2209:) are the most commonly collected. They were traditionally caught as part of local artisan fishing by men, women, and children. Shrimp collection in the area experienced significant development in the 1960s, following the establishment of European industrial units. The local fishermen switched to this method, and there was an increased presence of fishermen from other areas. A study in 2005 revealed the extent to which the shrimp population in the region has been depleted, citing multiple causes, including diminishing rainfall, over-salinization of the estuary, and poorly controlled harvesting. Along with the mangrove degradation, the civil unrest, and the inadequate fishery regulation, Casamance has had to deal with the closure in 2003 of a major industrial complex in Ziguinchor which treated and exported shrimp and other crustaceans and employed more than 2,000 people.
2178:, and in times of shortage, even replace it. Locally, oysters are boiled or grilled on a wood fire and consumed with a spicy sauce. Those destined for sale or preservation, however, are sun-dried or smoked. In some villages, including Carabane, they are kept alive for several weeks before being transported to market. Oysters are also a source of income, and Carabane is located in the center of the collection zone, which is one of the reasons why boats formerly called at the island. Oysters were once easily transported from Carabane to Dakar, where they were either sold by the pickers themselves or by
27:
1079:
1288:
559:. The alluvium has developed because of the saltwater streams that cut across the shoal. As pointed out by early French observers, soils in the region are generally composed of sand and clay, differing in mixture and layer according to natural and human factors. However, Carabane seems to be composed entirely of sand. The lack of clay is the reason that architecture on the island employs straw wrapped around wooden frames more often than banco mud bricks. This type of architecture is also common in the villages of
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1859:
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2089:
2369:
776:
43:
699:
2186:
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670:
1754:
540:
1843:
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1984:
477:
455:
1526:
594:
189:
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1617:. It is part of Oussouye Department, the smallest and least central of the three departments in Ziguinchor Region. In a country which includes some 13,000 villages, the village is considered, by a 1972 decree, the elementary entity in the administrative body of the nation. Each is administered by a leader, assisted by a council. After consultation, the nomination of a leader is established by the prefect and approved by the
1200:
2019:, a kind of wooden spade or shovel ranging from 40 to 70 centimetres (16 to 28 in), surrounded by a sharp wrought iron blade and attached to a very long, straight, cylindrical neck. The two parts are connected by strips of torn Palmyra palm leaves. The main part is manufactured from a very hard wood measuring 2 to 2.5 metres (6 ft 7 in to 8 ft 2 in) in length. The
407:, which supplies the daily needs of the island's population; however, broader economic possibilities have been exploited since the early 20th century. Although there have been attempts to cultivate a tourism industry on the island, the inhabitants have been reluctant to participate. Carabane was added to the list of historic sites and monuments of Senegal in 2003.
196:
50:
661:, and contributes to the degradation of the mangroves. In May and June, air temperature is around 28 °C (82 °F). In January and February, the coldest months, it is around 24 °C (75 °F). Temperatures of below 18 °C (64 °F) are quite rare. In September, the temperature of surface seawater is 26 °C (79 °F).
2166:. Oysters collect on the roots of mangrove trees which are uncovered at low tide. They are harvested during the dry season, mainly by women, who control, from harvest to distribution, an activity that requires little investment and provides them with some financial independence. Oysters are an important component of the family diet. Rich in
1196:, and the exploitation of Carabane was left for some time in the hands of the Baudin family, first Pierre then his brother Jean. Each successively took on the title of Resident. With this official but ambiguous title, they were permitted to continue their trading operation so long as they regularly reported to France.
1997:
In Basse
Casamance, the rice cycle structures the lives of the population and plays a central economic and religious role. The Jola, who constitute 80 to 90% of the population of Basse Casamance, practice a unique form of rice cultivation. Descriptions of the techniques used in the late 15th century,
1769:
began teaching classes for girls. Soon, there were 60 students. A school infrastructure description in the region in 1900 reveals that the boys' school in
Carabane was open from December to August each year, and that holidays ran from September to November, when parents needed their children in
1740:
account for 94% of the population of
Senegal, but only 26.5% of the population of Oussouye Department, where Carabane is located. Still, this department is largely rural, while Carabane has historically supported great ethnic diversity. Islam has not been practiced by Wolof and Serer fishermen since
1640:
Paolo
Palmeri, the leader of the village has very little power in reality, as he is merely responsible for relations with the national administration. He simply allows the village to continue practicing its traditions. In a society where politics are inextricably linked to religion, the real holders
1565:
committed to providing
Carabane with humanitarian aid, both economically and culturally. Carabane has remained one of the calmest areas of Casamance throughout the conflict. Nonetheless, a few small incidents were reported around April 2000. The rebels may have wanted to take advantage of Carabane's
1221:
animist Jola farmers, whose practices were disconcerting to the settlers. Coexistence was not always easy. Christianity was practiced by the
Europeans and some of the residents of Gorée, although the island did not yet have a church. Missionaries tried but were not permitted to settle on the island.
355:
Although
Carabane was once a regional capital, the village has since become so politically isolated from the rest of the country that it no longer fits into any category of the administrative structure decreed by the Senegalese government. The Jola account for the majority of the island's population
2312:
Tour operators continue to advertise the island as a lost paradise surrounded by mangroves where travellers' exotic dreams come to life, but this type of discovery tourism is not as popular as traditional beach-related tourism. Thus, visitors from France, Spain, and Italy often combine tours of the
2052:
Although practised in Basse
Casamance for centuries, rice cultivation has been threatened since the late 1960s. Productivity has declined because many workers have opted for life in the city, even though they continue to support their community. The drought of the 1970s and 1980s further aggravated
1688:
by their language, egalitarian society, freedom from political hierarchy, and lack of slavery. Their traditions have persevered because of their independent spirit as well as their geographical isolation. This ethnic group accounts for 80 to 90% of the residents of Basse
Casamance, but only 6 to 8%
1579:
in 2002 claimed the lives of many inhabitants of
Carabane and curtailed much of its ability to engage in trade and accept tourists for several years. Considering the problems brought on by the conflict along with the threat of coastal erosion on the island, some fear the worst. Thus, after years of
1220:
assigned tracts of 30 square metres (320 sq ft) to traders and contractors. Other tracts of 15 square metres (160 sq ft) were allotted for housing. Provisional concessions were granted to residents of Saint-Louis and Gorée. Other than settlers, the island was mainly inhabited by
2308:
While Carabane's tourism sector has suffered because it has not taken part in the network of villages, tourists have avoided travelling to Casamance in general because of the civil unrest. The signing of a ceasefire in 2004 allowed tourism to resume, but not to the extent it had reached before the
1490:
noted that the island of Carabane, heavily populated when trading was concentrated there, had lost its influence and now had fewer than 500 inhabitants. He considered transferring the mission to Oussouye, which became a reality in 1927. Starting in 1937, the mission in Oussouye also performed
1442:
encountered great difficulties in the region. There was insufficient staffing, the cost of living was rising, and the harsh climate began to wear on the buildings. In 1920, the diocese had, in addition to Carabane, thirteen churches and approximately thirty-five chapels. The thirteen churches were
609:
and salinization affecting the west of Senegal are also a source of concern on the island; signs of erosion have been observed in Carabane since 1849. The house of the government representative on the island has burned down twice; each time it was rebuilt, the site of the building had to be moved
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early in its history. The results were promising, and developing the industry further became a priority in the country's 4th Economic and Social Plan (1973–1977). Casamance subsequently became the main tourist destination in the country. Already having been described in the 19th century by
1560:
Discontent began to spread among the people, which sometimes escalated to violence. Casamance has since experienced years of conflict which put local initiatives in jeopardy, such as nature reserves and the first network of villages. In 1998, in the middle of the conflict, the French commune of
1261:
to send a warship to Carabane to frighten off the raiders. This single ship failed to faze the island's opponents, therefore Bertrand-Bocandé requested a detachment of soldiers and several other ships from the governor. When these reinforcements arrived from Gorée, the conflict was successfully
677:
At one time, the island was considered an arid location, where coconuts were the only useful plants likely to flourish and vegetables were difficult to produce. In what has become a tropical climate, vegetation is more abundant than in the north of the country, especially during the wet season.
326:
in return for an annual payment of 196 francs. A series of treaties between the French and the leaders of the local peoples ensued; however, the inhabitants of Carabane did not recognize the authority of the treaties imposed upon them, resulting in lootings and abductions among French rice
1838:
From the colonizers' perspective, Carabane's position at the mouth of the river was an undeniable asset. In the 20th and 21st centuries, in terms of trade and tourism issues, this location is more of a disadvantage because it effectively separates the island from the rest of the country.
2073:
and palm wine. Palm oil is an essential ingredient in local cuisine. As a carefully preserved condiment, it is combined with plain rice on holidays. The oil comes from the fruit clusters which are picked by men and then deseeded, allowed to dry, crushed in a mortar, and boiled by women.
2125:
content of palm wine develops throughout the day. The locals consume large quantities on a daily basis, and even more at banquets and ceremonies dedicated to fetishes. Palm wine is often traded for rice or sold in the city. Many Jola proverbs attest the popularity of the drink, such as
439:, which mean "house" and "finish", respectively. According to this hypothesis, the name means the place "where the houses are finished", a possible allusion to the fact that this village was the first French capital in Basse Casamance. According to other sources, the name comes from
1683:
In 2003, the village of Carabane's official population count stood at 396 people and 55 households, but it fluctuates with the seasons and sometimes reaches some 1,750 people, according to local sources. Most of the population is Jola. The Jola are very distinct from other major
1354:
trunks. He visited nearby villages and sometimes went to SĂ©dhiou. The founding of the mission in Carabane was followed by others in Ziguinchor (1888), Elinkine (1891), and several nearby locations in the 20th century. In 1900, a Spiritan missionary, Father Wintz, wrote the first
1390:
asked for higher prices than the French-operated trading posts in Carabane and SĂ©dhiou, the Portuguese lost many traders to the French. This trend led to the ceding of Ziguinchor to France, which was negotiated in Carabane in April 1888 between Commissioner Oliveira and Captain
1362:
Temporarily transferred to Ziguinchor, the Carabane mission closed in 1888. Missionaries returned in 1890 and, although they immediately expanded the church building, it was still not large enough to accommodate all those who wished to attend. Thanks to subsidies by the bishop,
1140:. The French administration treated Baudin as their representative on the island and did not send others because few of the French wanted to live on the island. Being wet and marshy, Carabane had a reputation for its poor sanitation. The local economy was based mainly on
2023:
is mainly used to plough rice fields, but is also used for other purposes, such as excavation and construction. Men perform the clearing and ploughing while the women take care of the sowing, replanting, and weeding as well as the harvesting between October and January.
2116:
of the region has not challenged its consumption. Fruit clusters are collected exclusively by the men. Supported by a strap, the harvester climbs the tree, cuts the bud, and holds out a funnel which allows the resulting fluid to flow drip by drip into an elongated
1252:
Bertrand-Bocandé became involved in local African politics during his time as Resident. When an intertribal conflict led to an armed raid of Carabane, he mediated the conflict. In 1850, the island's economic growth was disturbed because of an extensive livestock
1636:, such a restructuring has not taken place in Casamance. Jola society is devoid of any formal hierarchy. It has no leader with genuine permanent authority. Instead, there are village elders who meet when important decisions need to be made. According to Italian
1925:
went into operation. Like its predecessors, it connected Dakar to Ziguinchor, stopping near Carabane where canoes could reach the island. On September 26, 2002, 180 extra passengers boarded the already overloaded ship at this stop, and a few hours later, the
2040:
which subsequently become trapped are harvested at the end of the rainy season, when the basins are emptied. The plots of land which were safeguarded from flooding are then cleared and ploughed. Several years of drainage are required to desalinate the soil.
1890:, and the latter crossing the river to Banjul. The two roads merge in Bignona before descending to Ziguinchor. However, traffic is forbidden on both roads between 7 p.m. and 10 a.m., and the routes are subject to frequent accidents and constant
2027:
An even checkerboard plot model dominates the green landscape during the rainy season, which becomes more austere after harvest. The rice fields differ only in terms of soil type and location. Where mangroves are populous, such as in Carabane, the rice
2151:, just to supply their own daily needs. Pirogues cut from the trunks of kapok trees are most often used, along with traps, nets, baskets, and fences. In the early 20th century, experienced fishermen from other parts of Senegal, along with others from
2216:, they engage in fishing-related activities, such as smoking fish and processing shrimp, oysters, and shellfish in general. As there is no industrial activity on the island (the closest such activity is in Ziguinchor), the island is experiencing a
507:" is a common French phrase which means "One must have patience to reach the island of Carabane". While this adage continues to hold true, it was even more appropriate in the 19th century when, according to one traveller, a 26-hour boat trip from
1938:, stopped calling at Carabane, to the great displeasure of the inhabitants. Tourists became rare after that, and from time to time, inhabitants of the island found it necessary to move to Dakar or Ziguinchor. Significant modifications to the
1338:' mission in Carabane was founded in 1880 by Father Kieffer. On February 22, he settled on the island, but he served for only two years. The staff of the colonial administration was small: the manager of a customs post with four employees, a
1224:
The construction of a wharf 116 metres (381 ft) long allowed the berthing of larger vessels coming in from Casamance. A railed pier was built along the river in order to facilitate the transfer of goods. Carabane exported rice, but also
1013:
The sandbar of Carabane has very few mammals other than pets, although the French first noted the presence of monkeys in 1835. In 1870, other settlers noted with disgust that the natives often ate monkeys and dogs. In the early 21st century,
5493:
Greenaway, Theresa; Bailey, Jill; Chinery, Michael; Penny, Malcolm; Linley, Mike; Steele, Philip; Oxlade, Chris; Preston-Mafham, Ken; Preston-Mafham, Rod; Oliver, Clare; Birchfield, Don (2002). Johnson, Rolf E.; Kraucunas, Nathan E (eds.).
1825:
production for centuries. The island experienced a decline in the 20th century, when Ziguinchor emerged as the regional capital, and more recently because of the negative economic consequences resulting from the Casamance Conflict and the
2324:
or Mlomp with a few days of relaxation in Carabane. The area is also very conducive to the interests of fishing enthusiasts. Along the beach, small stalls offer traditional crafts and clothes at prices lower than those in Cap Skirring or
1475:. In 1922, the Governor decreed which buildings were authorized to practise Catholicism. While the Carabane church was one of the buildings selected, some members blamed the colonial administration for having facilitated the expansion of
1402:
two years later. By 1904, Carabane had lost several of its amenities, including its customs services, which were centralized. The island's trading houses were abandoned and the number of Christians dwindled from 1,000 to 300 by 1907.
686:
Most of Carabane is covered in mangroves, forming an impassable jungle that can only be crossed in constructed passages. Mangroves are among the few species capable of adapting to the highly saline environment, where the quantity of
522:
trip to Carabane from Elinkine, the nearest village, takes about thirty minutes; the trip once took an hour and a half by canoe. Carabane may also be accessed by a two- or three-hour boat trip from Ziguinchor. Travelling from
1781:
Carabane has a new primary school, École François Mendy, inaugurated on January 21, 2006, hosting six classes. The literacy rate is approximately 90%. Students may continue their studies at the middle school in Elinkine, the
2304:
house was transformed by the nuns themselves into a modern, functional building. Despite the failure of Saglio's initiative in Carabane, agritourist camps were set up over the following decade in a dozen other nearby towns.
1770:
the fields to help cultivate rice. In 1903, when Carabane lost its status as capital, the school was instructing 63 boys and 102 girls. In 1914, it had only 56 boys and 26 girls, a situation similar to that in Bignona.
1969:
stopped at the Carabane berth for the first time, improving transportation for locals and tourists. As of 2015, the ferry stops at Carabane four times each week in the middle of its trips between Dakar and Ziguinchor.
682:
submitted a report which documented in great detail the plant species then present on the island. Although this report was written in 1849, the information it contains has remained valuable even into the 21st century.
2295:
and Carabane were the first two villages to attempt to apply this innovative approach, but both failed. The inhabitants were reluctant to participate, and the young inexperienced promoter had to abandon some of his
581:
Rising just over 2 m (6.6 ft), the southern portion of the island is partially flooded during the rainy season and totally submerged every few years. At low tide, mudflats are exposed so that boats with
1786:
High School in Oussouye, and then a university in either Dakar or Ziguinchor. Carabane's kindergarten is located in a community house, called "House of Women and Children", founded in 1988 under the auspices of
1207:
When Jean Baudin fell into disgrace due to a serious incident involving an English ship, he was replaced as Resident in October 1849 by Emmanuel Bertrand-Bocandé. This multilingual, enterprising businessman and
1812:
In particular, the location of the island does not allow easy access to serious or urgent medical assistance. There is a pirogue-ambulance for the transportation of people off the island in the case of medical
722:
Tourists are not as attracted to the island for its mangroves as for the coconut trees which line its beaches, as featured on many of Carabane's postcards. These palm trees are a valued resource on the island.
3082:
1295:
Meanwhile, the inhabitants of the new French territory did not recognize the authority of the treaties imposed upon them. For this reason, rice farmers in Carabane experienced lootings and abductions by the
1163:
The colonial administration wanted to expand its influence around the river, particularly because the inhabitants of Gorée were threatened with losing part of their resources with the imminent demise of the
2275:
in Dakar, believed in Carabane's potential. He stated that he wanted to make the island the "Gorée of Casamance", using it as a hub for other camps. Saglio suggested the restoration of old buildings and
2146:
The island's proximity to the river and the ocean suggests that the area is suited to fishing and related activities, yet the indigenous people, mostly land-dwellers, have long been content to practise
1794:
In 1895, the government established a medical post in Carabane, but it closed the following year. In 1898, the Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary opened a clinic at the same time as the girls' school.
610:
further and further inland. The island's erosion is evident when one considers that the original location of the house eventually became flooded, even at low tide. During the dry season the river has a
617:
Using wells, freshwater is available at a reasonable depth for irrigation and domestic purposes. Until the installation of a pump in 2006, however, drinking water had to be sent by boat from Elinkine.
736:
family (all known as 'kapok' in English) are nonetheless present. Their grey wood is very light and easy to work, for which reasons it is used to construct many items, ranging from doors to
633:, which usually starts in June and ends in October. Because of the proximity to the ocean, the humidity of the air remains above 40% and contributes to the abundance of vegetation. With the
574:
trees form dams where deposits of oyster shells naturally accumulate along with mud and plant detritus. These tangles help retain soil, a process which expands the island where the power of
2158:
The collection of shellfish, especially oysters, is another traditional activity which still takes place in Casamance, which is one of three oyster-producing regions in Senegal, along with
2220:
of young people. They return to help their parents in the rice fields and participate in religious ceremonies during the dry season, but they tend to settle off the island permanently.
1701:
fishermen). Manjacks also live on the island, some of whom came from Saint-Louis and Gorée at the time of the first colonization. Two communities from neighbouring countries, one from
1375:
in 1897. The mission also obtained two adjacent properties, lot #73 on the cadastral map. By the following year, the Christian community had performed 1,100 baptisms, as well as many
1308:
Muslims continued, illegally, to practice slavery and trade, non-Muslim villages tended to come together, accepting the Resident of Carabane as the arbitrator of their disagreements.
1549:, Casamance saw the arrival of officials coming from the north. Although many of them were Wolofs and Muslims, they did not know the Jola country and its traditions. The periods of
273:, Carabane has continued to attract ornithologists interested in its wide variety of birds. Various species of fish are plentiful around the island, but there are very few mammals.
3378:
Koen Van Waerebeek; Linda Barnett; Almamy Camara; Anna Cham; Mamadou Diallo; Abdoulaye Djiba; Alpha Jallow; Edouard Ndiaye; Abdoulaye O. Samba Ould-Bilal; Idrissa L. Bamy (2003).
1257:
which precipitated further incidents the following year. In response to this conflict with the former owners of Carabane, the residents of Kagnout, Bertrand-Bocandé convinced the
1802:
consultations, and prenatal information. A maternity hospital was founded in 1991 which is decorated with a fresco by Malang Badji, one of the most famous artists in the region.
5679:
La part de l'autre: une aventure humaine en terre Diola: à partir d'une expérience humanitaire entre 1994 et 1996, à l'embouchure de la Casamance, Sénégal, sur l'île de Carabane
2193:
Crustaceans, such as sand fiddler crabs and shrimp, among the mangroves also occupy a significant place in the local economy. While a large number of shrimp species inhabit the
1765:
Founded in 1892, the Carabane school was one of the first in the region. It began as an all-boys school, but in 1898, three nuns belonging to the indigenous congregation of the
339:, the population of the island has gradually declined for a variety of reasons including periods of drought, the Casamance Conflict and, more recently, the sinking of the ferry
492:
in south-west Senegal. It is situated 12° 32' N latitude and 16° 43' W longitude and is, by way of Elinkine, nearly 60 kilometres (37 mi) away from
1276:. Bertrand-Bocandé left the island in 1857 for a leave of absence, but he abandoned his post as Resident in 1860. His tireless activity had a lasting effect on the island.
257:. The island was once considered an arid location where no useful plants were likely to grow, but it now supports several types of fruit tree, the most common of which are
657:
when there is no rain is part of traditional animist rituals. In recent decades, there has been a general decline in rainfall, which threatens rice production, increases
3318:. (1997). Page 3 gives an overview of the birds typical of the coastal and riverine habitats, and the ranges of the listed birds are found under their species' accounts.
1905:
By boat, the distance between Dakar and Carabane is 265 kilometres (143 nmi), although Ziguinchor is only 48 kilometres (30 mi) away. Before the launch of the
2562:
384:
have become the most widely held in Carabane. The literacy rate is approximately 90%. Students attend a primary school on the island, but must move at least as far as
4432:
2174:, they are the second largest source of animal protein among the Jola people after fish, followed by chicken, and pork. Oysters are readily associated with rice, the
2061:
Among the agricultural activities practised during the dry season, which halts work in the rice fields, the most traditional are those related to the exploitation of
3086:
2271:
managed by the villagers themselves. In the early 1970s, the agritourism promoter Christian Saglio, a young French sociologist who later became the director of the
2542:
This figure does not take into account the passengers who boarded without a ticket. Members of the military and their families were allowed to ride free of charge.
2108:
in the Jola language) is an alcoholic drink derived from the natural fermentation of palm sap, so is not strictly a wine, which is produced by the fermentation of
1961:, laid the first stone of the berth in July 2008, and the entire construction project was financed by the Senegalese government at an estimated cost of 12 billion
1101:
sailors reached the west African coast in the 15th century, and in the 16th century, Portuguese traders became active in the Casamance region, mostly in search of
6169:
2441:. The architectural reminders of this heritage require significant restoration as they have experienced considerable degradation. In 1964, French anthropologist
2259:
At the same time, national and even international controversy threatened the industry from the beginning. Those who opposed tourism in Senegal described it as a
1258:
392:
678:
Anxious to attract the attention of the French colonial administration which he judged insufficiently involved in the development of Casamance, administrator
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1618:
1522:
in 1959. The Carabane mission closed its doors during the wet season of 1953, 83 years after its inception. The nuns and their interns moved to Ziguinchor.
1311:
In 1869, Carabane became autonomous, but it merged with SĂ©dhiou in 1886. Its garrison of a dozen men was regularly stricken with tropical diseases such as
1382:
Competition between the French and the Portuguese began to show itself in the region during this period. Because the Portuguese-operated trading posts in
443:, which means "the other side of the river". These uncertainties are augmented by the instability of the spelling: Karabane with an initial K suggests a
5867:
2445:
posed the question of whether Carabane should be preserved, and this question continues to be relevant. The local people suggest that the entire Diogue–
2002:, show them to be similar to those still in use, particularly with respect to flooding and transplanting. Only the varieties of rice have changed, from
3954:
2092:
Equipment for harvesting palm wine traditionally includes the calabash; however, this natural container has mostly been replaced by synthetic bottles.
1601:
Formerly an administrative district in its own right, even a regional capital, Carabane is now just one of 23 villages in the rural community of
641:, the island enjoys a pleasant climate year-round. In the north to north-east, these winds are cool and always wet. Their presence is appreciated by
5857:
Louis-Vincent Thomas (January 1970). "Nouvel exemple d'oralité négro-africaine. Récits Narang-Djiragon, Diola-Karaban et Dyiwat (basse-Casamance)".
1809:, meaning "Part of the Other: A Human Adventure in Jola Territory", describes the health challenge present on the island in a more general context.
2740:
1506:, detailed the daily life of the prisoners in the school which housed up to 22 boys, mostly convicted for theft but also occasionally for murder.
691:
is low. In recent decades there has been concern that the mangroves are less prevalent. There are various reasons for the degradation, including
5651:
Negocios externos: documentos apresentados ás Cortes na sessão legislativa de 1887 pelo ministro e secretario d'estado dos negocios estrangeiros
5235:
2272:
5424:
Vincent Foucher (2002). "Les "évolués", la migration, l'école: pour une nouvelle interprétation de la naissance du nationalisme casamançais".
4945:
1410:
movement's growth in France at the time, education in Carabane continued to be administered by the Holy Ghost Fathers for the boys and by the
799:, Carabane has been found to be very conducive to ornithological observation. A study in 1998 discovered the following species on the island:
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5714:
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5405:
5386:
5367:
5348:
5329:
5155:
5136:
5114:
5095:
5076:
5057:
4598:
4322:
3532:
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1821:
The testimonies of explorers and colonial administrators demonstrate that Carabane has participated in rice cultivation, fishery, trade, and
1216:
transformed "his" island, sparking a resurgence of commercial and political activity. In 1852, the population surpassed 1,000 inhabitants. A
1172:. On January 9, 1836, Lieutenant Malavois, who was in charge of Gorée, left for Casamance in search of a site for a trading post. The tip of
695:
and the unregulated exploitation of wood. Efforts have been made to safeguard the mangroves and to educate children about their importance.
6174:
2267:. The idea of alternative tourism was discussed. Several towns in Basse Casamance, including Carabane, were selected to test an integrated
1423:, Carabane suffered a fire which caused its business to decline. People gradually left the island in search of work in Ziguinchor and even
4402:
3861:
4749:
1766:
1398:
In 1901, the administrative capital of Casamance was transferred from Carabane to Ziguinchor, a status which was transferred in turn to
5190:"Carabane et Sedhiou. Des ressources que présentent dans leur état actuel les comptoirs français établis sur les bords de la Casamance"
1419:
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4971:
3328:
1176:, on the north shore, was first considered, but at the refusal of the Jola, it was the opposite bank which was eventually accepted.
5019:
1538:
in 2002 claimed the lives of many inhabitants of Carabane and curtailed much of its ability to engage in trade and accept tourists.
1334:
were celebrated that same year in Carabane. There were 17 people baptised in total, most of whom were residents of the island. The
5848:
Louis-Vincent Thomas (April 1965). "Mouvements de population et dépendance sociologique en Basse-Casamance (Région de Karabane)".
5281:
Une pratique revalorisée dans un système de production en crise: la cueillette des huîtres par les femmes diola de Basse-Casamance
5250:
4880:
4458:
4296:
2300:
theories in favour of being careful to understand the daily realities of villages. The project was eventually abandoned, and the
2032:
between them must be protected from the channels of saltwater which overflow during high tide. Rice farmers must therefore build
1713:, have settled on the other side of the island at a distance from the village. There are also seasonal workers who come to fish:
42:
4227:
5999:
4086:
2384:
Carabane has many historic sites, such as the Catholic mission house built in 1880 which has since been turned into a hotel, a
1798:
As of 2010, the village has a health facility which is connected to that of Oussouye and Ziguinchor. It provides vaccinations,
1602:
896:
314:
were active in the region from the 16th century onwards; however, they did not linger on "Mosquito Island", the mosquitoes and
5279:
3215:
1262:
ended. A treaty was signed on March 25, establishing the sovereignty of France not only in Casamance, but also in Kagnout and
3404:
1411:
531:
is also possible, but as a detailed map of the region would make clear, the channels of salt water are not easily navigated.
3988:
2418:
Carabane was added to the list of historic sites and monuments of Senegal in 2003. An application for Carabane to become a
3120:
1954:
1364:
1026:. In this way, the nearby Basse Casamance National Park, which has been closed for years, has seen a remarkable return of
788:
262:
2248:
Captain Brosselard-Faidherbe as a kind of Brazil in Africa, Carabane seemed well-placed to attract visitors in search of
188:
5185:
5165:
4370:
1439:
679:
377:
276:
209:
4853:
2400:
and buried standing up in front of the sea, according to his last wishes. Some tour guides falsely claim that this was
399:
production for a long time. The rice cycle plays a central economic and religious role in the lives of the population.
6089:
6082:
4695:
4481:
792:
653:
proverb which means "If a project will not be completed, it will be because the rain did not fall." The invocation of
488:
With a total area of 57 square kilometres (22 sq mi), Carabane is the last major island in the mouth of the
266:
6019:
1874:, the traveller from Dakar may use various other means of transportation in order to arrive in Basse Casamance. Some
1902:, or to travel by boat to one of these locations. Reaching Carabane from either town is relatively straightforward.
1736:
belief systems of Catholicism and Islam have become the most widely held in Carabane. The 1988 census reported that
1645:. The very notion of a village is almost inappropriate in this context: it might be more appropriately considered a
614:, with tidewater reaching 200 kilometres (120 mi) upstream, while it is being concentrated 50% by evaporation.
6105:
5466:
5216:"Traité conclu à Elinkine, le 25 mars 1851, entre la France et les chefs de Cagnut, pour une cession de territoire"
4665:
2468:
1622:
1392:
2401:
1958:
1741:
the 19th century, but the colonial administration brought with it many translators, guides, and secretaries from
590:
had to stop about 500 m (1,600 ft) north of the village in 8 to 10 m (26 to 33 ft) of water.
2692:
2048:
Levees are used to protect the rice paddy fields from the channels of saltwater which overflow during high tide.
1093:
The traditions of the local peoples are unanimous in affirming that the oldest inhabitants of Casamance are the
2741:"Après la paix, ne soyez pas les derniers voyageurs à revenir en Casamance. L'appel mélancolique de Ziguinchor"
2202:
1685:
1614:
1518:. In 1950, the construction of a seminary was planned in Carabane, but it was transferred to a new building in
447:
or Wolof origin, while Carabane with a C would suggest a Latin derivation, most probably through Portuguese or
5602:
Peter Mark (1996). ""Portuguese" Architecture and Luso-African Identity in Senegambia and Guinea, 1730-1890".
4228:"Éléments d'un Code de la Santé publique au Sénégal. Répertoire chronologique 1822–2005 (Partie 1, 1822–1918)"
2807:
1304:
attacked the Karoninka villages in March 1860, forcing them to submission. A period of calm ensued. While the
5882:
4811:
3380:"Conservation of cetaceans in The Gambia and Senegal, 1999–2001, and status of the Atlantic humpback dolphin"
2504:
In 1909, Father Wintz wrote a French—Jola dictionary published by the Elinkine Mission, and reedited in 1968.
5570:
Claude Marius (1976). "Effets de la sécheresse sur l'évolution des sols de mangroves – Casamance – Gambie".
5124:
4403:"Liaison maritime Dakar-Ziguinchor: "Aline Sitoé Diatta, c'est le refus de la fatalité", selon le président"
4201:
Commission Chargée de Préparer la Participation du Ministère des Colonies à l'Exposition Universelle de 1900
2599:
1654:
1633:
1038:
939:
888:
6136:
1962:
1878:
connect to Ziguinchor, down the N1 to Kaolack. The N4 and N5 roads cross the Gambia (both the country and
1846:
In order to arrive at Carabane from most locations in Senegal, travellers must cross The Gambia at either
1432:
1350:. There were approximately 250 Christians in Carabane, mostly mulattos. The priest built his house out of
1301:
1273:
1157:
856:
141:
1268:
2434:
2404:, the founder of the city of Dakar, but the name Aristide Protet is clearly shown on the tomb's plaque.
1939:
920:
346:
5148:
Une introduction à un voyage en Casamance: Enampor, un village de riziculteurs en Casamance, au Sénégal
3379:
2748:
2411:, and wells, with a large tree in the center. A huge piece of metal in its midst bears the inscription
1689:
of the total population of Senegal. They are the largest ethnic group in Carabane, followed by Wolofs,
1610:
1049:(Portuguese for "Mosquito Island"), the natives and their visitors continue to protect themselves with
5129:
Histoire de l'église catholique au Sénégal du milieu du XVième siècle à l'aube du troisième millénaire
4199:
A. Challamel (1900). "Le Sénégal: organisation politique, administration, finances, travaux publics".
3039:
Judith Carney (1996). "Landscapes of Technology Transfer: Rice Cultivation and African Continuities".
2392:
which is no longer in use, and a former slave-trade building. There is also a French cemetery where a
2332:
Although remaining separate from the local tourism network, Carabane has demonstrated its support for
763:
brighten the scenery of hotels and camps on the island. Various organizations have contributed to the
5984:
5818:
5447:
2557:
2458:
2442:
1899:
1169:
1032:
1022:) are commonly sighted off the island. The lack of tourism because of the civil unrest has benefited
963:
912:
752:
5633:"Portuguese" Style and Luso-African Identity: Precolonial Senegambia, Sixteenth-Nineteenth Centuries
4949:
2530:
1862:
Although there are no cars on the island to drive on its wide roads, these roads are illuminated by
597:
Because of their lack of clay, the island's inhabitants build their houses by wrapping straw around
4885:
2419:
1949:
in March 2008, were considered to allow it to stop safely at the island, and the construction of a
1399:
1165:
955:
880:
824:
428:
403:
and palm wine are very popular and traditional in the area. The fishery has long been dominated by
146:
4333:
2935:
5619:
5379:
Décentralisation et gouvernance locale au Sénégal. Quelle pertinence pour le développement local?
5300:
3709:
3064:
2463:
2244:
1895:
1783:
1542:
1503:
1335:
1152:. The Baudin family used slaves to produce the rice and, despite the declaration of its official
1015:
872:
796:
357:
270:
129:
4486:
3294:
1502:. A report submitted in 1938 by an educational advisor to Marcel de Coppet, Governor General of
5660:
Retour dans un village diola de Casamance. Chronique d'une recherche anthropologique au Sénégal
1657:, in which each member performs a specific function and where the queen is easily replaceable.
1580:
development and community outreach, Carabane is experiencing difficulties in a number of ways.
1435:. Six inhabitants of the island accepted the position: a Christian, a pagan, and four Muslims.
1367:, and to donations by the parishioners, a new church was built and inaugurated on the Catholic
1057:. They must also protect themselves from other, smaller insects which are no less troublesome:
345:
in 2002. Much of the village's ability to trade and receive tourists was lost until 2014, when
5795:
5776:
5757:
5738:
5710:
5691:
5663:
5636:
5588:
5558:
5537:
5518:
5499:
5472:
5451:
5401:
5382:
5363:
5344:
5325:
5151:
5132:
5110:
5091:
5072:
5053:
4594:
3865:
3528:
3056:
3012:
2438:
2393:
2389:
2333:
2301:
2212:
Grouped into cooperatives, women play a leading role in the island's economy. Notably through
2081:
1788:
1525:
1324:
1110:
1098:
832:
497:
322:
instead in 1645. On January 22, 1836, the island was ceded to France by the village leader of
311:
246:
134:
4753:
2329:. Badji Malang, a local painter, potter, sculptor, and poet, has created a camp in the area.
5966:
5773:
Tourisme balnéaire ou tourisme rural intégré ? deux modèles de développement sénégalais
5611:
3701:
3048:
2264:
2155:, Guinea, and Ghana, developed deep-sea fishing on the island and introduced new equipment.
2062:
1950:
1875:
1476:
1428:
1407:
1297:
1234:
816:
780:
381:
328:
4819:
2077:
775:
586:
are forced to dock a considerable distance from the island. When arriving at Carabane, the
5940:
5312:
5189:
2167:
2148:
1799:
1725:
1698:
1546:
1487:
1305:
1254:
1006:
983:
947:
840:
740:. Jola canoes, which range from 6 to 8 metres (20 to 26 ft) in length, are carved by
606:
489:
448:
404:
230:
76:
6059:
4975:
3332:
1653:. Other specialists, such as Christian Sina Diatta, compare Jola communities to those of
5552:
5023:
4433:"Inauguration du Port de Carabane, le P.M plaide pour le désenclavement de la Casamance"
2088:
726:
While not as plentiful as in other parts of Basse Casamance such as Mlomp, trees of the
5936:
4890:
4410:
2408:
2397:
2260:
2179:
2159:
2109:
1320:
1145:
1133:
1078:
1027:
995:
800:
444:
420:
2714:
1632:
While this administrative structure was decreed by a government anxious to deal with
1621:. Under Senegalese law, the leader of the village has certain prerogatives, including
6163:
6126:
6002:(in French). Programme d'eau potable et d'assainissement du Milénaire. Archived from
5902:
5809:
Ibrahima Thioub (1997). "Les écoles pénitentiaires du Sénégal à l'époque coloniale".
4235:
4089:(in French). Programme d'eau potable et d'assainissement du Milénaire. Archived from
3991:(in French). Programme d'eau potable et d'assainissement du Milénaire. Archived from
2629:
1710:
1495:
1129:
1094:
971:
864:
808:
764:
760:
756:
737:
658:
645:. Agricultural activities, including rice cultivation, depend entirely on rainfall. "
6003:
4997:
4090:
3525:
Western Africa and Cabo Verde, 1790s-1830s: Symbiosis of Slave and Legitimate Trades
2291:
Despite his fervour, Saglio's negotiations with the local people were unsuccessful.
1557:
in the 1970s forced peanut farmers to move to regions where rice was all that grew.
1498:
was created on the island, operating until 1953, when it was replaced by another in
1287:
1279:
500:, and a little over 500 kilometres (310 mi) from Dakar, the country's capital.
395:
demonstrate that Carabane has participated in rice cultivation, fishery, trade, and
6039:
5554:
Trois voyages dans l'Afrique occidentale: Sénégal, Gambie, Casamance, Gabon, Ogooué
5251:"De la pêche paysanne à la pêche en mer: les Diola de la Basse Casamance (Sénégal)"
4931:. Association sénégalaise des professeurs d'histoire et de géographie. p. 111.
4591:
The Ecology of Practice: Studies of Food Crop Production in Sub-Saharan West Africa
3222:
3006:
2283:
2253:
2217:
2113:
2003:
1883:
1879:
1863:
1758:
1694:
1690:
1637:
1626:
1562:
1316:
1153:
1114:
1050:
1023:
848:
524:
518:
Despite the seemingly close proximity to its neighbouring communities, a motorized
3411:
2376:
2368:
2360:
1097:
and that the left bank of the mouth of the river was first populated by the Jola.
5947:
Africa. West Coast. Senegal. Entrance to the River Kasamanze (Karabane Anchorage)
930:
Fish are plentiful in the waters surrounding the island, where one may encounter
787:
The wide variety of birds in Basse Casamance was noted by early explorers. While
5239:
3992:
2641:
2429:
Inspired by Gorée's example, Carabane is attempting to pay homage to victims of
2297:
2268:
2232:
2228:
2213:
2194:
2175:
2163:
2029:
1999:
1706:
1676:
1575:
1531:
1460:
1054:
1001:
991:
698:
669:
650:
642:
638:
611:
341:
307:
177:
5215:
5169:
3124:
2352:
2340:
by joining GENSEN (Global Ecovillage Network Senegal), a network of Senegalese
2185:
539:
5823:
Les Diola. Essai d'analyse fonctionnelle sur une population de basse-Casamance
2341:
2277:
2007:
1773:
1753:
1733:
1545:
was declared on August 20, 1960, and after the dissolution of the short-lived
1376:
1372:
1347:
1266:. For his involvement in the conflict, Bertrand-Bocandé was accepted into the
1230:
1209:
1189:
1149:
1141:
931:
692:
634:
630:
626:
593:
575:
515:) to Carabane was deemed fairly short, and was credited to a favourable wind.
493:
476:
454:
373:
332:
319:
254:
250:
5839:
Louis-Vincent Thomas (July 1956). "Onomatologie et toponymie en pays diola".
4666:"Exploitation durable des ressources estuariennes de la région de Ziguinchor"
4377:
3060:
1315:. In 1877, 527 people were counted on the island, mostly Jola, but also some
1184:
On January 22, 1836, the island was ceded to France by the village leader of
291:
278:
5754:
Le Sénégal sous le second Empire. Naissance d'un empire colonial (1850–1871)
5585:
A Cultural, Economic and Religious History of the Basse Casamance since 1500
5562:
4857:
2316:
2287:
The Catholic mission house built in 1880 has since been turned into a hotel.
2249:
2198:
2171:
2044:
1887:
1870:
While a direct route by sea has not been available since the sinking of the
1858:
1851:
1822:
1606:
1570:
1368:
1356:
1339:
1193:
1137:
1086:
904:
733:
654:
528:
416:
396:
369:
365:
26:
5320:
Christian Sina Diatta (1996). "L'esprit et la force dans la culture jola".
4703:
4332:(in French). Tribunal de Grande Instance d'Évry. p. 63. Archived from
2934:(in French). Tribunal de Grande Instance d'Évry. p. 74. Archived from
1665:
1199:
5287:. Cahiers des Sciences humaines (in French). Vol. 25. pp. 91–107
744:
entirely out of one tree each, unlike the traditional Senegalese pirogue.
480:
The shortest route to Carabane from the mainland is a half-hour motorized
6141:
6131:
5979:
5265:
Marie-Christine Cormier (1985). "Les jeunes Diola face Ă l'exode rural".
3271:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2385:
2321:
2292:
2118:
2070:
1891:
1671:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1351:
1343:
1217:
1125:
1113:. They did not linger on "Mosquito Island", instead founding their first
1058:
979:
688:
571:
556:
508:
459:
400:
385:
315:
242:
238:
4669:
1842:
1573:
of 2004 brought relative peace, but in the meantime, the sinking of the
1330:
The first Catholic mission in SĂ©dhiou was founded in 1875 and the first
241:
to which soil is added by accumulation in the branches and roots of the
5724:
Mathieu Ropitault (November–December 2007). "Les secrets de Karabane".
5623:
3713:
3068:
2430:
2240:
2122:
2015:
1989:
1729:
1721:
1650:
1593:
1550:
1519:
1499:
1483:
1468:
1464:
1331:
1312:
1263:
1185:
1160:
in 1848, slavery continued on the island until the early 20th century.
1121:
1082:
715:
519:
481:
361:
323:
310:, the ethnic group which is still the most populous on the island. The
226:
5437:(in French). Dakar, Université de Dakar: Faculté des Lettres de Dakar.
3085:(in French). United States of America State Department. Archived from
2437:. Like Gorée and Saint-Louis, Carabane places great importance on its
1983:
1431:, administrator of Ziguinchor, visited the island in order to recruit
6146:
6121:
6074:
6023:
5830:
Louis-Vincent Thomas (April 1964). "Faut-il sauver Karabane ?".
3385:. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
2971:
2446:
2423:
2337:
2069:), which provides two products which are very popular in the region:
2037:
1847:
1737:
1702:
1642:
1472:
1383:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1213:
1173:
728:
704:
564:
5615:
5020:"Carabane, plaque tournante de l'esclavage (l'histoire ne ment pas)"
4371:"Commission d'enquĂŞte technique sur les causes du naufrage du Joola"
3705:
3052:
2263:
while supporters saw it as a panacea that would cure the country of
1894:
operations. Alternatively, it is possible to travel by plane to the
5870:
La identitat ètnica entre els joola d'Oussouye (Húluf, Bubajum áai)
3780:
3778:
3776:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3410:(in French). Idée Casamance. 2 June 2006. p. 2. Archived from
5400:(in French). Dakar: Les Nouvelles éditions africaines du Sénégal.
4881:"Saison touristique à Ziguinchor: Rythmes et couleurs ensoleillés"
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2282:
2227:
2184:
2087:
2076:
2043:
2033:
1982:
1922:
1857:
1841:
1772:
1752:
1742:
1714:
1664:
1592:
1554:
1524:
1424:
1387:
1286:
1278:
1198:
1106:
1089:
because their prayers have failed to make it rain (1893 engraving)
1077:
1000:
774:
748:
697:
668:
592:
560:
552:
544:
538:
512:
453:
258:
234:
225:, is an island and a village located in the extreme south-west of
5360:
Riz, symboles et développement chez les Diolas de Basse-Casamance
4946:"Le Sénégal en quête du passage d'esclaves sur l'île de Karabane"
4929:
Sites et monuments en Sénégambie: images et esquisses historiques
3737:
3735:
3405:"La Casamance littotale: Réserve de biosphère côtière UNESCO/MAB"
3216:"Éducation à l'environnement mangrovien pour écoles élémentaires"
1909:, other boats, mostly well-worn ones, made the connection: first
4998:"Candidature Ă l'inscription sur la liste du patrimoine mondial"
3692:
Robert M. Baum (1990). "The Emergence of a Diola Christianity".
2526:
2513:
Between 1939 and 1944, the colonial authorities of the AOF were
2326:
2152:
1646:
1613:
are the largest centres. This rural community is located in the
1452:
1414:
for the girls. A chapel also continued to be run on the island.
741:
598:
583:
6078:
5881:(in Catalan). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Archived from
3083:"Une île isolée du Sénégal se réjouit d'avoir de l'eau potable"
1233:
in a factory built by Bertrand-Bocandé in 1840, owned first by
1136:
by crushing the shells of mangrove oysters and cooking them in
318:
convincing them to establish their trading post in the town of
4974:(in French). Ministère de la Culture (Sénégal). Archived from
3957:(in French). Association d'Aide au DĂ©veloppement du Diembering
2380:
Remnants of the former colonial presence (photo taken in 2008)
1102:
5978:, news report by Anne Gouraud and Olivier Bonnet produced by
1237:
and then by the Casamance Company. The factory also produced
245:
trees which cover most of the island. Along with the rest of
5534:
Power, Prayer and Production: The Jola of Casamance, Senegal
4321:
Jean Raymond Thomas; Pierre Lefebvre; Michel Tricot (2002).
4257:"Décision n° 6000 supprimant le poste médical de Karabane".
2923:
Jean Raymond Thomas; Pierre Lefebvre; Michel Tricot (2002).
2551:
These difficulties were presented in the French documentary
1188:
at an annual cost of 196 francs. Still, another treaty made
990:), which cling to uncovered mangrove roots at low tide. The
505:
Il faut s'armer de patience pour rejoindre l'île de Carabane
233:. This relatively recent geological formation consists of a
5146:
Constant Vanden Berghen; Adrien Manga (1999). "Le climat".
4812:"En Casamance, le tourisme a repris, mais peine à décoller"
1514:
Carabane's population continued to decline gradually after
6056:"Photos of Carabane and the surrounding saltwater streams"
5707:
Histoire de la Casamance: Conquête et résistance 1850–1920
5170:"Notes sur la Guinée portugaise ou Sénégambie méridionale"
4843:
Ropitault (November–December 2007), pp. 16–25.
4640:
Cormier-Salem (July–August 1985), pp. 448–454.
3864:(in French). Afrique occidentale française. Archived from
3184:
Bertrand-BocandĂ© (May–June 1849), pp. 398–422.
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2810:(in French). University of Texas (Perry–Castañeda Library)
419:
of Carabane remains unclear. It could be connected to the
331:. In 1869, Carabane became autonomous, but it merged with
4226:
Charles Becker; René Collignon; et al. (July 2001).
3249:
Ropitault (November–December 2007), pp.23–24.
2413:
CEO Forrester & Co. Vauxhall Foundry. 18 Liverpool S3
625:
The tropical climate of Basse Casamance cycles between a
5690:(in French). Paris: Nouvelles éditions de l'Université.
2189:
Mangrove oysters collect on the roots of mangrove trees.
2133:
2132:, which means "With palm wine, one never stands up", or
2127:
2103:
2097:
1724:, but while the fetishes and sacred groves dedicated to
570:
In this flat and marshy area, the branches and roots of
5498:. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation.
4752:(in French). DaKite (Dakar Kitesurfing). Archived from
4482:"Music, Beaches and 'Fromagers' in Senegal's Casamance"
2396:-Captain with the name Aristide Protet was shot with a
1807:
La part de l'autre: une aventure humaine en terre Diola
462:, its coconut trees and sandy beaches attract tourists.
6040:"Application for inclusion on the World Heritage List"
5050:
Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion
3694:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
2364:
The grave of Captain Protet who was buried standing up
1283:
The Casamance Company's first factory (1893 engraving)
962:). The mangroves are home to many crustaceans such as
551:
A recent geological formation, Carabane consists of a
306:
The earliest known inhabitants of the island were the
5733:
Pascal Sagna (2007). "Caractéristiques climatiques".
5686:
Dominique Auzias; Jean-Paul Labourdette (2008–2009).
4459:"Le bateau Aline Sitoé Diatta fait escale à Carabane"
4122:
4120:
3897:
3895:
2555:, meaning "A New Boat for Casamance", as part of the
2521:, unlike those of the AEF, especially because of the
2138:, which means "Sit down, don't spill the palm wine".
249:, Carabane has a tropical climate, cycling between a
4940:
4938:
5653:(in Portuguese). Lisbonne: Imprensa Nacional. 1887.
4927:Danièle Gosnave; Babacar Fall; Doudou Gaye (1988).
3008:
Workshop on Research Priorities in Tidal Swamp Rice
2372:
The plaque on Captain Protet's grave (died in 1836)
708:
wood is so easy to work, the trunks of 'kapok' or '
173:
165:
157:
152:
140:
128:
114:
106:
98:
90:
82:
72:
67:
5635:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
5249:Marie-Christine Cormier-Salem (July–August 1985).
5220:Recueil des TraitĂ©s de la France (1713–1906)
4259:Éléments d'un Code de la Santé Publique Au Sénégal
783:, may be viewed among the mangroves on the island.
427:, which means "who speaks a lot", or possibly the
5792:La Casamance ouvre ses cases. Tourisme au Sénégal
5086:Barlow, Clive; Wacher, Tim; Disley, Tony (1997).
4948:(in French). AFP. August 23, 2007. Archived from
4572:
4570:
3221:(in French). Idée Casamance. 2006. Archived from
2495:(particularly in Spanish and Portuguese sources).
2252:as well as vacationers seeking sandy beaches and
5088:A Field Guide to birds of The Gambia and Senegal
4376:(in French). Republic of Senegal. Archived from
3606:
3604:
1443:located in Dakar, Saint-Louis, Gorée, Rufisque,
998:make up the reptilian population of the island.
5933:Entrée de la Casamance et mouillage de Carabane
5515:Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa
4557:
4555:
2995:Bertrand-BocandĂ© (May–June 1849), p. 302.
2876:Bertrand-BocandĂ© (May–June 1849), p. 299.
2852:Bertrand-BocandĂ© (May–June 1849), p. 298.
5709:(in French). Université de Paris I: Karthala.
5241:Casamance et Mellacorée. Pénétration au Soudan
4299:(in French). Ministère des Affaires étrangères
4024:
4022:
3948:
3946:
3005:International Rice Research Institute (1984).
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2036:, dig ditches, and create ponds. The fish and
1229:, considered to be of poor quality, which was
982:. The shellfish population consists mostly of
356:and Jola society has no formal hierarchy. The
6090:
5943:in 1862, corrected in 1869 and edited in 1871
5825:(in French). Dakar: IFAN-Université de Dakar.
4698:Rapport de stage sur la crevette casamançaise
1168:, and also because of their competition with
8:
4689:
4687:
2918:
2916:
2784:SĂ©nĂ©gal et Gambie (2004), pp. 201–204.
1732:survive as cultural icons of Casamance, the
709:
213:Senegal is the most westerly part of Africa.
19:
6020:"Economic activities and project financing"
5022:(in French). Musée Carabane. Archived from
4702:(in French). Idée Casamance. Archived from
4668:(in French). Idée Casamance. Archived from
4461:(in French). Au-Senegal.com. April 26, 2014
3795:
3793:
3613:Vallon (February–March 1862), p. 465.
2491:(notably in English and German sources) or
2197:area, a single family exists in Casamance:
2084:clusters are integral to the local cuisine.
6097:
6083:
6075:
4648:
4646:
4564:Berghen and Manga (1999), pp. 56–75.
4549:Berghen and Manga (1999), pp. 54–56.
4316:
4314:
4031:Berghen and Manga (1999), pp. 21–22.
2597:An example of a cooperative run by women:
269:have been closed for years because of the
18:
5949:, map drawn up in 1909 and edited in 1921
5536:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5517:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5435:Les Français en Casamance, de 1826 à 1854
5109:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4818:(in French). May 23, 2008. Archived from
3955:"Qui pour sauver Diogué-Nikine-Carabane?"
3110:Bergen and Manga (1999), pp. 13–14.
2235:is a common tourist activity in Carabane.
1720:The indigenous population was originally
1144:, which was sold in Ziguinchor or to the
1005:Bottlenose dolphins are plentiful in the
578:would normally have the opposite effect.
5244:(in French). Paris: Librairie illustrée.
5071:(in French). Paris: Éditions du Jaguar.
4916:(in French): 23. November–December 2007.
2747:(in French). p. 112. Archived from
2734:
2732:
795:have not been open for years due to the
475:
458:Although most of Carabane is covered in
5362:(in French). Québec: Université Laval.
5131:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
5107:Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade
4655:Cormier-Salem (1989), pp. 91–107.
3295:"List of Birds Observed in the Senegal"
2664:
2487:More rarely, one may find the spelling
2480:
2407:Near the beach are ruins of buildings,
1566:reputation to attract media attention.
1438:In the aftermath of the Great War, the
1203:The longest pier on the coast of Africa
779:A variety of bird species, such as the
6058:(in French). Kassoumay. Archived from
5775:(in French). Éditions universitaires.
5308:
5298:
5278:Marie-Christine Cormier-Salem (1989).
3331:(in French). Kassoumay. Archived from
3123:(in French). Kassoumay. Archived from
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2910:Saint-Martin (1989), pp. 126–27.
2273:Leopold Sedar Senghor French Institute
1291:The Casamance Company's second factory
1132:and began planting rice and producing
673:Mangroves are pervasive on the island.
352:resumed ferry services to the island.
6170:Populated places in Ziguinchor Region
5903:"La Casamance, dépendance du Sénégal"
5737:(in French). Paris: Éditions Jaguar.
4323:"Naufrage du transbordeur sénégalais
3904:Thomas (April 1964), pp. 13–46.
2925:"Naufrage du transbordeur sénégalais
1777:The primary school hosts six classes.
1417:In 1913, just before the outbreak of
364:, but although the sacred groves and
7:
5174:Bulletin de la Société de Géographie
2433:by starting a small museum like the
1805:The Ph.D. thesis published in 2003,
5976:Un nouveau bateau pour la Casamance
5587:. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
5465:Emma Gregg; Richard Trillo (2003).
5343:(in French). Paris: Karthala/ACCT.
5236:Henri François Brosselard-Faidherbe
4816:Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens
2840:Brosselard-Faidherbe (1982), p. 10.
2739:Philippe Duigou (January 7, 2005).
2620:The camps were set up in Elinkine,
2553:Un nouveau bateau pour la Casamance
1993:ends in a sharp wrought iron blade.
1767:Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary
1491:baptisms and funerals in Carabane.
1085:in Carabane: inhabitants cursing a
751:and oranges are the most populous.
4727:Cormier (1985), pp. 267–273.
4616:Palmeri (1995), pp. 178–179.
4579:Foucher (2002), pp. 389–390.
4234:(in French). Dakar. Archived from
3953:Jacques Diatta (January 7, 2007).
3826:Benoist (2008), pp. 324–325.
3329:"Ă€ voir et Ă visiter sur Carabane"
3272:"Le problème écologique et humain"
14:
5794:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan.
5681:(in French). Université de Lille.
5662:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan.
5398:Sénégal, les ethnies et la nation
5381:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan.
5269:. Sciences Humaines (in French).
5150:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan.
3989:"Communauté rurale de Djembéring"
3916:Diatta (2008), pp. 160–161.
3261:Berghen and Manga (1999), p. 120.
3205:Marius (1976), pp. 669–691.
2121:or, more recently, a bottle. The
1998:recorded by the first Portuguese
1625:, tax collection, and keeping of
543:Saltwater streams cut across the
391:The testimonies of explorers and
261:and oranges. Although the nearby
6022:(in French). SEM. Archived from
5324:(in French). Saint-Maur: SĂ©pia.
5052:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
4628:Datta (1998), pp. 396–398.
4360:Diouf (1998), pp. 174–175.
4297:"Sénégal. Conseils au voyageurs"
4064:Palmeri (1995), pp. 57–59.
4052:Palmeri (1995), pp. 53–55.
3682:Roche (2000), pp. 180–181.
3274:(in French). Club sans frontière
1930:sank. For security reasons, the
195:
194:
187:
49:
48:
41:
25:
5901:Amiral Vallon (20 April 1862).
5771:Marguerite Schelechten (1988).
5752:Yves-Jean Saint-Martin (1989).
4286:Thomas (1958), pp. 79–90.
4189:TomĂ s i Guilera (2005), p. 322.
4040:Gregg and Trillo (2003), p. 246
4016:Diop (2006), pp. 119–121.
3940:TomĂ s i Guilera (2005), p. 414.
3744:TomĂ s i Guilera (2005), p. 305.
3160:Diatta (1998), pp. 52–53.
2693:"De l'autre côté de la rivière"
1921:. In January 1991, a brand new
897:red-bellied paradise-flycatcher
94:57 km (22 sq mi)
5866:Jordi TomĂ s i Guilera (2005).
5756:(in French). Paris: Karthala.
5557:(in French). Paris: Hachette.
5415:Oscar Diedrich Engeln (1952).
4480:Cohn, Carolyn (June 3, 2015).
3862:"Rapport n° 17 (La Casamance)"
3586:Roche (2000), pp. 82–83.
3550:Roche (2000), pp. 76–77.
3523:George E. Brooks (2010). "9".
3148:Sagna (2007), pp. 66–67.
1882:), the former running through
1412:Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny
714:' trees are often carved into
86:Islands of the Casamance delta
1:
5468:The Rough Guide to the Gambia
5205:Geneviève G. Beslier (1935).
3860:Denise Savigneau (May 1938).
2449:–Carabane area needs saving.
789:Basse Casamance National Park
368:survive as cultural icons of
263:Basse Casamance National Park
5341:Proverbes jĂłola de Casamance
5214:Jules de Clerq, ed. (1987).
5067:Danielle Ben Yahmed (2007).
3670:Saint-Martin (1989), p. 457.
3658:Saint-Martin (1989), p. 186.
3574:Saint-Martin (2000), p. 126.
2717:(in French). Planète Sénégal
2561:series on December 1, 2006,
2134:
2128:
2104:
2098:
1965:. On April 26, 2014, the MV
1745:, many of whom were Muslim.
1482:In taking leadership of the
1192:the primary trading post of
6175:Atlantic islands of Senegal
6000:"Population and sanitation"
5907:Revue Maritime et Coloniale
5513:Martin Allen Klein (1998).
4912:"Les secrets de Karabane".
4889:(in French). Archived from
4409:(in French). Archived from
4261:(in French). July 21, 1896.
2013:The basic tool used is the
1974:Agriculture and aquaculture
793:Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve
647:Wah uŋejutumu, emit elaatut
388:to continue their studies.
267:Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve
6191:
5982:for the television series
5963:Casamance: l'autre Sénégal
5442:Philippe Gloaguen (2004).
5433:Jacques Foulquier (1966).
5209:(in French). Paris: Payot.
4777:Schelecten (1988), p. 442.
4153:(2008–2009), p. 211.
3456:(2008–2009), p. 266.
2674:Thomas (July 1956), p. 79.
2469:List of islands of Senegal
2356:The interior of the church
2135:Ulako, kumusaet jĂgabulaju
1717:, Guineans, and Gambians.
1128:, Pierre Baudin, moved to
360:population was originally
6112:
5879:Tesis Doctorals en Xarxal
5861:(in French) (1): 230–309.
5852:(in French) (106): 42–47.
5834:(in French) (102): 13–46.
5532:Olga F. Linares (2007) .
5496:Rain Forests of the World
5186:Emmanuel Bertrand-Bocandé
5166:Emmanuel Bertrand-Bocandé
4694:Richard Da Costa (2005).
4593:. Routledge. p. 42.
4589:A. Endre Nyerges (1997).
4439:(in French). July 7, 2013
2808:"Carte ND 28-13 Oussouye"
2695:(in French). Radio-Canada
1959:Prime Minister of Senegal
1834:Transportation and energy
869:Streptopelia semitorquata
680:Emmanuel Bertrand-Bocandé
119:
36:
31:An 1890 map of the island
24:
5790:Muriel Scibilia (1986).
5705:Christian Roche (2000).
5419:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
5358:Lamine Diédhiou (2004).
4972:"Arrêté du 27 mars 2003"
4856:. GENSEN. Archived from
4854:"What is an ecovillage?"
4537:Palmeri (1995), pp. 152.
4510:Diédhiou (2004), p. 339.
3928:Scibilia (2003), p. 174.
3850:Thioub (1997), pp. 73–74
2207:Farfantepenaeus notialis
1686:ethnic groups in Senegal
1641:of power are the fetish
1619:Minister of the Interior
1615:Kabrousse Arrondissement
1036:), Senegalese manatees (
968:Farfantepenaeus notialis
944:Polydactylus quadrifilis
940:Giant African threadfins
5969:by Virginie Berda, 2006
5813:(in French) (4): 73–74.
5426:Le Sénégal Contemporain
5339:Nazaire Diatta (1998).
5125:Joseph Roger de Benoist
5105:Boubacar Barry (1998).
5048:Robert Aldrich (1996).
4801:Scibilia (2003), p. 35.
4789:Scibilia (2003), p. 41.
4739:Scibilia (2003), p. 17.
4165:Foucher (2002), p. 376.
3978:Scibilia (2003), p. 40.
3889:Benoist (2008), p. 410.
3838:Benoist (2008), p. 339.
3761:Benoist (2008), p. 253.
3729:Benoist (2008), p. 196.
3480:Benoist (2008), p. 160.
3356:Beslier (1935), p. 111.
2898:Endgeln (1952), p. 315.
2796:Benoist (2008), p. 254.
2772:Benoist (2008), p. 212.
2600:"Ujamoral Kafakh Group"
2261:new form of colonialism
1963:West African CFA francs
1955:Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye
1655:mound-building termites
1365:Magloire-Désiré Barthet
1117:at Ziguinchor in 1645.
1042:), and breeding birds.
1039:Trichechus senegalensis
889:grey-backed camaroptera
498:region of the same name
393:colonial administrators
5658:Paolo Palmeri (1995).
5551:Alfred Marche (1879).
5396:Makhtar Diouf (1998).
5188:(July–December 1856).
4750:"Casamance – Karabane"
4327:. Rapport d'expertise"
4087:"Localité de Karabane"
3787:Benoist (2008), p. 292
3646:Aldrich (1996), p. 37.
3041:Technology and Culture
2929:. Rapport d'expertise"
2864:Thomas (1958), p. 121.
2691:Sophie-Hélène Lebeuf.
2426:on November 18, 2005.
2402:Auguste LĂ©opold Protet
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2288:
2243:placed an emphasis on
2236:
2190:
2093:
2085:
2057:Palm oil and palm wine
2049:
2010:, a separate species.
1994:
1867:
1855:
1778:
1762:
1680:
1598:
1543:Senegal's independence
1539:
1359:in the Jola language.
1292:
1284:
1204:
1158:French colonial empire
1090:
1010:
901:Terpsiphone rufiventer
857:blue-spotted wood-dove
784:
719:
710:
674:
602:
548:
485:
463:
229:, in the mouth of the
99:Highest elevation
5377:Djibril Diop (2006).
5260:(in French): 448–454.
4274:Petit (2003), p. 239.
4216:Diouf (1998), p. 184.
4177:Diouf (1998), p. 117.
4126:Linares (2007), p. 5.
4114:Diouf (1998), p. 201.
4076:Diatta (1996), p. 20.
3814:Roche (2000), p. 328.
3802:Roche (2000), p. 322.
3770:Barry (1998), p. 221.
3368:Roche (2000), p. 181.
3172:Marche (1879), p. 54.
3089:on September 28, 2006
3011:. pp. 129, 136.
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2286:
2231:
2188:
2112:. The recent partial
2091:
2080:
2047:
1986:
1945:, which replaced the
1896:airport in Ziguinchor
1861:
1845:
1776:
1756:
1709:) and the other from
1668:
1649:or an aggregation of
1596:
1528:
1440:Roman Catholic Church
1319:, Muslims, and a few
1290:
1282:
1202:
1120:In the late 1820s, a
1081:
1004:
921:yellow-fronted canary
893:Camaroptera brachyura
821:Gypohierax angolensis
778:
701:
672:
596:
542:
496:, the capital of the
479:
457:
6026:on February 24, 2011
5819:Louis-Vincent Thomas
5677:Frank Petit (2003).
4893:on December 11, 2007
4756:on September 1, 2007
4413:on February 24, 2011
4383:on November 19, 2008
4339:on December 17, 2007
4138:Diouf (1998), p. 74.
3625:Roche (2000), p. 87.
3598:Roche (2000), p. 37.
3562:Roche (2000), p. 76.
3513:Klein (1998), p. 30.
3504:Roche (2000), p. 77.
3492:Roche (2000), p. 67.
3468:Roche (2000), p. 21.
3193:Mark (2002), p. 182.
2941:on December 17, 2007
2751:on November 13, 2012
2715:"Visite de Carabane"
2459:Geography of Senegal
2443:Louis-Vincent Thomas
2203:Southern pink shrimp
1987:The lower part of a
1761:was founded in 1988.
1749:Education and health
1609:, Cap Skirring, and
1494:In the same year, a
1477:Islam in the country
1427:. In December 1915,
1393:Brosselard-Faidherbe
1045:On an island called
1033:Crocodylus niloticus
964:southern pink shrimp
956:African red snappers
917:Estrilda troglodytes
913:black-rumped waxbill
885:Halcyon senegalensis
747:As for fruit trees,
612:tide-dominated delta
210:class=notpageimage|
169:7/km (18/sq mi)
102:2 m (7 ft)
6137:ĂŽles des Madeleines
6042:(in French). UNESCO
5631:Peter Mark (2002).
5583:Peter Mark (1985).
5428:(in French). Paris.
5267:Cahiers de l'ORSTOM
5222:(in French). Leiden
5026:on October 25, 2008
5000:(in French). UNESCO
4978:on February 7, 2012
4487:Mail & Guardian
4238:on February 4, 2008
3868:on January 14, 2005
2420:World Heritage Site
2241:Republic of Senegal
1957:, who later became
1597:Oussouye Prefecture
1529:The sinking of the
1346:, and six European
1302:Émile Pinet-Laprade
1259:governor of Senegal
1180:French colonization
1016:bottlenose dolphins
952:Sphyraena barracuda
881:woodland kingfisher
825:black-tailed godwit
484:trip from Elinkine.
292:12.5378°N 16.7008°W
288: /
21:
6106:Islands of Senegal
5859:Bulletin de l'IFAN
5811:Cahier de Marjuvia
5688:Petit Futé Sénégal
5572:Bulletin de l'IFAN
5322:Peuples du Sénégal
4952:on October 1, 2012
4879:Alassane Diawara.
4151:Petit Futé Sénégal
3454:Petit Futé Sénégal
2806:Army Map Service.
2464:History of Senegal
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2289:
2237:
2191:
2129:Bunuk abajut birto
2096:Palm wine (called
2094:
2086:
2050:
1995:
1967:Aline Sitoe Diatta
1942:Aline Sitoe Diatta
1868:
1856:
1784:Aline Sitoe Diatta
1779:
1763:
1681:
1611:Boucott-Diembéring
1599:
1540:
1504:French West Africa
1336:Holy Ghost Fathers
1293:
1285:
1205:
1091:
1047:Ilha dos Mosquitos
1020:Tursiops truncatus
1011:
972:sand fiddler crabs
925:Serinus mozambicus
873:white-rumped swift
797:Casamance Conflict
785:
720:
689:oxygen in the soil
675:
603:
549:
486:
464:
376:belief systems of
349:Aline Sitoe Diatta
271:Casamance Conflict
107:Highest point
16:Village in Senegal
6155:
6154:
5909:. 9 (in French).
5843:(in French) (71).
5801:978-2-85802-676-0
5782:978-2-8271-0393-5
5763:978-2-86537-201-0
5744:978-2-86950-414-1
5716:978-2-86537-125-9
5697:978-2-7469-2280-8
5669:978-2-7384-3616-0
5642:978-0-253-21552-9
5604:History in Africa
5594:978-3-515-04355-7
5543:978-0-521-04035-8
5524:978-0-521-59678-7
5505:978-0-7614-7254-4
5478:978-1-84353-083-1
5457:978-2-01-240134-1
5444:Sénégal et Gambie
5407:978-2-7384-2118-0
5388:978-2-296-00862-5
5369:978-2-7637-8180-8
5350:978-2-86537-718-3
5331:978-2-907888-97-4
5258:La PĂŞche Maritime
5196:. 2 (in French).
5176:. 3 (in French).
5168:(May–June 1849).
5157:978-2-7384-7961-7
5138:978-2-84586-885-4
5116:978-0-521-59760-9
5097:978-1-873403-32-7
5078:978-2-86950-414-1
5059:978-0-312-16000-5
4600:978-90-5699-573-7
4232:Réseau Sénégalais
4203:(in French): 204.
3534:978-1-4520-8870-9
3439:Negocios externos
3121:"ĂŽle de Carabane"
3018:978-971-10-4102-1
2439:cultural heritage
2394:Troupes de marine
2334:social solidarity
2302:Catholic missions
2067:Elaeis guineensis
1934:s successor, the
1915:Casamance Express
1553:that ravaged the
1325:Portuguese Guinea
1235:Maurel & Prom
1074:First inhabitants
988:Crassostrea gasar
837:Numenius phaeopus
297:12.5378; -16.7008
247:Ziguinchor Region
183:
182:
6182:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5974:
5967:documentary film
5961:
5931:
5914:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5888:on July 16, 2011
5887:
5876:
5862:
5853:
5850:Notes Africaines
5844:
5841:Notes Africaines
5835:
5832:Notes Africaines
5826:
5814:
5805:
5786:
5767:
5748:
5735:Atlas du Sénégal
5729:
5720:
5701:
5682:
5673:
5654:
5646:
5627:
5598:
5579:
5566:
5547:
5528:
5509:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5471:. Rough Guides.
5461:
5438:
5429:
5420:
5411:
5392:
5373:
5354:
5335:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5274:
5261:
5255:
5245:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5210:
5201:
5181:
5161:
5142:
5120:
5101:
5082:
5069:Atlas du Sénégal
5063:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4942:
4933:
4932:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4822:on July 14, 2011
4808:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4691:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:Atlas du Sénégal
4521:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4331:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3950:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3325:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3293:Tina MacDonald.
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3127:on June 16, 2008
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2974:(in French). SEM
2968:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2688:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2653:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2595:
2589:
2571:
2565:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2485:
2265:underdevelopment
2168:dietary minerals
2137:
2131:
2107:
2101:
2063:African oil palm
1979:Rice cultivation
1726:initiation rites
1629:in the village.
1517:
1429:Marcel de Coppet
1422:
1300:. Troops led by
1298:Karoninka people
1272:and was given a
1269:LĂ©gion d'honneur
992:red-headed agama
984:mangrove oysters
960:Lutjanus agennes
948:great barracudas
845:Numenius arquata
817:palm-nut vulture
781:little bee-eater
759:, and colourful
713:
338:
329:Karoninka people
303:
302:
300:
299:
298:
293:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
221:, also known as
198:
197:
191:
52:
51:
45:
29:
22:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6151:
6108:
6103:
6065:
6063:
6062:on May 26, 2008
6054:
6045:
6043:
6038:
6029:
6027:
6018:
6009:
6007:
5998:
5995:
5972:
5959:
5941:Aristide Vallon
5929:
5921:
5919:Further reading
5900:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5874:
5865:
5856:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5817:
5808:
5802:
5789:
5783:
5770:
5764:
5751:
5745:
5732:
5723:
5717:
5704:
5698:
5685:
5676:
5670:
5657:
5649:
5643:
5630:
5616:10.2307/3171940
5601:
5595:
5582:
5569:
5550:
5544:
5531:
5525:
5512:
5506:
5492:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5464:
5458:
5441:
5432:
5423:
5414:
5408:
5395:
5389:
5376:
5370:
5357:
5351:
5338:
5332:
5319:
5307:
5297:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5273:(2–3): 267–273.
5264:
5253:
5248:
5234:
5225:
5223:
5213:
5204:
5194:Revue Coloniale
5184:
5164:
5158:
5145:
5139:
5123:
5117:
5104:
5098:
5085:
5079:
5066:
5060:
5047:
5044:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4955:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4861:
4860:on May 18, 2008
4852:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4693:
4692:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4525:(2007), p. 121.
4519:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3783:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3757:
3748:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3706:10.2307/1160112
3691:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3527:. Authorhouse.
3522:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3436:(in Portuguese)
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3335:on May 21, 2008
3327:
3326:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3053:10.2307/3107200
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:(2002), p. 508.
2884:
2880:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2836:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2572:
2568:
2563:Web.archive.org
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2455:
2435:House of Slaves
2422:was filed with
2390:church building
2350:
2226:
2149:artisan fishing
2144:
2059:
2053:the situation.
1981:
1976:
1953:was announced.
1919:Island Karabane
1836:
1819:
1800:family planning
1751:
1663:
1623:law enforcement
1591:
1586:
1547:Mali Federation
1515:
1512:
1418:
1274:land concession
1182:
1076:
1071:
1028:Nile crocodiles
1007:Casamance River
841:Eurasian curlew
773:
767:of the island.
667:
623:
607:coastal erosion
537:
490:Casamance River
474:
469:
413:
405:artisan fishing
336:
335:in 1886. Since
327:farmers by the
296:
294:
290:
287:
282:
279:
277:
275:
274:
231:Casamance River
216:
215:
214:
212:
206:
205:
204:
203:
199:
124:
77:Casamance River
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:
57:
53:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6188:
6186:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6162:
6161:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6052:
6036:
6016:
5994:
5993:External links
5991:
5990:
5989:
5970:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5944:
5937:nautical chart
5926:
5925:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5898:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5827:
5815:
5806:
5800:
5787:
5781:
5768:
5762:
5749:
5743:
5730:
5721:
5715:
5702:
5696:
5683:
5674:
5668:
5655:
5647:
5641:
5628:
5599:
5593:
5580:
5567:
5548:
5542:
5529:
5523:
5510:
5504:
5490:
5477:
5462:
5456:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5412:
5406:
5393:
5387:
5374:
5368:
5355:
5349:
5336:
5330:
5317:
5275:
5262:
5246:
5232:
5211:
5202:
5182:
5162:
5156:
5143:
5137:
5121:
5115:
5102:
5096:
5090:. Pica Press.
5083:
5077:
5064:
5058:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5011:
4989:
4963:
4934:
4919:
4904:
4871:
4845:
4833:
4803:
4791:
4779:
4767:
4741:
4729:
4717:
4683:
4657:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4606:
4599:
4581:
4566:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4512:
4500:
4472:
4450:
4424:
4394:
4362:
4350:
4310:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4249:
4218:
4206:
4191:
4179:
4167:
4155:
4140:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4078:
4066:
4054:
4042:
4033:
4018:
4006:
3980:
3968:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3891:
3879:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3789:
3772:
3763:
3746:
3731:
3719:
3700:(3): 370–398.
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3533:
3515:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3443:
3441:(1887), p. 90.
3428:
3396:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3320:
3307:
3285:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3207:
3195:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3112:
3100:
3074:
3031:
3017:
2997:
2985:
2952:
2912:
2900:
2891:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2821:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2728:
2706:
2676:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2613:
2590:
2566:
2544:
2535:
2506:
2497:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2398:poisoned arrow
2349:
2348:Historic sites
2346:
2225:
2222:
2143:
2140:
2082:Oil palm fruit
2058:
2055:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1876:national roads
1866:street lights.
1835:
1832:
1818:
1815:
1750:
1747:
1662:
1659:
1638:anthropologist
1590:
1589:Administration
1587:
1585:
1582:
1511:
1510:Recent history
1508:
1467:, Ziguinchor,
1247:Carapa procera
1181:
1178:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
996:monitor lizard
801:African darter
772:
769:
761:bougainvilleas
666:
663:
622:
619:
536:
533:
473:
470:
468:
465:
412:
409:
208:
207:
201:
200:
193:
192:
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
120:
117:
116:
115:Administration
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
55:
54:
47:
46:
40:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6187:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6158:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6100:
6095:
6093:
6088:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6041:
6037:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6006:on 2011-07-24
6005:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5899:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5871:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5574:(in French).
5573:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5446:(in French).
5445:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5302:
5283:
5282:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5012:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4875:
4872:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4837:
4834:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4795:
4792:
4783:
4780:
4771:
4768:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4733:
4730:
4721:
4718:
4706:on 2011-07-26
4705:
4701:
4699:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4672:on 2008-04-03
4671:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4634:
4631:
4622:
4619:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4543:
4540:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4513:
4504:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4354:
4351:
4335:
4328:
4326:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4280:
4277:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4253:
4250:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4195:
4192:
4183:
4180:
4171:
4168:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4141:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4105:
4093:on 2011-07-24
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4070:
4067:
4058:
4055:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4010:
4007:
3995:on 2011-07-24
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3972:
3969:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3934:
3931:
3922:
3919:
3910:
3907:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3883:
3880:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3853:
3844:
3841:
3832:
3829:
3820:
3817:
3808:
3805:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3676:
3673:
3664:
3661:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3637:Clerq (1987).
3631:
3628:
3619:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3589:
3580:
3577:
3568:
3565:
3556:
3553:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3498:
3495:
3486:
3483:
3474:
3471:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3417:on 2008-12-03
3413:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3362:
3359:
3350:
3347:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3255:
3252:
3243:
3240:
3228:on 2008-11-20
3224:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3178:
3175:
3166:
3163:
3154:
3151:
3142:
3139:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3104:
3101:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2998:
2989:
2986:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2870:
2867:
2858:
2855:
2846:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2790:
2787:
2778:
2775:
2766:
2763:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:Thionck Essyl
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:Also spelled
2570:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1864:solar-powered
1860:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:Guinea-Bissau
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:interlocutors
1630:
1628:
1627:vital records
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:reform school
1492:
1489:
1486:, Archbishop
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1408:anti-clerical
1404:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:cadastral map
1215:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Bainuk people
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:mosquito nets
1048:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:Uca pugilator
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:red-eyed dove
862:
858:
854:
853:Sterna caspia
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:Limosa limosa
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:Ardea goliath
810:
809:Goliath heron
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
782:
777:
770:
768:
766:
765:deforestation
762:
758:
754:
753:Prickly pears
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
724:
717:
712:
707:
706:
700:
696:
694:
690:
684:
681:
671:
664:
662:
660:
659:soil salinity
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
620:
618:
615:
613:
608:
600:
595:
591:
589:
585:
579:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
541:
534:
532:
530:
526:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
483:
478:
471:
466:
461:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
351:
350:
344:
343:
334:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
211:
190:
179:
176:
174:Ethnic groups
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
123:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
66:
44:
35:
28:
23:
6157:
6116:
6064:. Retrieved
6060:the original
6044:. Retrieved
6028:. Retrieved
6024:the original
6008:. Retrieved
6004:the original
5983:
5975:
5962:
5946:
5939:drawn up by
5932:
5910:
5906:
5890:. Retrieved
5883:the original
5878:
5869:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5831:
5822:
5810:
5791:
5772:
5753:
5734:
5728:(in French).
5725:
5706:
5687:
5678:
5659:
5650:
5632:
5607:
5603:
5584:
5575:
5571:
5553:
5533:
5514:
5495:
5482:. Retrieved
5467:
5443:
5434:
5425:
5416:
5397:
5378:
5359:
5340:
5321:
5289:. Retrieved
5280:
5270:
5266:
5257:
5240:
5224:. Retrieved
5219:
5206:
5197:
5193:
5177:
5173:
5147:
5128:
5106:
5087:
5068:
5049:
5042:Bibliography
5028:. Retrieved
5024:the original
5014:
5002:. Retrieved
4992:
4980:. Retrieved
4976:the original
4966:
4954:. Retrieved
4950:the original
4928:
4922:
4913:
4907:
4897:December 28,
4895:. Retrieved
4891:the original
4884:
4874:
4862:. Retrieved
4858:the original
4848:
4836:
4826:November 20,
4824:. Retrieved
4820:the original
4815:
4806:
4794:
4782:
4770:
4758:. Retrieved
4754:the original
4744:
4732:
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4704:the original
4697:
4674:. Retrieved
4670:the original
4660:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4590:
4584:
4542:
4530:
4522:
4515:
4503:
4491:. Retrieved
4485:
4475:
4463:. Retrieved
4453:
4441:. Retrieved
4436:
4427:
4415:. Retrieved
4411:the original
4406:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4378:the original
4365:
4353:
4341:. Retrieved
4334:the original
4324:
4301:. Retrieved
4291:
4279:
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4221:
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4081:
4069:
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3993:the original
3983:
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3959:. Retrieved
3938:(in Catalan)
3933:
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3855:
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3007:
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2926:
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2593:
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2307:
2298:ethnographic
2290:
2258:
2254:kite surfing
2238:
2218:rural exodus
2211:
2206:
2192:
2157:
2145:
2114:Islamization
2095:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2030:paddy fields
2026:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2004:African rice
1996:
1988:
1966:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1911:Cap Skirring
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:Cap Skirring
1884:Nioro du Rip
1871:
1869:
1837:
1827:
1820:
1813:emergencies.
1811:
1806:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1791:Ziguinchor.
1780:
1764:
1759:kindergarten
1734:monotheistic
1719:
1682:
1670:
1631:
1600:
1574:
1568:
1563:Bon-Encontre
1559:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1516:World War II
1513:
1493:
1481:
1437:
1416:
1406:Despite the
1405:
1397:
1381:
1361:
1352:Palmyra palm
1329:
1310:
1294:
1267:
1251:
1246:
1223:
1210:entomologist
1206:
1183:
1162:
1124:trader from
1119:
1115:trading post
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1062:
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1037:
1031:
1024:biodiversity
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1012:
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414:
390:
374:monotheistic
354:
348:
340:
337:World War II
305:
222:
218:
217:
166:Pop. density
153:Demographics
121:
5973:(in French)
5960:(in French)
5954:Filmography
5930:(in French)
5924:Cartography
5610:: 179–196.
5484:January 19,
5309:|work=
5226:January 19,
4841:(in French)
4799:(in French)
4787:(in French)
4775:(in French)
4737:(in French)
4725:(in French)
4653:(in French)
4638:(in French)
4626:(in French)
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4508:(in French)
4358:(in French)
4284:(in French)
4272:(in French)
4242:January 19,
4214:(in French)
4175:(in French)
4163:(in French)
4148:(in French)
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4112:(in French)
4074:(in French)
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4029:(in French)
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3926:(in French)
3914:(in French)
3902:(in French)
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3872:January 19,
3848:(in French)
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3300:January 19,
3259:(in French)
3247:(in French)
3203:(in French)
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3170:(in French)
3158:(in French)
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3108:(in French)
3047:(1): 5–35.
2993:(in French)
2908:(in French)
2874:(in French)
2862:(in French)
2850:(in French)
2838:(in French)
2794:(in French)
2782:(in French)
2770:(in French)
2672:(in French)
2531:Félix Éboué
2342:ecovillages
2278:canopy beds
2269:agritourism
2233:Kitesurfing
2214:microcredit
2195:Senegambian
2176:staple food
2164:Sine-Saloum
2160:Petite CĂ´te
2142:Aquaculture
1917:, and then
1913:, then the
1707:Susu people
1697:(including
1677:chordophone
1605:, of which
1461:Foundiougne
1433:tirailleurs
1420:World War I
1348:tirailleurs
1170:Saint-Louis
1166:slave trade
1059:black flies
1055:Shea butter
877:Apus caffer
861:Turtur afer
757:flamboyants
693:crustaceans
643:kitesurfers
639:Azores High
635:trade winds
378:Catholicism
316:black flies
295: /
83:Archipelago
6164:Categories
5913:: 456–474.
5207:Le Sénégal
5200:: 398–421.
2972:"Carabane"
2660:References
2309:conflict.
2008:Asian rice
1675:is a Jola
1661:Population
1603:Diembéring
1536:(pictured)
1377:catechumen
1373:Saint Anne
1150:The Gambia
1142:weedy rice
1138:lime kilns
1099:Portuguese
936:Carangidae
932:trevallies
732:genus and
631:wet season
627:dry season
576:tidal race
494:Ziguinchor
441:karam akam
429:Portuguese
358:indigenous
320:Ziguinchor
312:Portuguese
283:16°42′03″W
280:12°32′16″N
255:wet season
251:dry season
161:396 (2003)
158:Population
142:Department
135:Ziguinchor
5311:ignored (
5301:cite book
4886:Le Soleil
4407:Le Soleil
3061:0040-165X
2885:Greenway
2745:Les Échos
2587:kadiandou
2519:Gaullists
2517:and anti-
2515:Vichyites
2493:Karabanne
2317:impluvium
2250:exoticism
2199:Penaeidae
2172:vitamin C
2000:explorers
1888:Farafenni
1880:the river
1852:Farafenni
1830:tragedy.
1823:palm wine
1715:Ghanaians
1607:Kabrousse
1571:ceasefire
1488:Le Hunsec
1369:feast day
1357:catechism
1194:Casamance
1154:abolition
905:pied crow
734:Malvaceae
637:from the
529:Cachouane
467:Geography
460:mangroves
417:etymology
397:palm wine
370:Casamance
68:Geography
6142:Mar Lodj
6127:Fadiouth
6117:Carabane
5985:Thalassa
5980:France 3
5892:June 23,
5821:(1958).
5563:19175194
5448:Hachette
5291:June 26,
5238:(1892).
5127:(2008).
4956:June 26,
4760:June 26,
4710:June 26,
4676:June 26,
4437:SeneNews
4343:June 25,
4325:Le Joola
4303:June 21,
3421:June 28,
3232:June 28,
3024:July 16,
2945:June 27,
2927:Le Joola
2814:June 24,
2755:June 24,
2721:June 21,
2699:June 23,
2650:Palmarin
2646:Oussouye
2638:Affiniam
2634:Coubalan
2622:Enampore
2583:kadiendo
2558:Thalassa
2523:governor
2453:See also
2409:pontoons
2386:Brittany
2322:Enampore
2315:cases á
2293:Niomoune
2119:calabash
2071:palm oil
1892:demining
1728:such as
1699:Niominka
1672:akonting
1457:Fadiouth
1449:Ngazobil
1400:Oussouye
1344:corporal
1332:baptisms
1321:Manjacks
1306:Mandinka
1243:crabwood
1063:Simulium
980:molluscs
833:whimbrel
716:pirogues
711:kapokier
702:Because
655:fetishes
572:mangrove
557:alluvium
509:Rufisque
472:Location
425:karabané
411:Toponymy
401:Palm oil
386:Elinkine
366:fetishes
243:mangrove
239:alluvium
223:Karabane
219:Carabane
202:Carabane
147:Oussouye
73:Location
56:Carabane
20:Carabane
6066:June 7,
6046:June 7,
6030:June 7,
6010:June 7,
5726:Teranga
5624:3171940
5417:Geology
5030:June 8,
5004:June 8,
4982:June 8,
4914:Teranga
4864:June 8,
4493:June 6,
4465:June 6,
4443:June 6,
4417:June 8,
4387:June 8,
4097:June 8,
3999:June 9,
3714:1160112
3389:June 8,
3339:June 8,
3314:Barlow
3278:June 8,
3131:June 8,
3069:3107200
2978:June 8,
2606:June 8,
2579:kajendo
2575:kajandu
2489:Karaban
2431:slavery
2388:-style
2245:tourism
2224:Tourism
2180:hawkers
2123:alcohol
2105:bounouk
2021:kayendo
2016:kayendo
1990:kayendo
1817:Economy
1789:Caritas
1738:Muslims
1730:boukout
1722:animist
1651:kinship
1643:priests
1584:Society
1551:drought
1520:Nyassia
1500:Nianing
1484:diocese
1469:Bignona
1465:Kaolack
1313:malaria
1264:Samatit
1239:almonds
1190:SĂ©dhiou
1186:Kagnout
1156:in the
1146:British
1122:mulatto
1083:Animism
1069:History
978:), and
738:dugouts
649:" is a
621:Climate
601:frames.
535:Geology
520:pirogue
482:pirogue
362:animist
333:SĂ©dhiou
324:Kagnout
227:Senegal
122:Senegal
110:unnamed
6147:Morfil
6122:Diogue
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2447:Nikine
2424:UNESCO
2338:holism
2110:grapes
2038:shrimp
2034:levees
1932:Joola'
1848:Banjul
1703:Guinea
1695:Serers
1693:, and
1691:Lebous
1473:Banjul
1384:Cacheu
1340:gunner
1317:Wolofs
1231:ginned
1227:cotton
1214:Nantes
1174:Diogue
1111:slaves
1109:, and
1087:fetish
954:), or
919:) and
749:mangos
729:Bombax
705:Bombax
629:and a
599:wooden
565:Seleki
511:(near
449:French
431:words
372:, the
259:mangos
253:and a
130:Region
6132:Gorée
5886:(PDF)
5875:(PDF)
5620:JSTOR
5285:(PDF)
5254:(PDF)
4381:(PDF)
4374:(PDF)
4337:(PDF)
4330:(PDF)
3710:JSTOR
3415:(PDF)
3408:(PDF)
3383:(PDF)
3316:et al
3226:(PDF)
3219:(PDF)
3065:JSTOR
2939:(PDF)
2932:(PDF)
2642:Abéné
2626:BaĂŻla
2585:, or
2475:Notes
2099:bunuk
1951:berth
1947:Wilis
1936:Wilis
1928:Joola
1923:ferry
1907:Joola
1872:Joola
1828:Joola
1743:Dakar
1705:(the
1576:Joola
1555:Sahel
1532:Joola
1445:Thiès
1425:Dakar
1388:Farim
1323:from
1212:from
1126:Gorée
1107:ivory
771:Fauna
742:adzes
665:Flora
588:Joola
584:keels
561:Mlomp
553:shoal
545:shoal
513:Dakar
437:acaba
423:word
421:Wolof
382:Islam
342:Joola
235:shoal
6068:2008
6048:2008
6032:2008
6012:2008
5894:2008
5796:ISBN
5777:ISBN
5758:ISBN
5739:ISBN
5711:ISBN
5692:ISBN
5664:ISBN
5637:ISBN
5589:ISBN
5559:OCLC
5538:ISBN
5519:ISBN
5500:ISBN
5486:2009
5473:ISBN
5452:ISBN
5402:ISBN
5383:ISBN
5364:ISBN
5345:ISBN
5326:ISBN
5313:help
5293:2008
5228:2009
5152:ISBN
5133:ISBN
5111:ISBN
5092:ISBN
5073:ISBN
5054:ISBN
5032:2008
5006:2008
4984:2008
4958:2008
4899:2008
4866:2008
4828:2009
4762:2008
4712:2008
4678:2008
4595:ISBN
4495:2015
4467:2015
4445:2015
4419:2008
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4244:2009
4099:2008
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3963:2009
3874:2009
3529:ISBN
3423:2008
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3341:2008
3302:2009
3280:2008
3234:2008
3133:2008
3095:2009
3057:ISSN
3026:2014
3013:ISBN
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2816:2008
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2723:2008
2701:2008
2648:and
2608:2008
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1130:Itou
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433:casa
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5612:doi
5271:XXI
3702:doi
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2006:to
1940:MV
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