757:
848:. Æthelberht's dates are a matter of debate, but recent scholarly consensus has his reign starting no earlier than 580. The 568 date for the battle at Wibbandun is thought to be unlikely because of the assertion in various versions of the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List that Ceawlin's reign lasted either seven or seventeen years. If this battle is placed near the year 590, before Æthelberht had established himself as a powerful king, then the subsequent annals relating to Ceawlin's defeat and death may be reasonably close to the correct date. In any case, the battle with Æthelberht is unlikely to have been more than a few years on either side of 590. The gap between Ælle and Ceawlin, on the other hand, has been taken as supporting evidence for the story told by Gildas in
446:'s detailed study of the Regnal List finds that it originally dated the arrival of the West Saxons in England to 532, and favours seven years as the earliest claimed length of Ceawlin's reign, with dates of 581–588 proposed. Dumville suggests that Ceawlin's reign length was then inflated to help extend the longevity of the Cerdicing dynasty further back into the past and that Ceawlin's reign specifically was extended because he is mentioned by Bede, giving him a status which led later West Saxon historians to conclude that he deserved a more impressive-looking reign. The sources do agree that Ceawlin is the son of Cynric and he usually is named as the father of Cuthwine. There is one discrepancy in this case: the entry for 685 in the version of the
868:
604:. Wibbandun is often written as Wibba's Dun, which is close phonetically to Wyboston and Æthelberht's dominance, from Kent to the Humber according to Bede, extended across those Anglian territories south of the Wash. It was this region that came under threat from Ceawlin as he looked to establish a defensible boundary on the Great Ouse River in the easternmost part of his territory. In addition, Cnebba, named as slain in this battle, has been associated with Knebworth, which lies 20 miles to the south of Wyboston. Half a mile south of Wyboston is a village called Chawston. The origin of the place name is unknown but might be derived from the Old English
855:Æthelberht of Kent succeeds Ceawlin on the list of bretwaldas, but the reigns may overlap somewhat: recent evaluations give Ceawlin a likely reign of 581–588, and place Æthelberht's accession near to the year 589, but these analyses are no more than scholarly guesses. Ceawlin's eclipse in 592, probably by Ceol, may have been the occasion for Æthelberht to rise to prominence; Æthelberht very likely was the dominant Anglo-Saxon king by 597. Æthelberht's rise may have been earlier: the 584 annal, even if it records a victory, is the last victory of Ceawlin's in the
612:. A defeat at Wyboston for Æthelberht would have damaged his overlord status and diminished his influence over the Anglians. The idea that he was driven or "pursued" into Kent (depending on which Anglo-Saxon Chronicle translation is preferred) should not be taken literally. Similar phraseology is often found in the Chronicle when one king bests another. A defeat suffered as part of an expedition to help his Anglian clients would have caused Æthelberht to withdraw into Kent to recover.
495:
458:
the other lineages: it became very important to the West Saxons to be able to trace the ancestors of their rulers back to Cerdic. Another reason for doubting the literal nature of these early genealogies is that the etymology of the names of several early members of the dynasty does not appear to be
Germanic, as would be expected in the names of leaders of an apparently Anglo-Saxon dynasty. The
784:. The usual translation for "imperium" is "overlordship". Bede names Ceawlin as the second on the list, although he spells it "Caelin", and adds that he was "known in the speech of his own people as Ceaulin". Bede also makes it clear that Ceawlin was not a Christian—Bede mentions a later king, Æthelberht of Kent, as "the first to enter the kingdom of heaven".
806:, and the list of battles he is recorded as having won, indicates an energetic and successful leader who, from a base in the upper Thames valley, dominated much of the surrounding area and held overlordship over the southern Britons for some period. Despite Ceawlin's military successes, the northern conquests he made could not always be retained:
657:, but what is known of the early history of Bedford's names does not support this. This battle is of interest because it is surprising that an area so far east should still be in Briton hands this late: there is ample archaeological evidence of early Saxon and Anglian presence in the Midlands, and historians generally have interpreted Gildas's
709:, which was along the Severn, and adds "It is surrounded by a wall, made of brick and stone, and men may go there to bathe at any time, and every man can have the kind of bath he likes. If he wants, it will be a cold bath; and if he wants a hot bath, it will be hot". Bede also describes hot baths in the geographical introduction to the
896:, Ceawlin died the following year. The relevant part of the annal reads: "Here Ceawlin and Cwichelm and Crida perished." Nothing more is known of Cwichelm and Crida, although they may have been members of the Wessex royal house—their names fit the alliterative pattern common to royal houses of the time.
899:
According to the Regnal List, Ceol was a son of Cutha, who was a son of Cynric; and
Ceolwulf, his brother, reigned for seventeen years after him. It is possible that some fragmentation of control among the West Saxons occurred at Ceawlin's death: Ceol and Ceolwulf may have been based in Wiltshire, as
457:
Whether
Ceawlin is a descendant of Cerdic is a matter of debate. Subgroupings of different West Saxon lineages give the impression of separate groups, of which Ceawlin's line is one. Some of the problems in the Wessex genealogies may have come about because of efforts to integrate Ceawlin's line with
735:
Ceawlin's last recorded victory is in 584. The entry reads "Here
Ceawlin and Cutha fought against the Britons at the place which is named Fethan leag, and Cutha was killed, and Ceawlin took many towns and countless war-loot, and in anger, he turned back to his own ." There is a wood named "Fethelée"
430:
dates Cerdic's arrival to 495, but adding up the lengths of the reigns as given in the West Saxon
Genealogical Regnal List leads to the conclusion that Cerdic's reign might have started in 532, a difference of 37 years. Neither 495 nor 532 may be treated as reliable; however, the latter date relies
747:
The phrase "in anger he turned back to his own" probably indicates that this annal is drawn from saga material, as perhaps are all of the early Wessex annals. It also has been used to argue that perhaps, Ceawlin did not win the battle and that the chronicler chose not to record the outcome fully—a
795:, and also mentions that they were known as "bretwalda", or "Britain-ruler". A great deal of scholarly attention has been given to the meaning of this word. It has been described as a term "of encomiastic poetry", but there also is evidence that it implied a definite role of military leadership.
342:
Ceawlin's reign belongs to the period of Anglo-Saxon expansion at the end of the sixth century. Though there are many unanswered questions about the chronology and activities of the early West Saxon rulers, it is clear that
Ceawlin was one of the key figures in the final Anglo-Saxon conquest of
653:; and in the same year he passed away." Cuthwulf's relationship with Ceawlin is unknown, but the alliteration common to Anglo-Saxon royal families suggests Cuthwulf may be part of the West Saxon royal line. The location of the battle itself is unidentified. It has been suggested that it was
686:." This entry is all that is known of these Briton kings; their names are in an archaic form that makes it very likely that this annal derives from a much older written source. The battle itself has long been regarded as a key moment in the Saxon advance, since in reaching the
892:, writing in about 1120, says that it was "the Angles and the British conspiring together". Alternatively, it may have been Ceol, who is supposed to have been the next king of Wessex, ruling for six years according to the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List. According to the
249:
records several battles of
Ceawlin's between the years 556 and 592, including the first record of a battle between different groups of Anglo-Saxons, and indicates that under Ceawlin Wessex acquired significant territory, some of which was later to be lost to other
622:
There are multiple examples of joint kingship in Anglo-Saxon history, and this may be another: it is not clear what Cutha's relationship to
Ceawlin is, but it certainly is possible he was also a king. The annal for 577, below, is another possible example.
326:
during the middle of the sixth century. This essay is a polemic against corruption and Gildas provides little in the way of names and dates. He appears, however, to state that peace had lasted from the year of his birth to the time he was writing. The
1266:"Records of the West Saxon dynasties survive in versions which have been subject to later manipulation, which may make it all the more significant that some of the founding 'Saxon' fathers have British names: Cerdic, Ceawlin, Cenwalh". in: Hills, C.,
661:
as implying that the
Britons had lost control of this area by the mid-sixth century. One possible explanation is that this annal records a reconquest of land that was lost to the Britons in the campaigns ending in the battle of Mons Badonicus.
780:. The work was not primarily a secular history, but Bede provides much information about the history of the Anglo-Saxons, including a list early in the history of seven kings who, he said, held "imperium" over the other kingdoms south of the
308:
halted the Anglo-Saxon advance for fifty years. Near the year 550, however, the
British began to lose ground once more, and within twenty-five years, it appears that control of almost all of southern England was in the hands of the invaders.
287:
is poorly sourced and the subject of a number of important disagreements among historians. It appears, however, that in the fifth century, raids on Britain by continental peoples developed into migrations. The newcomers included
593:, Oslaf and Cnebba, on Wibbandun." The location of "Wibbandun", which can be translated as "Wibba's Mount", has not been identified definitely; it was at one time thought to be Wimbledon, but this now is known to be incorrect.
802:", but the span of control, at least of the earlier bretwaldas, likely was less than this. In Ceawlin's case the range of control is hard to determine accurately, but Bede's inclusion of Ceawlin in the list of kings who held
506:
Ultimately, the kingdom of Wessex occupied the southwest of England, but the initial stages in this expansion are not apparent from the sources. Cerdic's landing, whenever it is to be dated, seems to have been near the
900:
opposed to the upper Thames valley. This split also may have contributed to Æthelberht's ability to rise to dominance in southern England. The West Saxons remained influential in military terms, however: the
421:
The contradictions may be seen clearly by calculating dates by different methods from various sources. The first event in West Saxon history whose date can be regarded as reasonably certain is the baptism of
825:, such as Ælle and Ceawlin, there must be some element of anachronism in Bede's description. It also is possible that Bede only meant to refer to power over Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, not the native Britons.
875:
Ceawlin lost the throne of Wessex in 592. The annal for that year reads, in part: "Here there was great slaughter at Woden's Barrow, and Ceawlin was driven out." Woden's Barrow is a tumulus, now called
371:. They record earlier material for the older entries, which were assembled from earlier annals that no longer survive, as well as from saga material that might have been transmitted orally. The
832:, the first bretwalda, and Ceawlin. The lack of gaps between the overlordships of the later bretwaldas has been used to make an argument for Ceawlin's dates matching the later entries in the
394:
The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List is a list of rulers of Wessex, including the lengths of their reigns. It survives in several forms, including as a preface to the manuscript of the
748:
king does not usually come home "in anger" after taking "many towns and countless war-loot". It may be that Ceawlin's overlordship of the southern Britons came to an end with this battle.
690:, the West Saxons divided the Britons west of the Severn from land communication with those in the peninsula to the south of the Channel. Wessex almost certainly lost this territory to
450:
assigns Ceawlin a son, Cutha, but in the 855 entry in the same manuscript, Cutha is listed as the son of Cuthwine. Cutha also is named as Ceawlin's brother in the and versions of the
546:
in the west. Ceawlin clearly is part of the West Saxon expansion, but the military history of the period is difficult to understand. In what follows the dates are as given in the
670:
The annal for 577 reads "Here Cuthwine and Ceawlin fought against the Britons, and they killed three kings, Coinmail and Condidan and Farinmail, in the place which is called
387:, or Cerdic's shore. Almost twenty annals describing Cerdic's campaigns and those of his descendants appear interspersed through the next hundred years of entries in the
810:
took much of the upper Thames valley, and the north-eastern towns won in 571 were among territory subsequently under the control of Kent and Mercia at different times.
1270:
Duckworth (2003), p. 105. Also "The names Cerdic, Ceawlin and Caedwalla, all in the genealogy of the West Saxon kings, are apparently British." in: Ward-Perkins, B.,
821:
dominated the English south of the Humber, and Bede's view of the earlier kings was doubtless strongly coloured by the state of England at that time. For the earlier
828:
Ceawlin is the second king on Bede's list. All the subsequent bretwaldas followed more or less consecutively, but there is a long gap, perhaps fifty years, between
756:
474:
534:
give details of some of the battles by which the West Saxons won their kingdom. Ceawlin's campaigns are not given as near the coast. They range along the
402:, the List was compiled in its present form during the reign of Alfred the Great, but an earlier version of the List was also one of the sources of the
2090:
442:
gives it as thirty-two years, from 560 to 592, but the manuscripts of the Regnal List disagree: different copies give it as seven or seventeen years.
431:
on the presumption that the Regnal List is correct in presenting the Kings of Wessex as having succeeded one another, with no omitted kings, and no
333:
is the other main source that bears on this period, in particular in an entry for the year 827 that records a list of the kings who bore the title "
304:. These peoples captured territory in the east and south of England, but at about the end of the fifth century, a British victory at the battle of
2029:– separate PASE entry for "Celm" (Celin ?), a variant for Ceawlin found in the genealogical preface of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle texts A and G
1634:
2411:
1989:
410:
are influenced by the desire of their writers to use a single line of descent to trace the lineage of the Kings of Wessex through Cerdic to
2026:
2017:
502:
in annals relating to Ceawlin; modern versions of the place names are given here, rather than the Anglo-Saxon names used in the chronicle.
2282:
356:
318:
1951:
1929:
1883:
1857:
1834:
1808:
1785:
1733:
1711:
1670:
1651:
180:
42:
1966:
589:, the king of Kent. The entry says "Here Ceawlin and Cutha fought against Aethelberht and drove him into Kent; and they killed two
1972:
948:
of 560, but Barbara Yorke in her online DNB article on Ceawlin states that his reign seems to have been deliberately lengthened.
844:
wrote to him in 601, since Gregory would have not written to an underking. Ceawlin defeated Æthelberht in 568 according to the
813:
Bede's concept of the power of these overlords also must be regarded as the product of his eighth century viewpoint. When the
241:
The chronology of Ceawlin's life is highly uncertain. The historical accuracy and dating of many of the events in the later
2401:
2238:
2083:
391:. Although these annals provide most of what is known about Ceawlin, the historicity of many of the entries is uncertain.
2406:
2233:
2228:
563:
The first record of a battle fought by Ceawlin is in 556, when he and his father, Cynric, fought the native Britons at "
245:
have been called into question, and his reign is variously listed as lasting seven, seventeen, or thirty-two years. The
904:
and Bede record continued military activity against Essex and Sussex within twenty or thirty years of Ceawlin's death.
519:
adds that "they gave the Isle of Wight to their nephews, Stuf and Wihtgar". These records are in direct conflict with
615:
This battle is notable as the first recorded conflict between the invading peoples: previous battles recorded in the
701:
It is possible that when Ceawlin and Cuthwine took Bath, they found the Roman baths still operating to some extent.
2099:
2050:
1775:
1687:
913:
264:
to eight rulers who had overlordship over southern Britain, although the extent of Ceawlin's control is not known.
867:
2317:
1800:
339:", or "Britain-ruler". That list shows a gap in the early sixth century that matches Gildas's version of events.
2416:
2362:
2223:
2076:
637:
The annal for 571 reads: "Here Cuthwulf fought against the Britons at Bedcanford, and took four settlements:
2275:
2198:
1751:
435:, and that the durations of the reigns are correct as given. None of these presumptions may be made safely.
418:. The result served the political purposes of the scribe but is riddled with contradictions for historians.
1240:, pp. 18–19. For tables showing the variations in the Wessex genealogy, see also figures 3 and 4 in Kirby,
2347:
818:
724:
1299:
Note that the name "Wight" is derived from the Romano-British "Vectis', not from "Wihtgar"; see Swanton,
2327:
1743:
889:
727:, passing not far from Bath. It probably was built in the fifth or sixth centuries, perhaps by Ceawlin.
698:
records that "Cynegils and Cwichelm fought against Penda at Cirencester and then came to an agreement."
573:, an Iron Age hill fort in Wiltshire, near Swindon. Cynric would have been king of Wessex at this time.
524:
329:
218:
2342:
2312:
2188:
837:
586:
483:
119:
2022:
2396:
2322:
2178:
2013:
1875:
716:
632:
176:
2218:
2208:
1721:
1691:
646:
1543:, p. 56. See also pp. 50–51 for a review of the evidence concerning the length of Ceawlin's reign.
2357:
2337:
2268:
2213:
2183:
2163:
2153:
2143:
1792:
1767:
1210:
David N. Dumville, 'The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List and the Chronology of Early Wessex',
2302:
2203:
2158:
1985:
1947:
1925:
1905:
1879:
1853:
1830:
1804:
1781:
1755:
1729:
1707:
1666:
1647:
1639:
1182:
841:
829:
284:
134:
109:
2248:
2169:
2123:
2043:
1977:
859:, and the period after that may have been one of Æthelberht's ascent and Ceawlin's decline.
792:
601:
364:
213:
209:
163:
744:, and it now is thought that the battle of Fethan leag must have been fought in this area.
2110:
1901:
1893:
1867:
1822:
1695:
691:
687:
153:
987:, p. 204) gives the twenty-five years from 550 to 575 as the dates of the final conquest.
877:
2352:
2138:
2060:
1569:, pp. 31–34) provides a very detailed analysis of the chronology of Æthelberht's reign.
683:
570:
465:
has no convincing Old English etymology; it seems more likely to be of British origin.
459:
443:
305:
289:
268:
235:
205:
84:
56:
852:
of a peace lasting a generation or more following a Briton victory at Mons Badonicus.
2390:
2243:
2193:
1961:
1939:
1917:
1703:
535:
508:
482:. The term "West Saxon" appears only in the late seventh century, after the reign of
275:, but the genealogies in which this information is found are known to be unreliable.
267:
Ceawlin died in 593, having been deposed the year before, possibly by his successor,
511:, and the annals record the conquest of the island in 530. In 534, according to the
1818:
1643:
881:
414:, the legendary eponymous ancestor of the West Saxons, who is made to descend from
363:
is a set of annals which were compiled near the year 890, during the reign of King
1999:
234:
expansion, with little of southern England remaining in the control of the native
773:
741:
679:
231:
2376:
Not listed in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, but held equivalent or greater power.
1981:
1181:, p. 49) refers to the combination of the Chronicle and the Regnal List as a "
737:
675:
2291:
1849:
1827:
Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources
1759:
885:
642:
590:
432:
335:
256:
251:
91:
1909:
836:
with reasonable accuracy. According to this analysis, the next bretwalda,
523:, who states that the Isle of Wight was settled by Jutes, not Saxons; the
41:
2148:
597:
550:, although, as noted above, these are earlier than now thought accurate.
423:
272:
141:
600:, a small village 8 miles north-east of Bedford on the west bank of the
494:
438:
The sources also are inconsistent on the length of Ceawlin's reign. The
720:
702:
654:
650:
638:
479:
312:
The peace following the battle of Mons Badonicus is attested partly by
148:
17:
944:
Stenton, p. 29, accepts the date given for Ceawlin's accession in the
705:, a ninth-century historian, mentions a "Hot Lake" in the land of the
375:
dates the arrival of the future "West Saxons" in Britain to 495, when
2128:
2068:
807:
799:
781:
706:
671:
543:
539:
380:
376:
368:
313:
301:
293:
227:
223:
74:
468:
The earliest sources do not use the term "West Saxon". According to
719:, an early-medieval defensive linear earthwork, runs from south of
2332:
866:
768:, Ceawlin's name can be seen in the fifth line, spelled "Ceaulin".
755:
493:
415:
411:
351:
The two main written sources for early West Saxon history are the
297:
271:. He is recorded in various sources as having two sons, Cutha and
1629:
888:. No details of his opponent are given. The medieval chronicler
564:
555:
520:
469:
2264:
2072:
426:, which occurred in the late 630s, perhaps as late as 640. The
1354:
English Place-Name Society (1926), p. xiv, cited in Hodgkins,
2260:
1223:
See the "Genealogical Tables" in the appendices to Swanton,
840:, must have been already a dominant king by the time Pope
791:
in an entry for the year 827, repeats Bede's list, adds
736:
mentioned in a twelfth-century document that relates to
581:
The first battle Ceawlin fought as king is dated by the
1483:, II 5, quoted from Sherley-Price's translation, p. 111
798:
Bede says that these kings had authority "south of the
515:, Cerdic died and his son Cynric took the throne; the
1369:
Badon and the Early Wars for Wessex, circa 500 to 710
619:
are between the Anglo-Saxons and the native Britons.
181:
871:
The state of Anglo-Saxon England at Ceawlin's death
569:", or Bera's Stronghold. This now is identified as
159:
147:
133:
125:
115:
105:
97:
90:
80:
70:
62:
55:
34:
1965:
1726:Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England
1522:
1520:
230:. Ceawlin was active during the last years of the
1872:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1272:Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?
1944:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
1797:Roman Britain and Early England: 55 BC – AD 871
760:In the entry for 827 in the manuscript of the
222:represents as the leader of the first group of
1539:The argument is made in more detail in Kirby,
1462:
1460:
2276:
2084:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1324:
1322:
1257:, p. 133, gives this argument in some detail.
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
776:monk and chronicler, wrote a work called the
254:. Ceawlin is also named as one of the eight "
8:
1976:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1635:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1193:
1191:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1008:
1006:
931:Flom, G. T. (1930:171).
778:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
475:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
454:, in the 571 and 568 entries, respectively.
1577:
1575:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1129:
1127:
1085:
1083:
1081:
933:Introductory Old English Grammar and Reader
713:in terms very similar to those of Nennius.
2283:
2269:
2261:
2091:
2077:
2069:
2032:
1371:(2018: Pen & Sword Books) pp. 168-171.
40:
31:
1973:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
935:. United Kingdom: D.C. Heath.
924:
527:is somewhat in favour of Bede on this.
478:, the term is interchangeable with the
226:to come to the land which later became
1772:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England
959:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England
175:
1214:, 4 (1985), 21–66 (pp. 58-59, 62-63).
585:to 568 when he and Cutha fought with
7:
2027:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
2018:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
46:Ceawlin's name as it appears in the
1161:Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
357:West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List
324:On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain
1277:115.462 (June 2000), 513–33: p513.
319:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
25:
542:in the east and the mouth of the
498:A map of places mentioned by the
1829:. New York: Penguin Classics.
406:itself. Both the list and the
208:. He may have been the son of
1:
1898:Two Saxon Chronicles Parallel
1748:A History of the Anglo-Saxons
1275:The English Historical Review
2412:6th-century English monarchs
2000:UK public library membership
1728:. London: Shepheard-Walwyn.
1924:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1632:(1991). D.H. Farmer (ed.).
285:sub-Roman period in Britain
2433:
1846:The Earliest English Kings
1801:W. W. Norton & Company
1776:Cambridge University Press
914:List of monarchs of Wessex
630:
565:
556:
530:Subsequent entries in the
238:by the time of his death.
2371:
2298:
2119:
2106:
2057:
2048:
2040:
2035:
1663:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1661:Swanton, Michael (1996).
1301:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
863:Wessex at Ceawlin's death
674:, and took three cities:
39:
347:Early West Saxon sources
260:", a title given in the
27:King of Wessex (560–592)
1752:Oxford University Press
1665:. New York: Routledge.
1268:Origins of the English,
2318:Rædwald of East Anglia
1583:Earliest English Kings
1567:Earliest English Kings
1541:Earliest English Kings
1512:Earliest English Kings
1481:Ecclesiastical History
1288:Earliest English Kings
1242:Earliest English Kings
1179:Earliest English Kings
1135:Earliest English Kings
1091:Earliest English Kings
872:
815:Ecclesiastical History
789:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,
769:
762:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,
725:Marlborough, Wiltshire
711:Ecclesiastical History
596:David Cooper proposes
538:and beyond, as far as
503:
1982:10.1093/ref:odnb/4973
1439:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1395:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1238:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1225:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1148:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1119:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1060:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1014:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
946:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
894:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
890:William of Malmesbury
870:
862:
759:
525:archaeological record
500:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
497:
353:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
330:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
243:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
219:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
48:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2402:Anglo-Saxon warriors
2333:Oswiu of Northumbria
1876:Blackwell Publishing
1844:Kirby, D.P. (1992).
1596:Two Saxon Chronicles
1343:Two Saxon Chronicles
1045:Keynes and Lapidge,
633:Battle of Bedcanford
490:West Saxon expansion
316:, a monk, who wrote
252:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
212:and the grandson of
177:[ˈtʃæɑw.lin]
2407:West Saxon monarchs
2348:Æthelbald of Mercia
1922:Anglo-Saxon England
1793:Hunter Blair, Peter
1768:Hunter Blair, Peter
1646:. London: Penguin.
1594:Quoted in Plummer,
1554:Anglo-Saxon England
1494:Anglo-Saxon England
1426:Anglo-Saxon England
1413:Anglo-Saxon England
1330:Anglo-Saxon England
1314:Anglo-Saxon England
1034:Anglo-Saxon England
998:Anglo-Saxon England
819:Æthelbald of Mercia
772:About 731, Bede, a
283:The history of the
2343:Æthelred of Mercia
2338:Wulfhere of Mercia
2328:Oswald of Bernicia
2313:Æthelberht of Kent
2100:Monarchs of Wessex
1609:Kings and Kingdoms
1382:Kings and Kingdoms
1255:Kings and Kingdoms
1199:Kings and Kingdoms
1073:Kings and Kingdoms
873:
838:Æthelberht of Kent
770:
764:listing the eight
504:
343:southern Britain.
279:Historical context
120:Æthelberht of Kent
2384:
2383:
2358:Cœnwulf of Mercia
2308:Ceawlin of Wessex
2258:
2257:
2174:
2067:
2066:
2058:Succeeded by
1998:(Subscription or
1991:978-0-19-861412-8
1946:. London: Seaby.
1918:Stenton, Frank M.
1722:Fletcher, Richard
1681:Secondary sources
1640:Leo Sherley-Price
1526:Campbell et al.,
1450:Campbell et al.,
1183:political fiction
970:Campbell et al.,
842:Gregory the Great
694:in 628, when the
666:577: Lower Severn
169:
168:
16:(Redirected from
2424:
2377:
2363:Egbert of Wessex
2285:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2249:Alfred the Great
2172:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2070:
2041:Preceded by
2033:
2003:
1995:
1969:
1957:
1935:
1913:
1894:Plummer, Charles
1889:
1868:Lapidge, Michael
1863:
1840:
1823:Lapidge, Michael
1814:
1779:
1763:
1739:
1717:
1700:The Anglo-Saxons
1696:Wormald, Patrick
1676:
1657:
1638:. Translated by
1612:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1528:The Anglo-Saxons
1524:
1515:
1508:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1452:The Anglo-Saxons
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1175:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1115:
1094:
1087:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1047:Alfred the Great
1043:
1037:
1030:
1017:
1010:
1001:
994:
988:
981:
975:
972:The Anglo-Saxons
968:
962:
955:
949:
942:
936:
929:
793:Egbert of Wessex
731:584: Fethan leag
568:
567:
559:
558:
365:Alfred the Great
214:Cerdic of Wessex
210:Cynric of Wessex
184:
179:
164:Cynric of Wessex
139:Cutha (possibly)
44:
32:
21:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2417:House of Wessex
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2294:
2289:
2259:
2254:
2115:
2111:House of Wessex
2102:
2097:
2063:
2054:
2046:
2010:
1997:
1992:
1960:
1954:
1938:
1932:
1916:
1902:Clarendon Press
1892:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1843:
1837:
1817:
1811:
1791:
1780:(2003 edition:
1766:
1742:
1736:
1720:
1714:
1688:Campbell, James
1686:
1683:
1673:
1660:
1654:
1628:
1625:
1623:Primary sources
1620:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1367:Cooper, David:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1020:
1011:
1004:
995:
991:
982:
978:
969:
965:
956:
952:
943:
939:
930:
926:
922:
910:
865:
754:
733:
692:Penda of Mercia
688:Bristol Channel
668:
635:
629:
627:571: Bedcanford
579:
561:
492:
433:joint kingships
349:
281:
188:; also spelled
182:
140:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Offa of Mercia
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Edwin of Deira
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Ælle of Sussex
2299:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2251:(until c. 886)
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2051:King of Wessex
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2036:Regnal titles
2031:
2030:
2020:
2009:
2008:External links
2006:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1962:Yorke, Barbara
1958:
1952:
1940:Yorke, Barbara
1936:
1930:
1914:
1890:
1884:
1864:
1858:
1841:
1835:
1815:
1809:
1789:
1764:
1744:Hodgkin, R. H.
1740:
1734:
1718:
1712:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1658:
1652:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1600:
1598:, vol. 2 p. 17
1587:
1571:
1558:
1545:
1532:
1516:
1498:
1485:
1472:
1456:
1443:
1430:
1417:
1399:
1386:
1384:, pp. 143–144.
1373:
1360:
1347:
1345:, vol. 2 p. 16
1334:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1279:
1259:
1246:
1244:, pp. 223–224.
1229:
1216:
1203:
1187:
1165:
1152:
1139:
1123:
1095:
1077:
1064:
1051:
1038:
1018:
1002:
989:
983:Hunter Blair (
976:
963:
957:Hunter Blair,
950:
937:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
909:
906:
864:
861:
830:Ælle of Sussex
753:
750:
732:
729:
667:
664:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
578:
577:568: Wibbandun
575:
571:Barbury Castle
560:
552:
491:
488:
444:David Dumville
348:
345:
306:Mons Badonicus
280:
277:
206:King of Wessex
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
137:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
110:Ælle of Sussex
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
57:King of Wessex
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2429:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2374:
2373:
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2364:
2361:
2359:
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2354:
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2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2162:
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2157:
2155:
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2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1953:1-85264-027-8
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:0-19-821716-1
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:0-631-22492-0
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:0-415-09086-5
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1836:0-14-044409-2
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:Keynes, Simon
1816:
1812:
1810:0-393-00361-2
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:0-521-83085-0
1783:
1777:
1774:. Cambridge:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1735:0-85683-089-5
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1713:0-14-014395-5
1709:
1705:
1704:Penguin Books
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1672:0-415-92129-5
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1653:0-14-044565-X
1649:
1645:
1642:. Revised by
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1358:, p. 188 n. 2
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1290:, pp. 48, 223
1289:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
986:
985:Roman Britain
980:
977:
973:
967:
964:
960:
954:
951:
947:
941:
938:
934:
928:
925:
919:
915:
912:
911:
907:
905:
903:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
869:
860:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
817:was written,
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
767:
763:
758:
752:Bretwaldaship
751:
749:
745:
743:
739:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
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665:
663:
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656:
652:
648:
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620:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
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574:
572:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Thames Valley
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:Isle of Wight
501:
496:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
476:
471:
466:
464:
463:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
429:
425:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
379:and his son,
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
344:
340:
338:
337:
332:
331:
325:
321:
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307:
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220:
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207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:
178:
173:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
150:
146:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2307:
2168:
2133:
2049:
1971:
1943:
1921:
1897:
1871:
1845:
1826:
1799:. New York:
1796:
1771:
1747:
1725:
1699:
1662:
1644:R. E. Latham
1633:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1530:, pp. 53–54.
1527:
1511:
1496:, pp. 34–35.
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1470:, pp. 25–26.
1467:
1454:, pp. 40–41.
1451:
1446:
1441:, pp. 24–25.
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1332:, pp. 26–28.
1329:
1316:, pp. 22–23.
1313:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1198:
1178:
1177:D.P. Kirby (
1160:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1118:
1093:, pp. 50–51.
1090:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1013:
997:
992:
984:
979:
971:
966:
961:, pp. 13–16.
958:
953:
945:
940:
932:
927:
901:
898:
893:
882:Alton Priors
878:Adam's Grave
874:
856:
854:
849:
845:
833:
827:
822:
814:
812:
803:
797:
788:
786:
777:
774:Northumbrian
771:
765:
761:
746:
734:
715:
710:
700:
695:
669:
658:
636:
621:
616:
614:
609:
605:
595:
582:
580:
562:
547:
531:
529:
516:
512:
505:
499:
473:
467:
461:
456:
451:
447:
439:
437:
427:
420:
407:
403:
399:
395:
393:
388:
385:Cerdices ora
384:
372:
360:
352:
350:
341:
334:
328:
323:
317:
311:
282:
266:
261:
255:
246:
242:
240:
217:
201:
197:
193:
189:
171:
170:
50:, as Ceaulin
47:
29:
2397:590s deaths
1397:, pp. 18–19
1121:, pp. 14–21
1016:, pp. 60–61
742:Oxfordshire
680:Cirencester
610:Ceawlinston
398:. Like the
232:Anglo-Saxon
216:, whom the
204:593) was a
106:Predecessor
71:Predecessor
2391:Categories
2292:Bretwaldas
2244:Æthelred I
2239:Æthelberht
2199:Æthelheard
2173:(disputed)
2002:required.)
1900:. Oxford:
1874:. Oxford:
1848:. London:
1750:. Oxford:
1702:. London:
1692:John, Eric
1618:References
1466:Fletcher,
1150:, p. xxii.
1000:, pp. 2–7.
850:De Excidio
823:bretwaldas
766:bretwaldas
738:Stoke Lyne
676:Gloucester
659:De Excidio
602:Great Ouse
587:Æthelberht
566:Beran byrg
557:Beran byrg
383:, land at
257:bretwaldas
2234:Æthelbald
2229:Æthelwulf
2219:Beorhtric
2209:Sigeberht
2014:Ceawlin 2
1967:"Ceawlin"
1850:Routledge
1746:(1952) .
1552:Stenton,
1492:Stenton,
1468:Who's Who
1437:Swanton,
1424:Stenton,
1411:Stenton,
1393:Swanton,
1356:A History
1341:Plummer,
1328:Stenton,
1312:Stenton,
1236:Swanton,
1201:, p. 133.
1163:, p. 388.
1159:Lapidge,
1146:Swanton,
1117:Swanton,
1075:, p. 132.
1058:Swanton,
1032:Stenton,
1012:Swanton,
996:Stenton,
902:Chronicle
886:Wiltshire
857:Chronicle
846:Chronicle
834:Chronicle
696:Chronicle
643:Aylesbury
617:Chronicle
591:ealdormen
583:Chronicle
548:Chronicle
532:Chronicle
517:Chronicle
513:Chronicle
452:Chronicle
448:Chronicle
440:Chronicle
428:Chronicle
408:Chronicle
404:Chronicle
400:Chronicle
396:Chronicle
389:Chronicle
373:Chronicle
361:Chronicle
336:bretwalda
262:Chronicle
247:Chronicle
116:Successor
92:Bretwalda
81:Successor
2224:Ecgberht
2214:Cynewulf
2189:Cædwalla
2184:Centwine
2164:Seaxburh
2154:Cwichelm
2149:Cynegils
2144:Ceolwulf
2055:560–592
1964:(2004).
1942:(1990).
1920:(1971).
1896:(1972).
1870:(1999).
1825:(2004).
1795:(1966).
1770:(1960).
1760:59000682
1724:(1989).
1698:(1991).
1611:, p. 143
1585:, p. 56.
1556:, p. 19.
1514:, p. 17.
1428:, p. 45.
1415:, p. 29.
1303:, p. 16.
1062:, p. xix
1049:, p. 41.
1036:, p. 30.
974:, p. 23.
908:See also
804:imperium
723:to near
717:Wansdyke
606:Ceawston
598:Wyboston
484:Cædwalla
424:Cynegils
355:and the
302:Frisians
273:Cuthwine
142:Cuthwine
2204:Cuthred
2179:Æscwine
2159:Cenwalh
2134:Ceawlin
1910:2697415
1607:Yorke,
1581:Kirby,
1565:Kirby (
1510:Kirby,
1380:Yorke,
1286:Kirby,
1253:Yorke,
1212:Peritia
1197:Yorke,
1137:, p. 55
1133:Kirby,
1089:Kirby,
1071:Yorke,
721:Bristol
703:Nennius
655:Bedford
651:Eynsham
639:Limbury
480:Gewisse
462:Ceawlin
236:Britons
200:, died
190:Ceaulin
172:Ceawlin
101:560–592
66:560–592
35:Ceawlin
18:Ceawlin
2170:Cenfus
2129:Cynric
2124:Cerdic
2044:Cynric
2023:Celm 1
1996:
1988:
1950:
1928:
1908:
1882:
1856:
1833:
1807:
1784:
1758:
1732:
1710:
1669:
1650:
1479:Bede,
808:Mercia
800:Humber
782:Humber
707:Hwicce
672:Dyrham
647:Benson
544:Severn
540:Surrey
381:Cynric
377:Cerdic
369:Wessex
359:. The
314:Gildas
294:Saxons
290:Angles
228:Wessex
224:Saxons
194:Caelin
160:Father
154:Wessex
75:Cynric
920:Notes
880:, at
740:, in
554:556:
460:name
416:Woden
412:Gewis
298:Jutes
198:Celin
149:House
135:Issue
98:Reign
63:Reign
2139:Ceol
2061:Ceol
1986:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1906:OCLC
1880:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1756:OCLC
1730:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1630:Bede
787:The
684:Bath
682:and
678:and
649:and
641:and
521:Bede
470:Bede
300:and
269:Ceol
185:-lin
183:CHOW
126:Died
85:Ceol
2194:Ine
2025:at
2016:at
1978:doi
608:or
472:'s
367:of
322:or
202:ca.
129:593
2393::
1984:.
1970:.
1904:.
1878:.
1852:.
1821:;
1803:.
1754:.
1706:.
1694:;
1690:;
1574:^
1519:^
1501:^
1459:^
1402:^
1321:^
1190:^
1185:".
1168:^
1126:^
1098:^
1080:^
1021:^
1005:^
884:,
645:,
486:.
296:,
292:,
196:,
192:,
2284:e
2277:t
2270:v
2092:e
2085:t
2078:v
1994:.
1980::
1956:.
1934:.
1912:.
1888:.
1862:.
1839:.
1813:.
1788:)
1778:.
1762:.
1738:.
1716:.
1675:.
1656:.
1227:.
174:(
20:)
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