2040:
468:
224:
133:
36:
833:
675:
to pacify the province in the aftermath of the campaign only contributed to further instability in
Cantabria. Near-constant tribal uprisings (including a serious slave revolt in 20 BC that quickly spread to neighboring Asturias) and guerrilla warfare continued to plague the Cantabrian lands until
574:
In the early 1st century BC, the
Cantabri began to play a double game by lending their services to individual Roman generals on occasion but, at same time, supported rebellions within Roman Spanish provinces and carried out raids in times of unrest. This opportunistic policy led them to side with
420:
A detailed analysis of place-names in ancient
Cantabria shows a strong Celtic element along with an almost equally strong "Para-Celtic" element (both Indo-European) and thus disproves the idea of a substantial pre-Indo-European or Basque presence in the region. This supports the earlier view that
479:
Regarded as savage and untamable mountaineers, the
Cantabri long defied the Roman legions and made a name for themselves for their independent spirit and freedom. Indeed, Cantabri warriors were regarded as being tough and fierce fighters, suitable for
389:
1726:
Peralta
Labrador, Eduardo José (2017b), “Las cohortes cántabras del ejército romano: Cohors II Cantabrorum”, Hispania Antiqva. Revista de Historia Antigua, XLI. Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, pp. 173-209. –
1720:
Peralta
Labrador, Eduardo José (2017a), “Las cohortes cántabras del ejército romano: Cohors I Cantabrorum”, Hispania Antiqva. Revista de Historia Antigua, XLI. Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, pp. 131-172. –
851:
neighbors, the
Cantabri were polytheistic, worshipping a vast and complex pantheon of male and female Indo-European deities in sacred oak or pine woods, mountains, water-courses and small rural sanctuaries.
858:
does not appear to have been practiced by the
Cantabri, though there is enough evidence for the existence of an organized priestly class who performed elaborated rites, which included ritual
2039:
2857:
2848:
3582:
231:, in relationship to today's Cantabria, along with the tribes that lived there, the neighboring peoples, towns and geographical features, according to classical sources.
1674:
Martín
Almagro Gorbea, José María Blázquez Martínez, Michel Reddé, Joaquín González Echegaray, José Luis Ramírez Sádaba, and Eduardo José Peralta Labrador (coord.),
3587:
1935:
300:
around the 4th
Century BC, and were said by them to be more mixed than most peninsular Celtic peoples. By the 1st century BC they comprised eleven or so tribes—
1639:
1798:
481:
1591:
2467:
612:
2841:
797:
623:, who succeeded in overpowering and destroying the combined Cantabri-Aquitani force of 50,000 men in their own camp and slaughtered 38,000 of them.
1722:
566:
relief force was enough to cause the rout of 20,000 panic-stricken Roman legionaries, forcing Mancinus to surrender under humiliating peace terms.
3572:
1054:
1728:
516:
1556:
244:, the land of the Cantabri, originally comprised much of the highlands of the northern Spanish Atlantic coast, including the whole of modern
2834:
662:
792:
in the 6th century. However, Cantabria and the Cantabri are heard of many decades later in the context of the Visigoth wars against the
3592:
2508:
1928:
726:, religion and culture well into the Roman period. The Cantabri did not lose their warrior skills either, providing auxiliary troops (
3607:
3602:
1741:
1715:
1701:
1683:
1669:
1655:
1628:
1538:
119:
2616:
1791:
1754:
812:
Cantabria also contained gold, silver, tin, lead and iron mines, as well as magnetite and amber, but little is known about them;
174:
in the second half of the first millennium BC. These peoples and their territories were incorporated into the Roman Province of
2665:
2568:
2553:
2650:
1637:
Diego Santos, Francisco, "Die Integration Nord- und Nordwestspaniens als römische Provinz in der Reichspolitik des Augustus",
3577:
2460:
1609:
57:
3597:
2747:
2660:
2594:
2563:
2086:
1921:
1220:
Though most modern historians have cast serious doubts upon the veracity of this particular episode, since other sources (
2558:
1139:
2236:
467:
100:
2762:
2548:
2536:
1784:
210:
72:
1832:
1571:
788:
of the late 4th century. Thenceforward the Cantabri started to be Christianized and were violently crushed by the
646:, coupled with their backing of a Vaccaei anti-Roman revolt in 29 BC, ultimately led to the outbreak of the First
46:
2783:
2453:
1020:
773:
202:
53:
2064:
79:
1650:, Breviarios de la Calle del Pez n. º 33, Diputación provincial de León/Editorial Eal Terrae, Santander (1982)
1380:
saw his first military experience in the campaign against the Cantabri of 25 BC, as a tribune of the soldiers.
676:
the early 1st century AD, when the region was granted a form of local self-rule upon being included in the new
672:
584:
555:
2221:
426:
1776:
2757:
2604:
2599:
2241:
1872:
1867:
272:
2737:
1977:
1767:
2611:
2279:
2216:
677:
524:
213:. During the High and Late Middle Ages, as well as Modern Period, the name refers usually to the Basques.
175:
86:
2645:
2161:
2136:
3105:
3100:
2873:
2699:
2531:
2434:
2371:
2151:
2111:
2002:
694:
368:
198:
2778:
1066:
372:
2429:
2106:
320:
2752:
2714:
2704:
2543:
2385:
2300:
2121:
1959:
1944:
1892:
817:
655:
472:
257:
68:
2186:
2101:
1549:
Bis ans Ende der bewohnten Welt. Die römische Grenz- und Expansionspolitik in der augusteischen Zeit
3513:
3042:
2380:
2211:
2131:
2025:
2015:
1877:
1857:
1565:
875:
422:
265:
253:
2305:
1967:
654:. The remaining Cantabrian population and their tribal lands were absorbed into the newly created
3459:
2815:
2793:
2727:
2722:
2503:
2320:
2264:
1902:
1807:
920:
508:
384:
352:
340:
261:
2394:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2171:
1992:
407:
344:
2310:
2254:
2141:
2081:
360:
3548:
3339:
2920:
2861:
2798:
2788:
2742:
2640:
2415:
2246:
2201:
1972:
1887:
1737:
1711:
1697:
1679:
1665:
1651:
1624:
1605:
1552:
1534:
430:
332:
316:
297:
20:
2826:
2361:
2315:
2191:
2176:
796:(late 7th century). They only became fully Latinized in their language and culture after the
583:(82–72 BC), and they continued to follow the Pompeian cause until the defeat of his generals
356:
348:
328:
324:
305:
3477:
3344:
3130:
2655:
2181:
2020:
1811:
836:
785:
536:
496:
376:
2166:
824:
in which the mother had to get up and the father go to bed, to be cared for by the mother.
336:
3349:
2732:
2498:
2399:
2226:
1842:
1771:
1508:
1204:
1186:
1168:
1102:
986:
905:
883:
809:
723:
647:
588:
540:
462:
446:
228:
179:
1734:
Les Celtes, Histoire et Dictionnaire: Des origines à la Romanization et au Christianisme
1585:
1040:
La Europa Atlántica en la Edad del Bronce. Un viaje a las raíces de la Europa occidental
551:
in 195 BC. In any case, such was their reputation that when a battered Roman army under
3540:
3312:
2694:
1897:
1337:
1321:
616:
544:
434:
399:
145:
425:
considered the most plausible, coinciding with archaeological evidence put forward by
93:
3566:
1580:
1495:
1305:
1273:
1191:
1173:
915:
886:
added that the Concani had the custom of drinking the horse’s blood at the ceremony.
620:
580:
500:
487:
The earliest references to them are found in the texts of ancient historians such as
223:
3544:
3518:
2994:
784:
The Cantabri re-emerged, as did their neighbors the Astures, amid the chaos of the
768:) to the Roman Imperial army for decades, and these troops participated in Emperor
722:), Cantabria never became fully romanized and its people preserved many aspects of
659:
552:
532:
269:
163:
3295:
412:
296:
The ancestors of the Cantabri were thought by the Romans to have migrated to the
3390:
3324:
3037:
2950:
2356:
2274:
2206:
2126:
1393:
859:
600:
35:
3412:
3263:
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3243:
3150:
3145:
3047:
2935:
2915:
2689:
2295:
867:
715:
639:
548:
512:
379:
river valley, as their capital. Other important Cantabrian hillforts included
301:
167:
132:
599:) in 49 BC. Prior to that, the Cantabri had unsuccessfully intervened in the
519:
in 207 BC. That same year, other Cantabrian mercenaries fought alongside the
201:
form of a local name, presumably meaning "Highlanders" and deriving from the
3508:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3356:
3329:
3285:
3205:
3012:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2930:
2910:
2582:
2485:
2476:
2420:
2376:
2231:
2059:
1827:
1822:
1710:, Crítica, Grijalbo Mondadori, S.A., Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007)
1694:
Historia de España 2 – colonizaciones y formacion de los pueblos prerromanos
1369:
910:
900:
874:
mentions that the peoples of the north-west sacrificed horses to an unnamed
789:
707:
668:
Nevertheless, the harsh measures devised by Augustus and implemented by his
635:
627:
450:
276:
245:
241:
236:
2424:
1575:, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 27
688:
Although the Romans founded colonies and established military garrisons at
596:
1564:
3552:
3482:
3407:
3300:
3280:
3220:
3190:
3180:
3120:
3070:
3062:
3017:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2925:
2905:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2869:
2146:
2096:
1987:
1882:
1377:
1241:
1229:
1152:
855:
844:
816:
also mentions salt extraction in mines, such as the ones existent around
793:
769:
699:
651:
604:
559:
507:'s army, whilst another Cantabri mercenary band led by a chieftain named
504:
492:
438:
310:
280:
249:
1529:
Almagro-Gorbea, Martín (1997). "Les Celtes dans la péninsule Ibérique".
3532:
3492:
3487:
3424:
3395:
3366:
3361:
3334:
3290:
3270:
3248:
3200:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3125:
3110:
3090:
3080:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3002:
2940:
2390:
2156:
2091:
1913:
1862:
1837:
895:
863:
848:
821:
728:
719:
669:
650:, which resulted in their conquest and partial annihilation by Emperor
631:
563:
528:
520:
442:
24:
1595:, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 207
3536:
3469:
3434:
3400:
3317:
3258:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3165:
3155:
3140:
3135:
3115:
3095:
3075:
2445:
2366:
2269:
2259:
2196:
2116:
1847:
1490:
1474:
1458:
1353:
1257:
1225:
1118:
1086:
1002:
879:
871:
813:
643:
576:
171:
952:
950:
832:
3381:
3305:
3195:
3160:
3085:
3052:
3007:
2985:
2010:
1982:
1289:
1021:"Linguistic Strata in Ancient Cantabria: the evidence of toponyms"
562:
in 137 BC, the rumor of the approach of a large combined Cantabri-
466:
131:
543:, claims that the Cantabrian tribes first submitted to Rome upon
1852:
1221:
1134:
608:
603:
by sending in 56 BC an allegedly 40,000-strong army to help the
488:
2830:
2449:
1917:
1780:
1764:
1755:
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
1584:
1648:
Roma contra Cantabros y Astures – Nueva lectura de las fuentes
29:
149:
1759:
3547:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
843:
Literary and epigraphic evidence confirms that, like their
839:, carved in sandstone (1.70 m in diameter and 0.32 m thick)
275:, this area was, however, much reduced, making up only
363:—gathered into a tribal confederacy with the town of
170:
that lived in the northern coastal region of ancient
503:, a Cantabrian mercenary contingent is mentioned in
3501:
3468:
3452:
3379:
3234:
3061:
2993:
2984:
2896:
2868:
2771:
2713:
2678:
2629:
2581:
2517:
2484:
2408:
2349:
2288:
2074:
2047:
2001:
1958:
1951:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
732:) that served in two identified infantry cohorts (
642:whose rich territories they coveted, according to
870:, human and animal sacrifices. In this respect,
527:, and later Cantabrian war-bands fought for the
515:and fought in Celtiberia against the propraetor
499:service in the late 3rd century BC. During the
1678:, Fundación Marcelino Botín, Santander (1999)
3551:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
2842:
2461:
1929:
1792:
630:, the Cantabri’s own predatory raids on the
8:
3555:occupied the territory until the Castilians.
1059:Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
429:in 1998, that the Celtic settlement of the
191:
136:The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC
3583:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
2990:
2849:
2835:
2827:
2682:
2633:
2587:
2521:
2468:
2454:
2446:
1955:
1936:
1922:
1914:
1799:
1785:
1777:
1640:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
1664:, Editorial Complutense, Alicante (1997)
1604:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1736:, Éditions Robert Laffont, Paris (2000)
831:
798:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
495:, who mention Cantabrian mercenaries in
222:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1061:. The Celtic in the Iberian Peninsula.
931:
539:of the 2nd century BC. Another author,
433:was made by people who arrived via the
375:– Cantabria), located at the strategic
3588:Celtic tribes of the Iberian Peninsula
1643:, vol. II,3, Berlin 1975, pp. 523–571.
626:Under the leadership of the chieftain
1551:, Herbert Utz Verlag, München (2014)
7:
1055:"Celtiberians: Problems and Debates"
663:Lucius Sestius Albanianus Quirinalis
227:Location of the Cantabri during the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
471:Monument to the Cantabri people in
1696:, Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
1053:Burillo Mozota, Francisco (2005).
1038:Ruiz-Gálvez Priego, Luisa (1998).
971:
956:
16:Pre-Roman people of ancient Iberia
14:
1708:Los Celtíberos – Etnias y Estados
2038:
1623:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
252:, nearby mountainous regions of
34:
941:Roma contra Cantabros y Astures
774:invasion of Britain in AD 43–60
734:cohortes quingenariae peditatae
45:needs additional citations for
3573:Political parties in Cantabria
579:during the final phase of the
1:
744:) and in some cavalry units (
445:, finally settling along the
1765:http://www.montebernorio.com
1019:Curchin, Leonard A. (2007).
1706:Burillo Mozota, Francisco,
1563:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878),
441:and the mouth of the River
3624:
1358:Epitomae Historiae Romanae
1342:Historiae Adversos Paganos
1326:Historiae Adversos Paganos
1232:) don't mention it at all.
1091:Epitomae Historiae Romanae
484:, but prone to banditry.
460:
234:
150:
18:
3593:Historical Celtic peoples
3543:were not occupied by the
3529:
2811:
2685:
2636:
2590:
2528:Administrative divisions
2524:
2036:
1818:
1760:http://www.celtiberia.net
1533:. Paris: Éditions Stock.
1042:. Barcelona: Ed. Crítica.
3608:Tribes conquered by Rome
3603:Ancient peoples of Spain
2222:Pájaru de ojos amarillos
1688:Montenegro Duque, Ángel
673:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
607:tribes of south-eastern
556:Gaius Hostilius Mancinus
178:in 19 BC, following the
166:people and large tribal
1810:established around the
1619:Collins, Roger (1983).
1600:Collins, Roger (1990).
1592:Encyclopædia Britannica
1572:Encyclopædia Britannica
2242:Sierpe de Peñacastillu
840:
822:post-childbirth ritual
678:Hispania Tarraconensis
525:Battle of the Metaurus
476:
232:
192:
176:Hispania Tarraconensis
137:
3578:People from Cantabria
3106:Celtici Supertamarici
3101:Celtici Praestamarici
2112:Caballucos del Diablu
1676:Las Guerras Cántabras
835:
742:Cohors II Cantabrorum
695:Legio IIII Macedonica
690:Castra Legio Pisoraca
656:Transduriana Province
517:Marcus Junius Silanus
470:
226:
135:
3598:History of Cantabria
2544:Cantabrian Mountains
2280:Viejuca de Vispieres
2217:Pájaru de la alegría
1945:Cantabrian mythology
1868:Kingdom of the Aurès
1828:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
1660:Lorrio, Alberto J.,
1621:Early Medieval Spain
1449:, 34, 112; 149; 158.
1209:De Viris Illustribus
1065:: 13. Archived from
800:in the 8th century.
766:Cohors I Latobicorum
738:Cohors I Cantabrorum
482:mercenary employment
258:province of Palencia
54:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2723:Cantabrian language
2617:Statute of Autonomy
2162:Hechiceras del Ebro
2137:Enanucos bigaristas
1878:Ostrogothic kingdom
1424:, pp. 106–107.
611:against the legate
570:The Cantabrian Wars
437:in an area between
160:Ancient Cantabrians
3460:Germani (Oretania)
2794:Cantabrian labarum
2758:Pre-romanesque art
2504:Duchy of Cantabria
2435:Cantabrian Neptune
2152:Gallu de la muerte
2003:Adopted Roman gods
1960:Cantabrian deities
1903:Visigothic kingdom
1863:Kingdom of Odoacer
1833:Burgundian kingdom
1823:Alamannian kingdom
1808:Barbarian kingdoms
1770:2015-08-06 at the
1732:Kruta, Venceslas,
1447:Historia Naturalis
1027:. XXXI-2007: 7–20.
991:Historia Naturalis
921:Duchy of Cantabria
862:, festive dances,
841:
820:, and describes a
477:
369:Espina del Gallego
262:province of Burgos
256:, the northern of
248:province, eastern
233:
209:- ("mountain") in
138:
3560:
3559:
3453:Germanic peoples?
3375:
3374:
2862:Iberian Peninsula
2858:Pre-Roman peoples
2824:
2823:
2807:
2806:
2799:Cantabrian stelae
2674:
2673:
2625:
2624:
2577:
2576:
2443:
2442:
2416:Cantabrian Steles
2301:Fuentes Tamáricas
2034:
2033:
1911:
1910:
1888:Sub-Roman Britain
1858:Kingdom of Altava
1646:Eutimio Martino,
1566:"Cantabria"
1557:978-3-8316-4185-7
1445:Pliny the Elder,
1246:Tiberius Gracchus
818:Cabezón de la Sal
780:Early Middle Ages
710:– Cantabria) and
591:at the battle of
511:was recruited by
431:Iberian Peninsula
373:Sierra del Escudo
298:Iberian Peninsula
264:and northeast of
130:
129:
122:
104:
21:Cantabrian people
3615:
3440:Turdetani Proper
2991:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2828:
2690:Cantabria People
2683:
2634:
2588:
2522:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2447:
2430:Patera of Otañes
2381:Saint John's Eve
2107:Brujas de Ongayu
2042:
1956:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1838:Frankish kingdom
1812:Migration Period
1801:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1634:
1615:
1596:
1588:
1586:"Cantabri"
1576:
1568:
1547:F. Bartenstein,
1544:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1472:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1398:Romaiké Historia
1391:
1385:
1367:
1361:
1351:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1313:
1310:De Bello Gallico
1303:
1297:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1255:
1249:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1100:
1094:
1093:, II, 33, 46-47.
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:Hispania Antiqua
1016:
1010:
1000:
994:
984:
978:
969:
963:
954:
945:
944:
939:Martino (1982),
936:
837:Cantabrian stele
786:Migration Period
547:'s campaigns in
537:Celtiberian Wars
416:
402:– Palencia) and
393:
314:
268:. Following the
266:province of León
254:Castile and León
211:Ancient Ligurian
195:
153:
152:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3525:
3502:Semitic peoples
3497:
3464:
3448:
3371:
3236:
3230:
3057:
2980:
2892:
2864:
2855:
2825:
2820:
2803:
2767:
2733:Gaita asturiana
2709:
2670:
2621:
2573:
2569:Other landforms
2513:
2499:Cantabrian Wars
2480:
2474:
2444:
2439:
2404:
2386:Sun of the Dead
2345:
2284:
2251:Sun of the Dead
2122:Cuines de Silió
2070:
2043:
2030:
1997:
1947:
1942:
1912:
1907:
1893:Suebian kingdom
1873:Lombard kingdom
1843:Frisian kingdom
1814:
1805:
1772:Wayback Machine
1751:
1746:
1631:
1618:
1612:
1599:
1579:
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1509:Silius Italicus
1507:
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1489:
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1215:
1205:Cornelius Nepos
1203:
1199:
1187:Silius Italicus
1185:
1181:
1177:, III, 325-343.
1169:Silius Italicus
1167:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1140:Ab Urbe Condita
1133:
1129:
1117:
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1103:Silius Italicus
1101:
1097:
1085:
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1052:
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987:Pliny the Elder
985:
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966:
955:
948:
938:
937:
933:
929:
906:Cantabrian Wars
892:
884:Silius Italicus
830:
810:Pliny the Elder
806:
782:
754:Ala Pannoniorum
724:Celtic language
686:
648:Cantabrian Wars
613:Publius Crassus
589:Marcus Petreius
585:Lucius Afranius
572:
541:Cornelius Nepos
465:
463:Cantabrian Wars
459:
410:
387:
381:Villeca/Vellica
308:
294:
289:
239:
229:Cantabrian Wars
221:
188:
180:Cantabrian Wars
126:
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106:
63:
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39:
28:
17:
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3621:
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2537:Municipalities
2534:
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2512:
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2506:
2501:
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2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:Mozas del Agua
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Las Lavanderas
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Bichu amarillu
2099:
2094:
2089:
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2078:
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2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2057:
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2018:
2013:
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1962:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1909:
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1900:
1898:Vandal kingdom
1895:
1890:
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1883:Rugian kingdom
1880:
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1749:External links
1747:
1745:
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1730:
1724:
1718:
1704:
1686:
1672:
1662:Los Celtíberos
1658:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1616:
1610:
1597:
1583:, ed. (1911),
1581:Chisholm, Hugh
1577:
1560:
1545:
1539:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1515:, III, 3, 161.
1501:
1483:
1467:
1451:
1438:
1436:, p. 114.
1426:
1422:Collins (1983)
1414:
1410:Collins (1990)
1402:
1386:
1362:
1346:
1338:Paulus Orosius
1330:
1322:Paulus Orosius
1314:
1298:
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1234:
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995:
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916:Sertorian Wars
913:
908:
903:
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891:
888:
829:
826:
805:
802:
781:
778:
746:Ala Hispanorum
685:
682:
660:suffect consul
619:serving under
617:Marcus Crassus
581:Sertorian Wars
571:
568:
558:was besieging
545:Cato the Elder
461:Main article:
458:
455:
435:Atlantic Ocean
400:Monte Bernorio
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235:Main article:
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3514:Carthaginians
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3333:
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3313:Eastern Celts
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Mirobrigenses
3294:
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3289:
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2874:Proto-Basques
2871:
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2646:Commuter rail
2644:
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2212:Osa de Andara
2210:
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2148:
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2143:
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2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Duende zahorí
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1853:Hunnic empire
1851:
1849:
1848:Gepid kingdom
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
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1802:
1797:
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1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1742:2-7028-6261-6
1739:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1716:84-7423-891-9
1713:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1702:84-249-1013-3
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:84-87678-81-5
1681:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:84-7908-335-2
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:84-87081-93-2
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1630:0-312-22464-8
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1559:, pp. 71–127.
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1540:2-234-04844-3
1536:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1465:, III, 4, 17.
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1412:, p. 92.
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
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1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1195:, XVI, 46-65.
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1069:on 2018-04-10
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1009:, III, 4, 12.
1008:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
988:
983:
980:
976:
974:
968:
965:
961:
959:
953:
951:
947:
942:
935:
932:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
850:
846:
838:
834:
827:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:According to
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Ala Batavorum
755:
751:
750:Ala I Augusta
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
683:
681:
679:
674:
671:
666:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
621:Julius Caesar
618:
615:, the son of
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:2nd Punic War
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
474:
469:
464:
457:Early history
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
418:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:– Palencia),
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:or Tamarici,
318:
312:
307:
303:
299:
291:
286:
284:
282:
278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
230:
225:
218:
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
203:reconstructed
200:
196:
194:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
147:
143:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
3275:
3235:Other Celtic
2995:Celtiberians
2784:Coat of arms
2700:Demographics
2661:Trade unions
2509:October 1934
2493:
2306:Mons Vindius
2054:
1968:Cabuniaegius
1733:
1707:
1693:
1689:
1675:
1661:
1647:
1638:
1620:
1601:
1590:
1570:
1548:
1530:
1512:
1504:
1499:, III, 4, 35
1494:
1486:
1481:, III, 3, 7.
1479:Geographikon
1478:
1470:
1463:Geographikon
1462:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1434:Collins 1990
1429:
1417:
1405:
1400:, 54: 11, 1.
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1360:, 2: 33, 46.
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1190:
1182:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1143:, 27: 43-49.
1138:
1130:
1125:, III, 3, 8.
1123:Geographikon
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:the original
1062:
1058:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1014:
1007:Geographikon
1006:
998:
990:
982:
972:
967:
957:
943:, p. 18
940:
934:
854:
842:
807:
783:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
727:
711:
703:
693:
689:
687:
684:Romanization
667:
625:
592:
573:
533:Celtiberians
497:Carthaginian
486:
478:
419:
417:– Burgos).
403:
395:
380:
364:
295:
279:and eastern
240:
215:
206:
190:
189:
159:
155:
141:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3509:Phoenicians
3391:Lusitanians
3325:Oestriminis
3038:Pellendones
2951:Ilercavones
2705:Health care
2409:Iconography
2357:La Vijanera
2321:Mount Cildá
2265:Trastolillu
1602:The Basques
1394:Cassius Dio
1344:, 6: 21, 1.
1296:, IV: 8-10.
1280:, I: 43-46.
878:, and both
860:steam baths
762:Baetasiorum
601:Gallic Wars
427:Ruiz-Gálvez
411: [
404:Amaya/Amaia
398:(Castro de
388: [
385:Monte Cildá
367:(Castro de
353:Vadinienses
341:Orgenomesci
309: [
162:were a pre-
3567:Categories
3549:Portuguese
3413:Bletonesii
3264:Suessetani
3254:Autrigones
3244:Allotriges
3151:Lapatianci
3146:Interamici
3048:Turboletae
2936:Contestani
2921:Castellani
2916:Bergistani
2738:Literature
2605:Government
2600:Parliament
2395:All Saints
2341:Pico Dobra
2336:Peña Santa
2331:Peña Sagra
2326:Peña Amaya
2296:Deva River
2237:Reina Mora
1993:Mater Deva
1952:Divinities
1611:0631175652
1531:Les Celtes
1522:References
1328:, 6: 8, 7.
1159:, 11: 1-3.
1073:2011-12-09
993:, III, 29.
876:God of War
868:divination
716:Retortillo
712:Iuliobriga
704:Octaviolca
680:province.
658:under the
640:Autrigones
549:Celtiberia
451:Cantabrian
408:Peña Amaya
345:Plentuisii
302:Avarigines
168:federation
110:March 2013
80:newspapers
69:"Cantabri"
3430:Turdetani
3420:Tartessos
3357:Turmodigi
3330:Plentauri
3286:Carpetani
3206:Quaquerni
3013:Cratistii
2961:Indigetes
2956:Ilergetes
2946:Indigetes
2931:Cessetani
2911:Bastetani
2753:Mythology
2666:Transport
2612:President
2595:Elections
2554:Mountains
2518:Geography
2477:Cantabria
2421:Cantabrum
2400:Midwinter
2377:Midsummer
2311:Montehano
2289:Locations
2255:Tentiruju
2232:Ramidreju
2142:Espumeros
2097:Basiliscu
2082:Alicorniu
2075:Creatures
2060:Corocotta
1978:Cantabria
1370:Suetonius
1294:Pharsalia
1109:, V, 192.
911:Corocotta
901:Cantabria
790:Visigoths
708:Valdeolea
692:(camp of
636:Turmodigi
628:Corocotta
523:' at the
473:Santander
423:Untermann
365:Aracillum
361:Velliques
277:Cantabria
246:Cantabria
242:Cantabria
237:Cantabria
219:Geography
199:Latinized
156:Kantabroi
151:Καντάβροι
3553:Guanches
3483:Aeolians
3478:Achaeans
3435:Mastieni
3408:Vettones
3384:peoples?
3345:Oppidani
3281:Caristii
3276:Cantabri
3221:Tamagani
3191:Nemetati
3181:Namarini
3131:Gallaeci
3121:Coelerni
3071:Albiones
3063:Gallaeci
3018:Lobetani
2976:Sedetani
2971:Laietani
2966:Lacetani
2926:Ceretani
2906:Ausetani
2898:Iberians
2888:Vascones
2883:Iacetani
2870:Aquitani
2816:Category
2583:Politics
2532:Comarcas
2494:Cantabri
2275:Ventolín
2247:Sirenuca
2207:Ojáncanu
2202:Ojáncana
2147:Fish-man
2127:Cuélebre
2055:Cantabri
1988:Erudinus
1973:Candamus
1768:Archived
1513:Hispania
1382:Tiberius
1378:Tiberius
1376:, 21. -
1374:Augustus
1312:, 3, 23.
1242:Plutarch
1230:Polybius
1157:Istorion
1153:Polybius
890:See also
856:Druidism
845:Gallaeci
828:Religion
794:Vascones
770:Claudius
700:Palencia
652:Augustus
605:Aquitani
560:Numantia
505:Hannibal
493:Polybius
447:Galician
439:Brittany
333:Morecani
317:Camarici
281:Asturias
273:conquest
250:Asturias
193:Cantabri
142:Cantabri
3533:Madeira
3493:Ionians
3488:Dorians
3425:Cynetes
3396:Paesuri
3367:Varduli
3362:Vaccaei
3350:Veteres
3340:Bardili
3335:Turduli
3291:Celtici
3271:Berones
3249:Astures
3237:peoples
3201:Poemani
3186:Narbasi
3176:Luanqui
3171:Louguei
3126:Equaesi
3111:Cibarci
3091:Bracari
3081:Artabri
3033:Oretani
3028:Olcades
3023:Lusones
3003:Arevaci
2941:Edetani
2860:of the
2772:Symbols
2748:Museums
2728:Cuisine
2715:Culture
2679:Society
2656:Tourism
2641:Airport
2630:Economy
2564:Valleys
2486:History
2391:Samhain
2372:La Maya
2362:Antruíu
2316:Mozagro
2192:Musgosu
2177:Mengues
2157:Guajona
2092:Arquetu
2026:Neptune
2016:Jupiter
1690:et alii
1262:Romaika
1248:, 5, 4.
896:Astures
864:oracles
849:Astures
804:Culture
729:Auxilia
720:Reinosa
632:Vaccaei
564:Vaccaei
535:in the
529:Vaccaei
521:Astures
453:coast.
443:Garonne
396:Bergida
357:Vellici
349:Salaeni
329:Conisci
325:Coniaci
321:Concani
306:Blendii
292:Origins
287:History
94:scholar
25:Basques
3545:Romans
3539:, and
3537:Azores
3519:Punics
3470:Greeks
3401:Tapoli
3382:Celtic
3318:Volcae
3259:Belgae
3226:Turodi
3216:Seurri
3211:Seurbi
3166:Limici
3156:Lemavi
3141:Iadovi
3136:Grovii
3116:Cileni
3096:Capori
3076:Arroni
2779:Anthem
2559:Rivers
2425:Lábaru
2367:Marzas
2270:Trenti
2260:Trasgu
2197:Nuberu
2182:Monuca
2117:Cuegle
2087:Anjana
2067:
2048:Heroes
1740:
1714:
1700:
1682:
1668:
1654:
1627:
1608:
1555:
1537:
1491:Horace
1475:Strabo
1459:Strabo
1354:Florus
1306:Caesar
1274:Caesar
1258:Appian
1226:Appian
1192:Punica
1174:Punica
1119:Strabo
1107:Punica
1087:Florus
1003:Strabo
975:(1878)
960:(1911)
880:Horace
872:Strabo
814:Strabo
706:(near
670:legate
644:Florus
597:Lérida
593:Ilerda
577:Pompey
553:consul
377:Besaya
355:, and
205:root *
172:Iberia
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3380:Para-
3306:Sefes
3196:Nerii
3161:Leuni
3086:Baedi
3053:Uraci
3043:Titii
3008:Belli
2986:Celts
2763:Sport
2743:Music
2695:Crime
2549:Caves
2350:Dates
2167:Ijana
2065:Larus
2011:Janus
1983:Epane
1290:Lucan
1264:, 83.
1211:, 47.
927:Notes
509:Larus
415:]
392:]
337:Noegi
313:]
270:Roman
197:is a
164:Roman
158:) or
146:Greek
101:JSTOR
87:books
3531:The
3301:Ophi
2789:Flag
2651:Dams
2227:Pecu
2021:Mars
1738:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1496:Odes
1384:, 9.
1222:Livy
1135:Livy
882:and
847:and
638:and
609:Gaul
587:and
531:and
513:Mago
491:and
489:Livy
449:and
260:and
207:cant
186:Name
140:The
73:news
23:and
760:or
702:),
359:or
327:or
56:by
3569::
3535:,
2423:/
2393:/
2379:/
1692:,
1589:,
1569:,
1511:,
1493:,
1477:,
1461:,
1396:,
1372:,
1356:,
1340:,
1324:,
1308:,
1292:,
1276:,
1260:,
1244:,
1228:,
1224:,
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1005:,
989:,
973:EB
958:EB
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756:,
752:,
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740:,
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718:–
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665:.
634:,
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390:es
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343:,
339:,
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27:.
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