremony to celebrate Brébeuf's
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priests but significantly advanced the study, particularly in his representations of sounds. He discovered and reported the feature of
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Leahey, Margaret J. (1995). "'Comment peut un muet prescher l'évangile' Jesuit Missionaries and the Native Languages of New France".
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in Europe. They, with our hindsight, rightly blamed the Europeans for the deaths, with none of the parties understanding the causes.
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Jesuit accounts of his torture emphasize his stoic nature and acceptance, claiming that he suffered silently without complaining.
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16 March, 26 September (Canada, also United States in General Roman Calendar 1962), 19 October (United States and elsewhere)
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the accounts, and his superior Ragueneau's account was based on his report. The main accounts of Brébeuf's death come from
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were ritually tortured and killed on 16 March 1649. Afterwards, his heart was eaten by Iroquois tribesmen. Brébeuf was
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480:; he was called to become Superior at his newly founded Saint-Joseph II. In 1640, after an unsuccessful mission into
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The Jesuits of Canada and the United States announced a tour of Brébeuf's relics throughout both countries in 2024.
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from 1629 to 1633. He learned their language and culture, writing extensively about each to aid other missionaries.
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ill man. It is said that the man was cured of his disease. In another instance, in 1660–61, a possessed woman was
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in 1620—a severe and usually fatal illness that prevented his studying and teaching for the traditional periods.
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Brébeuf worked tirelessly to record his findings for the benefit of other missionaries. He built on the work of
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Brébeuf's progress as a missionary in achieving conversions was slow. Not until 1635 did some Huron agree to be
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destroyed the Huron mission village at Saint-Louis. The Iroquois took the priests to the occupied village of
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After three years as Steward at the College of Rouen, Brébeuf was chosen by the Provincial of France, Father
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Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board, Agenda Board 29 March 2011.pdf (29 March 2011).
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572:. Learning the language was still onerous, and he wrote to warn other missionaries of the difficulties.
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raid took over a Huron village (referred to in French as St. Louis). Together with Huron captives, the
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with Father Anne Nouée. From then on Brébeuf worked mostly as a missionary to the Huron, who spoke an
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Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant stand ready for boiling water/fire "Baptism" and flaying by the
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was first coined by Brébeuf who thought that the sticks used in the game reminded him of a bishop's
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on 16 October 1940. A contemporary newspaper account of the canonization declares: "Brébeuf, the '
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785:(Protestant) soldiers, and they "reported that his assistance helped rescue these patients from
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Becoming Holy in Early Canada: Performance and the Making of Holy Persons in Society and Culture
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Greer, Allan (April 2000). "Colonial Saints: Gender, Race and Hagiography in New France".
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365:, together with the lay brothers Francois Charton and Gilbert Burel. He worked at the
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1028:, a 2013 novel by Joseph Boyden, is based on Jean de Brebeuf. The novel won the 2014
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Brébeuf, J. (2008). "The Mission to the Hurons (1635–37)". In Calloway, C.G. (ed.).
393:. He reached Québec on 17 July 1628 after an absence of two years. On 19 July 1629,
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The Jesuit Relations: Natives and Missionaries in Seventeenth-Century North America
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499:", Canada's oldest Christmas song, written around 1642. He wrote the lyrics in the
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Masters and Students: Jesuit Mission Ethnography in Seventeenth-Century New France
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Bressani map of 1657 depicts the martyrdom of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant
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Volume the Eighth: July – Part II. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 733–788.
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Harvest of Souls: The Jesuit Missions and Colonialism in North America, 1632–1650
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He is buried in the Church of St. Joseph at the reconstructed Jesuit mission of
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prepared missionaries to acquire native languages. But, as they had learned the
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In 1638, Brébeuf turned over direction of the mission at Saint-Joseph I to
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region of Gatineau, Quebec is named in his honour, and features a statue.
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Iroquois mocked baptism by pouring boiling water over his head. Then they
2279:(2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 323–348.
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2081:"Joseph Boyden explains why readers must wait for the end of his trilogy"
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to the Catholic church orders in Québec. It was held by the women of the
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competition, a reality show with elimination-style voting on CBC Radio.
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named after Jean de Brébeuf. The Catholic camp is named for all of the
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on 29 June 1930, and proclaimed one of the patron saints of Canada by
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vows in 1630. Between 1631 and 1633, Brébeuf worked at the College of
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were considered religious signs pointing to correspondences with the
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2224:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 751–752.
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language. Brébeuf briefly took up residence with the Bear Tribe at
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307:. Brébeuf was nearly expelled from the Society when he contracted
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Le buste-reliquaire de saint Jean de Brébeuf, histoires et mythes
943:, which is part of St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish, part of the
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2500:(M.A.). "THE JESUIT MARTYRS IN CANADA. (A.D. 1644–1649.)." In:
2001:
1885:
228:) (25 March 1593 – 16 March 1649) was a French
1527:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 551.
1504:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 388.
1481:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 621.
492:. On Sundays and feast days, he preached to French colonists.
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to missionaries and French traders. Brébeuf was ordained as a
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In 1649, Brébeuf and another missionary were captured when an
193:
2109:"The Orenda faces tough criticism from First Nations scholar"
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describe his ease and adaptability to the Huron way of life.
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Memoires touchant la mort et les vertus (des Pères Jesuits),
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Natives and Newcomers: Canada's "Heroic Age" Reconsidered
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The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century
899:, which is part of the St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish
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First People: A Documentary of American Indian History
1966:
Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board
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surrendered, and the missionaries returned to France.
369:. For about five months Brébeuf lived with a tribe of
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Brébeuf's family later donated his skull in a silver
239:(Canada) in 1625. There he worked primarily with the
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had been killed in a similar Iroquois raid in 1648.
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people. The song's melody is based on a traditional
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for the rest of his life, except for a few years in
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Saint Among the Hurons: The Life of Jean de Brébeuf
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1011:, is named after him, as is rue de Brébeuf on the
917:St. Jean de Brébeuf Catholic Elementary School in
911:St. Jean de Brébeuf Catholic Secondary School in
646:on 16 March 1649. He had been taken captive with
3232:International Association of Jesuit Universities
2197:(3rd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Bedford.
1782:
1582:Encyclopedia Britannica online — Jean de Brebeuf
1117:Encyclopedia Britannica online — Jean de Brebeuf
1105:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Jean de Brébeuf
1958:"BHNCDSB Board Meeting Agenda – March 29, 2011"
1459:Encyclopedia Britannica online —Jean de Brebeuf
1051:, for which Pratt was awarded one of his three
262:in 1925 and with eight Jesuit missionaries was
27:French Jesuit missionary and martyr (1593–1649)
888:St. John Brebeuf Regional Secondary School in
30:"Brebeuf" redirects here. For other uses, see
2526:
2450:. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press.
2429:. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press.
2310:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.).
722:Statue of Jean de Brébeuf on the site of the
681:was killed by Iroquois in December 1649 in a
8:
3384:Catholic Church and minority language rights
2233:The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder
2178:. Montréal: McGill–Queens University Press.
2007:Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
1886:"St. John Brebeuf Regional Secondary School"
984:, and a St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish in
1986:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1669:
820:Statue of Jean de Brébeuf at Trois-Rivières
457:By 1640, nearly half the Huron had died of
400:In Rouen, Brébeuf served as a preacher and
2533:
2519:
2511:
2058:Centre de services scolaire de la Capitale
1179:
980:There is the Église St-Jean de Brebeuf in
878:Numerous schools are named in his honour:
844:, and with the feminine definite article,
38:
2572:Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola
1385:
1373:
1361:
3183:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
2356:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1142:
925:St. Jean de Brebeuf Catholic High School
610:
591:in Huron, which may have been his major
495:Brébeuf is credited with composing the "
3225:List of Jesuit educational institutions
1861:"St. Jean Brebeuf School – School Home"
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824:It is said that the modern name of the
756:In 1652 Paul Raguenau went through the
377:. He was later assigned in 1626 to the
1979:
1832:Hluchy, Patricia (24 September 1984).
1615:
1433:
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714:Relics, beatification and canonization
3434:Roman Catholic missionaries in Canada
2394:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
2327:(1). Duke University Press: 105–131.
1310:
1262:
1250:
1218:
635:Gravesite of Brébeuf and Lalemant in
223:
7:
2156:– via www.library.utoronto.ca.
2002:"St. Jean Brebeuf Elementary School"
1819:
1562:"Saint Who? Saint Jean de Brébeuf".
1127:St. Jean de Brébeuf: Canadian Martyr
939:St. John Brebeuf Catholic School in
933:St. Jean Brebeuf Catholic School in
642:Brébeuf was killed at St. Ignace in
530:The educational rigor of the Jesuit
3364:17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
2625:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
2304:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.).
2079:Bethune, Brian (6 September 2013).
419:and Ambroise Davost, Brébeuf chose
3394:French Roman Catholic missionaries
2418:. New York: Harper & Brothers.
2374:"8 Jesuit Martyrs Declared Saints"
2029:"St. John Brebeuf Catholic School"
1570:(3). Magnificat USA: 93. May 2019.
1035:Jean de Brébeuf is the subject of
283:Brébeuf was born 25 March 1593 in
25:
3414:Jesuit missionaries in New France
2482:Bimbenet-Privat, Michèle, «
2371:Cortesi, Arnaldo (30 June 1930).
1015:in Montreal. Parc Brébeuf in the
966:Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School
792:Jean de Brébeuf was canonized by
665:Three priests had been killed in
353:In June 1625, Brébeuf arrived in
3311:
3298:
3297:
3218:Jesuit missions in North America
2641:
2405:(PhD thesis). McGill University.
2307:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2218:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1521:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1498:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1475:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1081:List of incidents of cannibalism
1065:
976:Statue in Parc Brébeuf, Gatineau
61:
3424:Martyred Roman Catholic priests
3190:Pontifical Gregorian University
2256:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.
2142:University of Toronto Libraries
2033:stjohnbrebeuf.wellingtoncdsb.ca
1022:The character of Christophe in
710:to save converts and be saved.
346:, to embark on the missions to
3374:Canadian Roman Catholic saints
2473:Free scores by Jean de Brébeuf
2273:The William and Mary Quarterly
685:(Tobacco People) village, and
1:
3354:17th-century Christian saints
3349:17th-century Canadian Jesuits
3239:Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm
3204:Pontifical Oriental Institute
3197:Pontifical Biblical Institute
2599:Regimini militantis Ecclesiae
2107:King, Hayden (7 March 2014).
853:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons
637:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons
367:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons
114:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons
3399:French Roman Catholic saints
2829:Roque González de Santa Cruz
2477:Choral Public Domain Library
2399:Pearson, Timothy G. (2008).
1515:Spillane, Edward P. (1908).
1469:Spillane, Edward P. (1908).
890:Abbotsford, British Columbia
112:village of St. Ignace, near
3359:17th-century French Jesuits
2410:Talbot, Francis X. (1949).
2312:University of Toronto Press
1834:"A healing hand on history"
1783:NY Times & 30 June 1930
1000:and those who helped them.
895:St. John Brebeuf School in
882:St. Jean Brebeuf School in
773:Catherine de Saint-Augustin
471:The Huron Feast of the Dead
3450:
3369:Battles of the Beaver Wars
3275:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre
3142:List of Jesuit theologians
3107:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
2348:McGee, Timothy J. (1985).
2302:"Brébeuf, Jean de (Échon)"
2300:Latourelle, René (1979) .
2252:Greer, Allan, ed. (2000).
988:. There is also a unit at
295:(He was the uncle of poet
29:
3429:People murdered in Canada
3291:
2639:
2388:Parkman, Francis (1888).
2321:French Historical Studies
2172:Blackburn, Carol (2000).
1911:"St. John Brebeuf School"
1053:Governor General's Awards
959:École Jean-de-Brébeuf in
316:Native American languages
154:29 June 1930, Canada, by
60:
3032:Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo
2229:Gray, Charlotte (2004).
1865:stjeanbrebeuf.cssd.ab.ca
1492:Lindsay, Lionel (1909).
1037:Brébeuf and his Brethren
968:in Indianapolis, Indiana
598:He translated Ledesma's
558:Huron (Wyandot) language
32:Brebeuf (disambiguation)
2773:Claude de la Colombière
2503:The Lives of the Saints
2489:Derome, Robert, «
2423:Trigger, Bruce (1986).
2215:"Jean de Brébeuf"
2212:Campbell, T.J. (1907).
2054:"École Jean-de-Brébeuf"
1495:"Charles Garnier"
994:Shawnee National Forest
951:Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf
3404:French torture victims
3318:Catholicism portal
2581:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
2557:Protestant Reformation
2138:Canadian Poetry Online
2134:"E.J. Pratt:Biography"
1670:Greer & April 2000
1472:"Anthony Daniel"
998:North American Martyrs
977:
945:Roman Catholic Diocese
903:Brebeuf College School
821:
730:
639:
628:
616:
490:Religious Hospitallers
339:
338:North American Martyrs
225:[ʒɑ̃dəbʁe.bœf]
3389:French murder victims
3211:Jesuit China missions
2221:Catholic Encyclopedia
1524:Catholic Encyclopedia
1518:"Noel Chabanel"
1501:Catholic Encyclopedia
1478:Catholic Encyclopedia
1043:by the Canadian poet
975:
863:Catholic Church near
826:Native North American
819:
721:
704:The Jesuit Relations.
634:
622:
614:
580:traditional beliefs.
552:The Jesuit Relations.
427:to the diseases long
337:
72:Apostle of the Hurons
3265:Madonna Della Strada
3176:General Congregation
3168:La Civiltà Cattolica
3121:John Courtney Murray
2444:True, Micah (2015).
1890:www.stjohnbrebeuf.ca
1055:for Poetry in 1940.
986:Niles, Illinois, USA
947:in Hamilton, Ontario
747:Hôtel-Dieu de Québec
449:The Jesuit Relations
3379:Cannibalised people
2990:Alphonsus Rodriguez
2927:Lèon-Ignance Mangin
2878:Francis de Geronimo
2850:Melchior Grodziecki
2564:Counter-Reformation
2498:Sabine Baring-Gould
2352:The Music of Canada
1796:"Brebeuf Tour 2024"
1436:, pp. 115–116.
1005:parish municipality
870:In September 1984,
766:Manuscript of 1652.
404:, taking his final
395:Samuel de Champlain
375:Algonquian language
3257:Church of the Gesù
2983:John Francis Regis
2976:Bernardino Realino
2871:Ignatius of Loyola
2380:The New York Times
2148:on 10 January 2015
1265:, pp. 41, 61.
1013:Plateau Mont-Royal
978:
919:Brantford, Ontario
897:Winnipeg, Manitoba
822:
731:
673:in 1642 and 1646.
640:
629:
617:
522:" (A Young Maid).
410:Eu, Seine-Maritime
340:
326:in February 1622.
324:Pontoise Cathedral
299:.). He joined the
297:Georges de Brébeuf
173:, Midland, Ontario
133:Anglican Communion
3326:
3325:
3282:Claudio Acquaviva
2962:Joseph Pignatelli
2899:Stanislaus Kostka
2836:John Soan de Goto
2752:Juan del Castillo
2682:Robert Bellarmine
2675:Edmund Arrowsmith
2204:978-0-3126-5362-0
1800:Brebeuf Tour 2024
1606:, pp. 96–97.
935:Brampton, Ontario
913:Hamilton, Ontario
872:Pope John Paul II
736:Passion of Christ
540:Romance languages
520:Une Jeune Pucelle
235:who travelled to
209:
208:
125:Venerated in
16:(Redirected from
3441:
3316:
3315:
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3162:
3144:
3137:
3135:Alonso Rodriguez
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3086:Francisco Suárez
3081:
3074:
3054:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3011:André de Soveral
3006:
3004:Robert Southwell
2999:
2997:José María Rubio
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2969:Stephen Pongracz
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
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2913:Gabriel Lalemant
2908:
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2894:
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2822:Aloysius Gonzaga
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2668:Modeste Andlauer
2663:
2661:José de Anchieta
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2237:. Random House.
2236:
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1039:, a blank-verse
982:Sudbury, Ontario
961:Gatineau, Québec
955:Montreal, Quebec
929:Vaughan, Ontario
907:Toronto, Ontario
884:Calgary, Alberta
865:Midland, Ontario
728:Midland, Ontario
648:Gabriel Lalemant
359:Charles Lalemant
301:Society of Jesus
227:
222:
218:
167:
118:Midland, Ontario
106:
86:
84:
65:
39:
21:
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2906:Jean de Lalande
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2857:Alberto Hurtado
2855:
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2792:
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2717:Jean de Brébeuf
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2632:List of Jesuits
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1180:Latourelle 1979
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1009:Brébeuf, Quebec
861:Martyrs' Shrine
814:
724:Martyrs' Shrine
716:
679:Charles Garnier
609:
528:
526:Linguistic work
501:native language
478:Jérôme Lalemant
373:, who spoke an
332:
281:
276:
268:Catholic Church
220:
214:
212:Jean de Brébeuf
171:Martyrs' Shrine
162:
129:Catholic Church
108:
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49:Jean de Brébeuf
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3409:Jesuit martyrs
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2780:Antoine Daniel
2776:
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2745:Peter Canisius
2741:
2738:Edmund Campion
2734:
2731:John de Britto
2727:
2720:
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2710:Francis Borgia
2706:
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2467:External links
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1773:, p. 125.
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1386:Blackburn 2000
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3090:
3087:
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3060:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
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3040:
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3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:Henry Walpole
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
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2955:Nicholas Owen
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2809:
2808:Thomas Garnet
2805:
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2777:
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2767:
2763:
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2759:Noël Chabanel
2756:
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2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
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2728:
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2703:Andrew Bobola
2700:
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2459:
2457:9780773545137
2453:
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2442:
2438:
2436:0-7735-0595-4
2432:
2428:
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2421:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2363:0-393-02279-X
2359:
2354:
2353:
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2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
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2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2263:0-3122-2744-2
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2244:0-6793-1220-X
2240:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2185:0-7735-2047-3
2181:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1937:
1936:sjb.hwcdsb.ca
1933:
1927:
1924:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1791:
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1779:
1776:
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1764:
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1755:
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1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:, p. 72.
1641:
1636:
1633:
1630:, p. 74.
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1552:, p. 98.
1551:
1546:
1543:
1540:, p. 68.
1539:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:, p. 96.
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:, p. 88.
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1313:, p. 13.
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1253:, p. 38.
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1221:, p. 37.
1220:
1215:
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1200:
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1148:
1144:
1143:Campbell 1907
1139:
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1128:
1123:
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1112:
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1073:Saints portal
1063:
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941:Erin, Ontario
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921:(Closed 2009)
920:
916:
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849:
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843:
839:
835:
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827:
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811:
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806:
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799:
798:Pope Pius XII
795:
790:
788:
784:
779:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
751:beatification
748:
744:
739:
737:
729:
725:
720:
713:
711:
707:
705:
699:
697:
691:
688:
687:Noel Chabanel
684:
680:
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663:
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638:
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621:
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581:
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413:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
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388:
384:
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376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Énemond Massé
360:
357:with Fathers
356:
351:
349:
345:
336:
329:
327:
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321:
317:
312:
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134:
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115:
111:
103:16 March 1649
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:25 March 1593
79:
75:
68:
64:
59:
55:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3302:
3263:
3166:
3072:Diego Laynez
2948:John Ogilvie
2885:Isaac Jogues
2794:Philip Evans
2766:Peter Claver
2716:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2501:
2479:(ChoralWiki)
2446:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2390:
2378:
2351:
2324:
2320:
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2276:
2272:
2253:
2232:
2219:
2194:
2174:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:the original
2137:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2084:
2074:
2064:18 September
2062:. Retrieved
2057:
2048:
2038:18 September
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2013:17 September
2011:. Retrieved
2005:
1996:
1970:. Retrieved
1964:
1951:
1941:18 September
1939:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1916:18 September
1914:. Retrieved
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:
1880:
1870:18 September
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1837:
1827:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:
1790:
1778:
1771:Pearson 2008
1766:
1759:Pearson 2008
1754:
1747:Pearson 2008
1742:
1735:Pearson 2008
1730:
1723:Pearson 2008
1718:
1711:Pearson 2008
1694:Pearson 2008
1689:
1682:Pearson 2008
1677:
1655:Parkman 1888
1640:Pearson 2008
1635:
1628:Pearson 2008
1623:
1611:
1604:Parkman 1888
1599:
1592:Parkman 1888
1587:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1550:Pearson 2008
1545:
1538:Pearson 2008
1533:
1522:
1510:
1499:
1487:
1476:
1464:
1453:
1446:Pearson 2008
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1299:Brébeuf 2008
1294:
1287:Trigger 1986
1282:
1275:Trigger 1986
1270:
1258:
1204:Trigger 1986
1199:
1187:
1157:, p. 7.
1150:
1122:
1111:
1100:
1036:
1034:
1030:Canada Reads
1023:
1021:
1002:
979:
877:
869:
850:
845:
837:
823:
807:
794:Pope Pius XI
791:
771:
765:
761:
757:
755:
740:
732:
708:
703:
700:
696:cannibalized
692:
664:
660:cannibalized
641:
597:
582:
578:
574:
555:
551:
529:
494:
475:
464:
447:
445:
435:
433:
420:
414:
399:
352:
344:Pierre Coton
341:
313:
309:tuberculosis
282:
256:missionaries
249:
211:
210:
156:Pope Pius XI
144:12 June 1925
105:(1649-03-16)
92:, Normandy,
36:
3344:1649 deaths
3339:1593 births
3100:Karl Rahner
2941:Henry Morse
2920:David Lewis
2892:James Kisai
2843:René Goupil
2801:Peter Faber
2060:(in French)
1616:Talbot 1949
1434:Leahey 1995
1422:Leahey 1995
1410:Leahey 1995
1398:Leahey 1995
1347:Leahey 1995
1335:Leahey 1995
1323:Leahey 1995
1236:Leahey 1995
1192:Leahey 1995
1155:Talbot 1949
1045:E. J. Pratt
669:country at
497:Huron Carol
454:shamanistic
415:Along with
279:Early years
3333:Categories
3160:Bollandist
2864:Rémy Isoré
1972:2 February
1805:8 February
1564:Magnificat
1311:McGee 1985
1263:Greer 2000
1251:Greer 2000
1219:Greer 2000
1087:References
1025:The Orenda
857:Highway 12
812:Modern era
671:Ossernenon
662:his body.
593:linguistic
585:Recollects
570:repetition
532:seminaries
421:Ihonatiria
371:Montagnais
348:New France
330:Missionary
237:New France
233:missionary
189:Attributes
83:1593-03-25
2934:Paul Miki
2787:Paul Denn
2086:Maclean's
1895:21 August
1839:Maclean's
1820:Gray 2004
1092:Citations
1041:epic poem
859:from the
846:la crosse
828:sport of
778:exorcised
758:Relations
743:reliquary
650:when the
600:catechism
536:classical
486:Ursulines
402:confessor
383:Iroquoian
274:Biography
270:in 1930.
264:canonized
260:beatified
201:Patronage
150:Canonized
140:Beatified
3304:Category
3063:Theology
2118:16 March
2113:CBC News
2092:16 March
1982:cite web
1059:See also
830:lacrosse
783:Huguenot
652:Iroquois
627:in 1649.
625:Iroquois
562:metaphor
467:baptized
459:smallpox
425:immunity
289:Normandy
252:Iroquois
120:, Canada
3249:Related
3152:General
3052:Francis
2549:History
2542:Jesuits
2475:in the
2293:2674478
2165:Sources
2152:25 June
1845:22 June
992:in the
855:across
834:crosier
764:or the
644:Huronia
546:of the
518:song, "
503:of the
434:Called
429:endemic
391:English
387:Toanché
266:in the
221:French:
116:, near
70:Martyr
18:Brebeuf
3296:
2652:Saints
2454:
2433:
2360:
2341:286901
2339:
2291:
2260:
2241:
2201:
2182:
842:French
838:crosse
787:heresy
667:Mohawk
513:French
509:Wendat
406:Jesuit
355:Québec
320:priest
293:France
245:France
230:Jesuit
205:Canada
165:shrine
163:Major
94:France
3043:Popes
2590:Magis
2496:Rev.
2337:JSTOR
2289:JSTOR
1961:(PDF)
698:him.
683:Petun
607:Death
544:Bible
505:Huron
436:Échon
379:Huron
305:Rouen
241:Huron
179:Feast
110:Huron
44:Saint
2452:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2154:2019
2120:2020
2094:2020
2066:2021
2040:2021
2015:2021
1988:link
1974:2022
1943:2021
1918:2021
1897:2018
1872:2021
1847:2019
1807:2024
1049:FRSC
1017:Hull
1003:The
802:Ajax
568:and
538:and
516:folk
488:and
361:and
100:Died
77:Born
54:S.J.
2329:doi
2281:doi
1007:of
953:in
927:in
905:in
848:).
840:in
789:".
322:at
194:Pyx
3335::
2377:.
2335:.
2325:19
2323:.
2287:.
2277:57
2275:.
2140:.
2136:.
2111:.
2083:.
2056:.
2031:.
2004:.
1984:}}
1980:{{
1963:.
1934:.
1888:.
1863:.
1836:.
1798:.
1701:^
1662:^
1647:^
1568:21
1566:.
1354:^
1243:^
1226:^
1211:^
1162:^
1133:^
1047:,
726:,
564:,
350:.
291:,
287:,
216:SJ
131:,
2534:e
2527:t
2520:v
2505:.
2460:.
2439:.
2383:.
2366:.
2343:.
2331::
2314:.
2295:.
2283::
2266:.
2247:.
2207:.
2188:.
2122:.
2096:.
2068:.
2042:.
2017:.
1990:)
1976:.
1945:.
1920:.
1899:.
1874:.
1849:.
1822:.
1809:.
1785:.
1182:.
1145:.
892:.
836:(
507:/
219:(
85:)
81:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
