458:
48:
1377:
106:
580:
734:
690:… every part of Europe has had brigands and criminals who during wars and misfortune dominated the countryside and put themselves outside the law but there was only one country in Europe where brigandage has existed we can say always a country where brigandage for many centuries can look like a huge river of blood and hates a country where for centuries monarchy based itself on brigandage that became like a historical agent: this is the country of Midday »
765:
205:
195:
185:
175:
165:
780:
750:
598:
560:. However, the brigands were not a homogeneous group, nor did they operate with any common cause. The brigands consisted of a mixture of people with different backgrounds and motives. They included former prisoners; bandits and other people who the Italian government regarded as common criminals; former soldiers and loyalists from the former Bourbon army; foreign mercenaries in the pay of the
501:. These companies-at-arms were often made up of former bandits and criminals, usually the most skilled and violent of them. While this saved communities the trouble of maintaining their own policemen, this may have made the companies-at-arms more inclined to collude with their former brethren rather than destroy them.
653:, for the first nine months of 1863: 421 brigands had been killed in combat, 322 were shot by firing squad, 504 arrested and 250 surrendered. During the same period, the brigands killed 228 soldiers and wounded 94, killed 379 other persons and kidnapped 331, and killed or stole 1,821 head of cattle.
575:
Brigands launched attacks, not just against the
Italian authorities and the landowners, but also against common people, frequently looting villages, towns and farms, and committing armed robberies against both individuals and groups, including farmers, townspeople and rival brigand bands. Robberies
496:
With no police to call upon, local elites in countryside towns recruited young men into "companies-at-arms" to hunt down thieves and negotiate the return of stolen property in exchange for a pardon for the thieves and a fee from the victims - a development that is often seen as the genesis of the
707:, but it should noted that after 1865–1870 the brigandage movement was never followed by any anti-Savoy or anti-unification movement. Many southern Italians held high positions in the new Italian government, such as the 11th Prime Minister of Italy
444:
loyalists of the country refused to accept the new
Bonapartist rulers and actively fought against them until the Bourbon monarchy had been reinstated. Some claim that the word brigandage is a euphemism for what was in fact a
648:
An indication of the number of deaths during the conflict, including killings and other damages caused by brigandage, can be found in "Result of
Operations", signed by colonel Bariola of the 6th Military Department in
1214:
1155:
1637:
271:
719:. The thesis that southern Italy was hostile to Savoy after the unification also doesn't explain the fact that in the referendum on 2 June 1946, about the creation of the
733:
723:, the south voted overwhelmingly for the Savoy monarchy, while the north voted for a republic, and from 1946 to 1972 the monarchist parties (which merged into the
962:
930:
724:
576:
by brigand bands were often accompanied by other acts of violence and vandalism, such as arsons, murders, rapes, kidnappings, extortions and crop burnings.
457:
1376:
1249:
536:
theoretician Nicola Zitara, Southern Italy experienced social unrest, especially among the lower classes, due to poor conditions and the fact that the
1428:
47:
1846:
1515:
257:
1302:
1258:
656:
Whilst brigandage was virtually non-existent in the annexed states of northern and central Italy after the unification in 1861, such as the
1918:
1510:
1331:
1215:"Netflix Reveals Italian Series Slate Including Elena Ferrante Drama; MGM's Pamela Abdy To Get Zurich Game Changer Award — Global Briefs"
1851:
1810:
1825:
1815:
1490:
1140:
1017:
485:
in 1812, a lack of an effective police force made banditry a serious problem in much of rural Sicily during the 19th century. Rising
1820:
1525:
1495:
1450:
264:
1323:
1199:
Of 1,145,624 valid votes, 903,651 (79%) were monarchist and 241,973 republican (21%)(See page 234 Istat data, in Franco
Malnati,
642:
347:
1346:
1041:
657:
1385:
1784:
1693:
1592:
1540:
1187:
561:
321:
605:
An extremely harsh repression of the brigands by the
Italian authorities began in 1863, especially after the passing of the
316:
764:
1438:
127:
1923:
1708:
1403:
840:
390:
779:
342:
1928:
1887:
1465:
1341:
998:
863:
78:
609:, which permitted the arrest of relatives and those suspected of collaborating or helping a brigand. The villages of
1794:
1545:
1500:
1366:
1295:
1168:
799:
139:
1933:
1779:
1505:
749:
378:
1938:
1413:
1039:
Private States and the
Enforcement of Property Rights: Theory and evidence on the origins of the Sicilian mafia
898:
814:
from the 1940s to 1950s, all formed bands of brigands in
Southern Italy and gained significant status as local
727:) were especially strong in the south and in Naples (a city in which nearly 80% supported the Savoy monarchy).
383:
1071:
676:, the situation in Southern Italy was very different, owing to the previous centuries of history. In his book
309:
304:
1758:
1748:
1485:
873:
681:
509:
328:
579:
1789:
1356:
669:
591:
366:
1830:
1602:
1433:
1288:
1264:
618:
354:
199:
105:
1582:
1311:
537:
371:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1663:
1470:
1423:
1408:
1393:
771:
517:
425:
359:
39:
1075:
1728:
1718:
1647:
1612:
1455:
1272:
956:
924:
878:
819:
803:
626:
335:
159:
1673:
692:(from Italian “Mezzodì” or “Mezzogiorno”, the name for Southern Italy during the 19th century)
1892:
1882:
1703:
1683:
1535:
1254:
1183:
1070:
Ilaria
Porciani, "On the Uses and Abuses of Nationalism from Below: A Few Notes on Italy", in
807:
795:
786:
565:
433:
1713:
1627:
1622:
1607:
1587:
1561:
1475:
1460:
720:
716:
711:. Italians from southern Italy would also go on to play a key role in the ultra-nationalist
708:
638:
521:
505:
441:
413:
109:
1182:(Heroes and brigands) by Francesco Saverio Nitti – (edition 1899) – Osanna Edizioni 2015 –
794:
Brigandage in
Southern Italy would continue sporadically after the 1870s. Brigands such as
1753:
1723:
1642:
1530:
1125:
1045:
1034:
712:
665:
152:
143:
424:
targeting random travellers would evolve vastly later on to become a form of a political
1237:
983:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1688:
1678:
1520:
1361:
1335:
853:
756:
704:
661:
529:
513:
498:
466:
408:
204:
194:
184:
179:
174:
164:
148:
73:
1280:
1912:
1632:
1617:
1597:
1566:
1418:
1038:
823:
699:
There is a thesis that the brigandage in southern Italy was a popular revolt against
610:
490:
470:
1774:
1668:
1445:
1351:
700:
673:
569:
462:
597:
1109:
1080:
189:
1698:
1480:
858:
815:
622:
587:
541:
486:
169:
121:
1897:
545:
525:
437:
429:
1398:
684:
describes how brigandage was endemic in southern Italy already before 1860:
614:
482:
446:
17:
1000:
A History of Sicily: Modern Sicily, after 1713, by D.M. Smith. (B 68-13584)
868:
740:
634:
630:
629:
by local brigands. In total, several thousand brigands were arrested and
553:
549:
420:) had existed in some form since ancient times. However, its origins as
835:
641:). In Palermo in 1866, 40,000 Italian soldiers were needed to put down
583:
557:
533:
826:
also continued to practice forms of brigandage into the 20th century.
811:
650:
478:
421:
249:
1141:"Pontelandolfo, una lettera inedita del 1861: 'Perirono 13 persone'"
899:"BRIGANTAGGIO (I Carabinieri nella campagna contro il Brigantaggio)"
428:, especially from the 19th century onward. During the time of the
625:, as a reprisal after the massacre of forty-five soldiers of the
1284:
253:
621:
became the site of a massacre of thirteen brigands by
Italian
489:, the loss of public and church lands, and the loss of feudal
802:, both operating at the turn of the 20th century, as well as
1156:"Il rogo delle case e 400 morti che nessuno vuole ricordare"
1111:
Brigandage in South Italy, by David Hilton Wheeler, Volume 2
1087:
Nationhood from Below: Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century
1018:
Economic Origins of the Mafia and Patronage System in Sicily
680:(Heroes and brigands), the Italian historian and politician
590:, wounded in the conflict but survived, dedicated to the
1089:(London: Palgrave Macmillan2012), p. 75: "the so-called
1238:
Brigand Life in Italy: A History of Bourbonist Reaction
838:
will release a series about Italian brigandage titled
715:, most notably the so-called 'philosopher of Fascism'
1114:. London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston. p. 294.
1048:, London School of Economics and CEPR, 2001, pp. 8–10
568:; poverty stricken farmers; and peasants who wanted
1860:
1839:
1803:
1767:
1656:
1575:
1554:
1384:
1322:
1169:
I Carabinieri nella campagna contro il Brigantaggio
544:, so many turned to brigandage in the mountains of
1201:La grande frode. Come l'Italia fu fatta Repubblica
997:Finley, Moses I.; Mack Smith, Denis (1968-01-01).
947:Monatsschrift zum Conversations-Lexikon (1870).
32:
493:pushed many desperate peasants into banditry.
1296:
1103:
1101:
1099:
265:
8:
1203:, Bastogi Collana De Monarchica, Bari, 1998,
725:Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity
1303:
1289:
1281:
1139:Desiderio, Giancristano (August 8, 2016).
1030:
1028:
1026:
961:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
929:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
436:, the first signs of political resistance
293:
272:
258:
250:
29:
1429:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1012:
1010:
1020:, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2009.
596:
578:
456:
1847:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
1516:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
1253:, New York: Columbia University Press,
890:
729:
296:
153:
1213:Wiseman, Andreas (17 September 2021).
984:"Briganten in SĂĽditalien (i briganti)"
978:
976:
974:
972:
954:
922:
942:
940:
910:
908:
7:
1811:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
1511:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
917:Storia del brigantaggio dopo l'UnitĂ
27:1861–1865 conflict in Southern Italy
1852:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
1154:Sergio Rizzo, Gian Antonio Stella.
1003:. Chatto & Windus. p. 453.
986:. Mein-Italien.info. 16 April 2008.
572:. Both men and women took up arms.
540:had only benefited the land-owning
1826:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
1816:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
1491:Second Italian War of Independence
25:
1821:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
1526:Third Italian War of Independence
1496:United Provinces of Central Italy
1451:First Italian War of Independence
1375:
1265:"Brigandage in the Two Sicilies"
778:
763:
748:
732:
643:The Seven and a Half Days Revolt
203:
193:
183:
173:
163:
104:
52:An episode of brigandage in 1864
46:
1128:. Polyarchy.org. 16 April 2008.
1785:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
1593:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1541:Italian entry into World War I
1108:Hilton Wheeler, David (1864).
739:A small band of brigands from
477:Following the upheaval during
1:
1638:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
440:came to public light, as the
1709:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
1404:Revolutions during the 1820s
841:Brigands: The Quest for Gold
1919:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1888:Revisionism of Risorgimento
1466:Sicilian revolution of 1848
1347:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1342:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
658:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
520:in 1861, which created the
317:Pontelandolfo and Casalduni
79:Kingdom of the two Sicilies
1955:
1795:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
1501:Expedition of the Thousand
1367:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
800:Francesco Paolo Varsallona
524:, the most famous form of
1780:Franz Joseph I of Austria
1657:Literature and philosophy
1506:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
1373:
1190:, 9788881674695 – page 33
637:or fled the country (see
291:
211:
133:
114:Southern Italian brigands
98:
56:
45:
37:
1250:The History of the Mafia
1247:Lupo, Salvatore (2009).
1072:Maarten Van Ginderachter
915:Molfese, Franco (1966).
512:and its merger with the
1759:Francesco Saverio Salfi
1749:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
874:Revolt of Montefalcione
682:Francesco Saverio Nitti
633:, while many more were
510:Kingdom of Two Sicilies
391:Seven and a half revolt
343:Santa Croce di Magliano
1790:Klemens von Metternich
1357:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1312:Unification of Italy (
743:, photographed in 1862
697:
670:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
602:
594:
504:After the fall of the
474:
461:Brigands surprised by
417:
231:24 captured or missing
134:Commanders and leaders
1831:Tricolour Flag Museum
1603:Federico Confalonieri
1434:Republic of San Marco
686:
619:Province of Benevento
600:
592:Madonna of Caravaggio
582:
562:Bourbon king in exile
481:'s transition out of
460:
226:Including 21 officers
212:Casualties and losses
1486:Plombières Agreement
1059:History of the Mafia
538:unification of Italy
160:Vincenzo Mastronardi
1924:Italian unification
1878:Italian nationalism
1873:Italian irredentism
1868:Altare della Patria
1664:Giovanni Arrivabene
1471:Ten Days of Brescia
1424:Revolutions of 1848
1409:Revolutions of 1830
1394:Rimini Proclamation
1332:Kingdom of Sardinia
1126:"Legge Pica (1863)"
772:Michelina Di Cesare
701:Italian unification
518:Kingdom of Sardinia
426:resistance movement
90:Unification victory
40:Italian unification
1929:Italian brigandage
1729:Alessandro Manzoni
1719:Francesco Lomonaco
1648:Victor Emmanuel II
1613:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1456:Five Days of Milan
1324:Pre-unitary states
1273:The New York Times
1158:. www.corriere.it.
1044:2012-03-19 at the
879:Sardinian banditry
830:In popular culture
804:Salvatore Giuliano
603:
595:
475:
330:Borjes' expedition
283:Italian brigandage
200:Michele La Rotonda
140:Alfonso La Marmora
1906:
1905:
1893:Southern question
1704:Vincenzo Gioberti
1684:Felice Cavallotti
1583:Massimo d'Azeglio
1536:Law of Guarantees
1276:. April 25, 1874.
1259:978-0-231-13134-6
1143:. sanniopress.it.
864:Nicola Napolitano
820:Sardinian bandits
808:Gaspare Pisciotta
796:Giuseppe Musolino
787:Giuseppe Musolino
693:
601:Executed brigands
434:Kingdom of Naples
403:
402:
398:
397:
248:
247:
227:
124:in Southern Italy
94:
93:
16:(Redirected from
1946:
1934:Sicilian bandits
1714:Giacomo Leopardi
1694:Giuseppe Ferrari
1628:Bettino Ricasoli
1623:Giuseppe Mazzini
1608:Francesco Crispi
1588:Agostino Bertani
1562:Cockade of Italy
1546:Impresa di Fiume
1476:Belfiore martyrs
1461:Sortie on Mestre
1379:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1223:
1222:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1130:
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1122:
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1084:
1068:
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1049:
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1014:
1005:
1004:
994:
988:
987:
980:
967:
966:
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952:
944:
935:
934:
928:
920:
912:
903:
902:
895:
782:
767:
752:
736:
721:Italian Republic
717:Giovanni Gentile
713:Fascist movement
709:Francesco Crispi
691:
639:Italian diaspora
522:Kingdom of Italy
506:House of Bourbon
432:conquest of the
387:
379:Casale Mastroddi
375:
363:
351:
339:
325:
313:
294:
286:
284:
274:
267:
260:
251:
225:
207:
197:
187:
177:
167:
155:
110:Kingdom of Italy
108:
58:
57:
50:
30:
21:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1939:Sicilian rebels
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1856:
1835:
1799:
1763:
1754:Antonio Rosmini
1724:Goffredo Mameli
1674:Giosuè Carducci
1652:
1643:Ruggero Settimo
1571:
1550:
1531:Capture of Rome
1380:
1371:
1318:
1309:
1267:
1263:
1232:
1230:Further reading
1227:
1226:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1180:Eroi e briganti
1178:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1046:Wayback Machine
1035:Oriana Bandiera
1033:
1024:
1016:Jason Sardell,
1015:
1008:
996:
995:
991:
982:
981:
970:
953:
946:
945:
938:
921:
914:
913:
906:
897:
896:
892:
887:
850:
832:
810:, operating in
790:
783:
774:
768:
759:
753:
744:
737:
678:Eroi e briganti
666:Duchy of Modena
532:. According to
455:
404:
399:
381:
369:
357:
345:
333:
319:
307:
297:List of battles
287:
282:
280:
278:
243:
241:
239:
230:
228:
224:
222:
198:
188:
178:
168:
158:
144:Enrico Cialdini
142:
126:Partisans from
125:
119:
115:
82:
76:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Carlo Pisacane
1741:
1739:Silvio Pellico
1736:
1734:Ippolito Nievo
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:Vincenzo Cuoco
1686:
1681:
1679:Carlo Cattaneo
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Roman Question
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1439:Roman Republic
1436:
1431:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:Duchy of Parma
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1336:House of Savoy
1328:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1261:
1245:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1205:
1192:
1172:
1161:
1146:
1131:
1117:
1095:
1063:
1050:
1022:
1006:
989:
968:
936:
904:
889:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
854:Carmine Crocco
849:
846:
831:
828:
792:
791:
784:
777:
775:
769:
762:
760:
757:Carmine Crocco
754:
747:
745:
738:
731:
705:House of Savoy
662:Duchy of Parma
530:Southern Italy
514:House of Savoy
469:. Painting by
467:Roman Campagna
454:
451:
409:Southern Italy
407:Brigandage in
401:
400:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:
376:
364:
352:
340:
326:
314:
305:Ruvo del Monte
299:
298:
292:
289:
288:
279:
277:
276:
269:
262:
254:
246:
245:
244:1,038 executed
242:2,768 captured
232:
214:
213:
209:
208:
149:Carmine Crocco
146:
136:
135:
131:
130:
112:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
74:Southern Italy
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1951:
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1775:Pope Pius IX
1669:Cesare Balbo
1576:Main leaders
1446:Quadrilatero
1352:Papal States
1314:Risorgimento
1313:
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1208:
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1195:
1179:
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1091:Brigantaggio
1090:
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1076:Marnix Beyen
1066:
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785:The brigand
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755:The brigand
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674:Papal States
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627:Italian army
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574:
570:land reforms
503:
495:
476:
463:papal troops
418:brigantaggio
406:
405:
329:
281:
240:2,413 killed
235:
218:
190:Luigi Alonzi
116:
99:Belligerents
38:Part of the
33:Brigantaggio
18:Brigantaggio
1699:Ugo Foscolo
1481:Crimean War
1414:Young Italy
1235:A. Maffei,
1079: [
949:Unsere Zeit
859:Ninco Nanco
816:folk heroes
623:Bersaglieri
588:Bersagliere
542:bourgeoisie
528:emerged in
487:food prices
382: [
370: [
367:Pietragalla
358: [
346: [
334: [
320: [
308: [
229:253 wounded
180:José Borjes
170:Ninco Nanco
122:Legitimists
1913:Categories
1898:Third Rome
1188:8881674696
951:. Leipzig.
885:References
546:Basilicata
526:brigandage
438:brigandage
430:Napoleonic
223:603 killed
1883:Redshirts
1768:Opponents
1399:Carbonari
957:cite book
925:cite book
834:In 2024,
615:Casalduni
607:Pica Laws
483:feudalism
473:frĂĄn 1831
447:civil war
236:1861–1864
219:1861–1864
64:1861–1865
1386:Timeline
1219:Deadline
1085:(eds.),
1042:Archived
919:. Milan.
848:See also
822:and the
741:Bisaccia
703:and the
672:and the
635:deported
631:executed
566:nobility
554:Calabria
550:Campania
355:Acinello
120:Bourbon
77:(former
69:Location
1804:Museums
1555:Symbols
1244:. 1865.
1061:, p. 34
836:Netflix
617:in the
584:Ex-voto
564:; some
558:Abruzzo
534:Marxist
465:in the
453:History
442:Bourbon
422:outlaws
414:Italian
151: (
1257:
1186:
1057:Lupo,
869:OmertĂ
812:Sicily
668:, the
664:, the
660:, the
651:Naples
479:Sicily
202:
192:
182:
172:
162:
87:Result
1861:Other
1268:(PDF)
1083:]
586:of a
499:Mafia
386:]
374:]
362:]
350:]
338:]
324:]
312:]
1255:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1074:and
963:link
931:link
806:and
798:and
613:and
556:and
61:Date
645:.
516:'s
508:'s
154:POW
1915::
1270:.
1242:ca
1217:.
1098:^
1081:nl
1037:,
1025:^
1009:^
971:^
959:}}
955:{{
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923:{{
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818:.
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933:)
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234:(
217:(
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81:)
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