622:
2012:
2018:
2804:
2568:
152:
2792:
111:
2598:
661:
1301:
583:
533:
2816:
520:
ceratopsids formed herds inland comes from the greater abundance of bonebeds in inland deposits than coastal ones. The migration of ceratopsids away from the coasts may have represented a move to their nesting grounds. Many
African herding animals engage in this kind of seasonal herding today. Herds would also have afforded some level of protection from the chief predators of ceratopsids,
2574:
2780:
783:
652:, a centrosaurine from the late Campanian of China. An indeterminate tooth of a ceratopsid is known from Mississippi dating to the late Maastrichtian, a few million years prior to the close of the Cretaceous, indicating that ceratopsids dispersed into eastern North America corresponding to the closure of the Western Interior Seaway at the end of the Cretaceous.
1289:
629:
Scott D. Sampson has compared the evolution of ceratopsids to that of some mammal groups: both were rapid from a geological perspective and precipitated the simultaneous evolution of large body size, derived feeding structures, and "varied hornlike organs." The earliest ceratopsids, including members
515:
of animals whose social structures are ranked hierarchies founded on age-related differences. In these sorts of groups young males are typically sexually mature for several years before actually beginning to breed, when their mating signals are most fully developed. Females, by contrast do not have
503:
Fossil deposits dominated by large numbers of ceratopsids from individual species suggest that these animals were at least somewhat social. However, the exact nature of ceratopsid social behavior has historically been controversial. In 1997, Lehman argued that the aggregations of many individuals
519:
Other researchers who support the idea of ceratopsid herding have speculated that these associations were seasonal. This hypothesis portrays ceratopsids as living in small groups near the coasts during the rainy season and inland with the onset of the dry season. Support for the idea that
848:
451:. The chasmosaurines are generally characterized by long, triangular frills and well-developed brow horns. The centrosaurines had well-developed nasal horns or nasal bosses, shorter and more rectangular frills, and elaborate spines on the back of the frill.
597:
modern ecological analogues suggest it would be in their mating signals like horns and frills. No convincing evidence for sexual dimorphism in body size or mating signals is known in ceratopsids, although was present in the more primitive ceratopsian
442:
during most of the Late
Cretaceous. Ceratopsids are characterized by beaks, rows of shearing teeth in the back of the jaw, elaborate nasal horns, and a thin parietal-squamosal shelf that extends back and up into a frill. The group is divided into two
504:
preserved in bonebeds originated as local "infestations" and compared them to similar modern occurrences in crocodiles and tortoises. Other authors, such as Scott D. Sampson, interpret these deposits as the remains of large "socially complex" herds.
826:
Sampson, S. D., 2001, Speculations on the socioecology of
Ceratopsid dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia): In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press,
608:
groups where midsized animals tended to exhibit markedly more sexual dimorphism than larger ones. However, if there were sexually dimorphic traits, they may have been soft tissue variations like colorations or
697:); the bitten horn is also broken, with new bone growth after the break. It is not known what the exact nature of the interaction was, though: either animal could have been the aggressor. Since the
849:"The oldest centrosaurine: a new ceratopsid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Allison Member of the Menefee Formation (Upper Cretaceous, early Campanian), northwestern New Mexico, USA"
507:
Modern animals with mating signals as prominent as the horns and frills of ceratopsians tend to form these kinds of large, intricate associations. Sampson found in previous work that the
634:
stage, though the fossil record for early ceratopsids is poor. All but one of the named species of ceratopsid is known from
Western North America, which formed the island continent of
511:
ceratopsids did not achieve fully developed mating signals until nearly fully grown. He finds commonality between the slow growth of mating signals in centrosaurines and the extended
621:
454:
These horns and frills show remarkable variation and are the principal means by which the various species have been recognized. Their purpose is not entirely clear. Defense against
486:, suggesting that they butted heads. Centrosaurines have frequently been found in massive bone beds with few other species present, suggesting that the animals lived in large
2714:
2851:
560:, during the Late Cretaceous. It was concluded that ceratopsids were generally restricted to feeding on vegetation at, or below, the height of 1 meter.
2688:
2856:
2011:
1204:
2841:
1333:
646:. The latitudinal range of ceratopsians across Laramidia extends from Alaska to Mexico. The only named ceratopsid outside of Laramidia is
2846:
2017:
996:"Feeding height stratification among the herbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada"
1269:
458:
is one possible purpose – although the frills are comparatively fragile in many species – but it is more likely that, as in modern
2591:
796:
463:
1233:
Sereno, P. C. (1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of
Dinosauria".
1305:
1130:"The first reported ceratopsid dinosaur from eastern North America (Owl Creek Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mississippi, USA)"
587:
2770:
2567:
151:
549:
1187:
Happ, John; Carpenter, Kenneth (2008). "An analysis of predator–prey behavior in a head-to-head encounter between
1424:
1326:
604:
whose sexes were distinguishable based on frill and nasal prominence size. This is consistent with other known
1293:
1542:
643:
2618:
600:
2740:
2601:
1451:
639:
291:
2573:
847:
Dalman, Sebastian G.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Jasinki, Steven G.; Lichtig, Asher J.; Dodson, Peter (2021).
2836:
2796:
2675:
742:
467:
1707:
1319:
569:
370:
2803:
2427:
2377:
1809:
876:
574:
Ceratopsians probably had the "low mass-specific metabolic rat" typical of large bodied animals.
357:
146:
2745:
2656:
2727:
2510:
2448:
2411:
1885:
1772:
1265:
1200:
1169:
1151:
1110:
1092:
1027:
868:
594:
2755:
2732:
2719:
2784:
2540:
2338:
2163:
1865:
1560:
1242:
1159:
1141:
1100:
1082:
1017:
1007:
860:
788:
747:
545:
536:
Ceratopsid teeth have a distinctive leaf shape with a primary ridge running down the middle.
472:
431:
2434:
2386:
2345:
2281:
2184:
2135:
1837:
1761:
1716:
1590:
1576:
1535:
1409:
1393:
721:
had the upper hand and would successfully defend itself by inflicting fatal wounds to the
273:
28:
2820:
2441:
2400:
2331:
2318:
2289:
2274:
2244:
2205:
2191:
2108:
2069:
1948:
1858:
1823:
1816:
1696:
1646:
1569:
1549:
1164:
1129:
1105:
1070:
1022:
995:
669:
521:
448:
444:
348:
340:
228:
120:
110:
1071:"Long-horned Ceratopsidae from the Foremost Formation (Campanian) of southern Alberta"
2830:
2519:
2498:
2468:
2459:
2359:
2253:
2198:
2177:
2149:
2142:
2128:
2121:
1927:
1916:
1909:
1851:
1844:
1830:
1788:
1723:
1689:
1660:
1613:
880:
508:
478:
435:
418:
257:
126:
68:
1246:
2533:
2484:
2477:
2393:
2366:
2352:
2260:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2170:
2156:
1955:
1940:
1902:
1894:
1876:
1781:
1747:
1730:
1682:
1675:
1631:
1436:
1384:
767:
756:
710:
648:
412:
212:
132:
660:
582:
556:. Mallon et al. (2013) examined herbivore coexistence on the island continent of
532:
2808:
2701:
2650:
2526:
2420:
2303:
2267:
2090:
1802:
1667:
761:
738:
677:
512:
406:
398:
138:
43:
2815:
1300:
864:
2296:
2212:
2062:
1795:
1583:
1517:
1504:
1463:
1342:
823:. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, 1990 xvi-733.
778:
694:
553:
427:
244:
88:
53:
2641:
1155:
1096:
872:
1012:
690:
635:
631:
557:
483:
439:
163:
93:
37:
1173:
1114:
1031:
1288:
994:
Mallon, Jordan C; David C Evans; Michael J Ryan; Jason S Anderson (2013).
942:"Sociological Correlates in Extant Vertebrates", Sampson (2001); page 265.
2667:
2635:
2097:
2083:
2076:
1639:
1375:
1366:
605:
459:
455:
401:
331:
321:
311:
196:
183:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
2693:
2491:
1653:
1597:
1146:
1087:
423:
98:
73:
2706:
1360:
1260:
Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004).
610:
173:
2612:
638:
during the Late
Cretaceous, separated from the island continent of
630:
734:
659:
620:
581:
541:
531:
487:
815:
Dodson, P., & Currie, P. J. (1990). "Neoceratopsia." 593-618
2680:
819:
Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (eds.), 1990:
812:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. xiv-346
2616:
2033:
1502:
1353:
1315:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1041:
984:"Resource Exploitation and Habitat", Sampson (2001); page 268.
958:"Resource Exploitation and Habitat", Sampson (2001); page 269.
930:"Retarded Growth of Mating Signals", Sampson (2001); page 270.
1311:
938:
936:
685:
in the form of partially healed tyrannosaur tooth marks on a
771:, and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor.
1235:
Neues
Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
1199:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 355–368.
980:
978:
976:
954:
952:
950:
948:
926:
924:
593:
According to Scott D. Sampson, if ceratopsids were to have
1264:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
675:
There is evidence for an aggressive interaction between a
918:"Ceratopsid Socioecology", Sampson (2001); pages 267-268.
482:
resemble those formed by the base of the horns in modern
905:
903:
901:
899:
966:
964:
16:
Family of dinosaurs including
Triceratops and relatives
118:
Montage of four ceratopsids. Clockwise from top left:
2768:
1197:
Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King (Life of the Past)
1128:
Farke, Andrew A.; Phillips, George E. (2017-05-23).
345:
337:
327:
317:
307:
2625:
2509:
2467:
2458:
2410:
2376:
2317:
2243:
2107:
2046:
1965:
1926:
1884:
1875:
1771:
1745:
1706:
1611:
1559:
1515:
1462:
1435:
1408:
1195:". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Larson, Peter E. (eds.).
705:survived the encounter and managed to overcome the
970:"Predation Pressure", Sampson (2001); page 272.
625:Map of North America during the Late Cretaceous
613:that would not have been preserved as fossils.
548:and advanced dentition. They may have utilized
1059:"Sexual Dimorphism", Sampson (2001); page 270.
1047:"Sexual Dimorphism", Sampson (2001); page 269.
755:; and all its descendants. In 2004, it was by
1327:
434:. All but one species are known from western
8:
842:
840:
540:Ceratopsids were adapted to processing high-
2613:
2464:
2323:
2113:
2054:
2043:
2030:
1932:
1881:
1753:
1623:
1619:
1527:
1523:
1512:
1499:
1441:
1414:
1405:
1350:
1334:
1320:
1312:
713:estimates that in a battle against a bull
701:wounds healed, it is most likely that the
109:
20:
1163:
1145:
1104:
1086:
1021:
1011:
909:"Introduction", Sampson (2001); page 264.
544:plant material with their highly derived
668:The chief predators of ceratopsids were
552:to break down plant material with a gut
2775:
836:
438:, which formed the island continent of
470:. The massive bosses on the skulls of
893:"Abstract", Sampson (2001); page 263.
7:
737:Ceratopsidae was in 1998 defined by
664:Size comparison of eight ceratopsids
2852:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
14:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2597:
2596:
2572:
2566:
2016:
2010:
1299:
1287:
797:Timeline of ceratopsian research
781:
464:secondary sexual characteristics
150:
1069:Brown, Caleb M. (2018-01-16).
588:Natural History Museum of Utah
1:
2857:Prehistoric dinosaur families
2842:Campanian first appearances
741:as the group including the
516:such extended adolescence.
2873:
865:10.1007/s12542-021-00555-w
567:
2847:Maastrichtian extinctions
2586:
2564:
2326:
2116:
2057:
2042:
2029:
2007:
1935:
1756:
1626:
1622:
1530:
1526:
1511:
1498:
1444:
1417:
1404:
1349:
1247:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41
586:Ceratopsid skulls at the
363:
356:
304:
299:
147:Scientific classification
145:
117:
108:
23:
466:used in displays or for
1543:Micropachycephalosaurus
1223:, Princeton Press. p.19
1013:10.1186/1472-6785-13-14
725:using its sharp horns.
644:Western Interior Seaway
665:
626:
601:Protoceratops andrewsi
590:
537:
2741:Paleobiology Database
663:
624:
585:
535:
1296:at Wikimedia Commons
1221:The Horned Dinosaurs
810:The Horned Dinosaurs
743:last common ancestor
468:intraspecific combat
1708:Archaeoceratopsidae
808:Dodson, P. (1996).
759:defined to include
642:to the east by the
570:Dinosaur physiology
393:(sometimes spelled
2428:Crittendenceratops
2378:Albertaceratopsini
1147:10.7717/peerj.3342
1088:10.7717/peerj.4265
666:
627:
591:
538:
2766:
2765:
2728:Open Tree of Life
2619:Taxon identifiers
2610:
2609:
2582:
2581:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2511:Pachyrhinosaurini
2449:Yehuecauhceratops
2412:Nasutoceratopsini
2313:
2312:
2025:
2024:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1886:Protoceratopsidae
1773:Leptoceratopsidae
1741:
1740:
1607:
1606:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1292:Media related to
1206:978-0-253-35087-9
1189:Tyrannosaurus rex
827:pp. 263–276.
709:. Paleontologist
595:sexual dimorphism
578:Sexual dimorphism
426:were quadrupedal
397:) is a family of
388:
387:
382:
374:
295:
2864:
2819:
2818:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2614:
2600:
2599:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2541:Pachyrhinosaurus
2465:
2339:Machairoceratops
2324:
2164:Coahuilaceratops
2114:
2055:
2044:
2031:
2020:
2015:
2014:
1933:
1882:
1866:Zhuchengceratops
1754:
1624:
1620:
1561:Chaoyangsauridae
1528:
1524:
1513:
1500:
1442:
1415:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1351:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1304:Data related to
1303:
1291:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1149:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1090:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1015:
991:
985:
982:
971:
968:
959:
956:
943:
940:
931:
928:
919:
916:
910:
907:
894:
891:
885:
884:
844:
791:
789:Dinosaurs portal
786:
785:
784:
748:Pachyrhinosaurus
546:dental batteries
473:Pachyrhinosaurus
432:Upper Cretaceous
380:
369:
347:
339:
329:
319:
309:
290:
285:
272:
256:
243:
227:
211:
155:
154:
113:
103:
40:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2578:
2571:
2546:
2505:
2454:
2435:Furcatoceratops
2406:
2387:Albertaceratops
2372:
2346:Menefeeceratops
2309:
2282:Tatankaceratops
2239:
2185:Mercuriceratops
2136:Arrhinoceratops
2103:
2051:
2038:
2021:
2009:
1981:
1961:
1922:
1871:
1838:Montanoceratops
1767:
1762:Graciliceratops
1750:
1737:
1717:Archaeoceratops
1702:
1616:
1603:
1591:Xuanhuaceratops
1577:Hualianceratops
1555:
1536:Albalophosaurus
1520:
1507:
1478:
1458:
1431:
1425:Avemetatarsalia
1410:Avemetatarsalia
1400:
1394:Marginocephalia
1356:
1355:
1345:
1340:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1219:Dodson, Peter,
1218:
1214:
1207:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1039:
993:
992:
988:
983:
974:
969:
962:
957:
946:
941:
934:
929:
922:
917:
913:
908:
897:
892:
888:
846:
845:
838:
834:
805:
787:
782:
780:
777:
731:
693:(a bone of the
658:
619:
580:
572:
566:
530:
501:
496:
289:
283:
274:Ceratopsomorpha
270:
254:
241:
225:
209:
149:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
32:
29:Late Cretaceous
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2711:
2698:
2685:
2672:
2662:
2647:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2442:Nasutoceratops
2438:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2401:Medusaceratops
2397:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2332:Diabloceratops
2327:
2321:
2319:Centrosaurinae
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2290:Titanoceratops
2286:
2278:
2275:Regaliceratops
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2245:Triceratopsini
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2206:Sierraceratops
2202:
2195:
2192:Navajoceratops
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2109:Chasmosaurinae
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2070:Brachyceratops
2066:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1971:
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55:
50:
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30:
22:
19:
2657:Ceratopsidae
2627:Ceratopsidae
2626:
2539:
2534:Stellasaurus
2532:
2525:
2518:
2497:
2490:
2485:Coronosaurus
2483:
2478:Centrosaurus
2476:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2399:
2394:Lokiceratops
2392:
2385:
2367:Xenoceratops
2365:
2358:
2353:Sinoceratops
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2261:Nedoceratops
2259:
2252:
2234:Vagaceratops
2232:
2227:Utahceratops
2225:
2220:Terminocavus
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2171:Judiceratops
2169:
2162:
2157:Chasmosaurus
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2049:Ceratopsidae
2048:
2036:Ceratopsidae
2035:
1967:Ceratopsidae
1966:
1956:Zuniceratops
1954:
1947:
1941:Ajkaceratops
1939:
1915:
1908:
1903:Bagaceratops
1901:
1895:Ajkaceratops
1893:
1877:Coronosauria
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1782:Asiaceratops
1780:
1760:
1748:Euceratopsia
1731:Yamaceratops
1729:
1722:
1715:
1695:
1688:
1683:Microceratus
1681:
1676:Liaoceratops
1674:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1632:Ajkaceratops
1630:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1452:Ornithischia
1437:Ornithischia
1389:
1385:Ornithischia
1380:
1371:
1306:Ceratopsidae
1294:Ceratopsidae
1261:
1255:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1003:
999:
989:
914:
889:
856:
852:
820:
816:
809:
768:Centrosaurus
766:
760:
757:Peter Dodson
752:
746:
732:
722:
718:
714:
711:Peter Dodson
706:
702:
698:
686:
682:
676:
674:
667:
656:Paleoecology
649:Sinoceratops
647:
628:
599:
592:
573:
550:fermentation
539:
518:
506:
502:
494:Paleobiology
477:
471:
462:, they were
453:
443:subfamilies—
422:. All known
417:
413:Centrosaurus
411:
405:
394:
391:Ceratopsidae
390:
389:
381:Nopcsa, 1915
378:Torosauridae
377:
367:Agathaumidae
366:
330:
320:
310:
287:Ceratopsidae
286:
264:
235:
219:
213:Ornithischia
203:
190:
137:
133:Utahceratops
131:
125:
119:
18:
2837:Ceratopsids
2702:iNaturalist
2651:Wikispecies
2527:Einiosaurus
2421:Avaceratops
2304:Triceratops
2268:Ojoceratops
2091:Monoclonius
1803:Ferrisaurus
1668:Kulceratops
1193:Triceratops
1000:BMC Ecology
762:Triceratops
753:Triceratops
739:Paul Sereno
719:Triceratops
703:Triceratops
699:Triceratops
687:Triceratops
678:Triceratops
513:adolescence
407:Triceratops
399:ceratopsian
395:Ceratopidae
139:Triceratops
36:82–66
24:Ceratopsids
2831:Categories
2590:See also:
2297:Torosaurus
2213:Spiclypeus
2063:Agathaumas
1976:see below↓
1796:Cerasinops
1584:Stenopelix
1518:Ceratopsia
1505:Ceratopsia
1473:see below↓
1464:Ceratopsia
1376:Dinosauria
1343:Ceratopsia
832:References
803:References
695:neck frill
640:Appalachia
564:Physiology
554:microflora
428:herbivores
404:including
300:Subgroups
245:Ceratopsia
197:Dinosauria
2785:Dinosaurs
1359:Kingdom:
1241:: 41–83.
1156:2167-8359
1140:: e3342.
1097:2167-8359
1081:: e4265.
881:234351502
873:0031-0220
691:squamosal
636:Laramidia
632:Campanian
617:Evolution
558:Laramidia
484:musk oxen
460:ungulates
456:predators
440:Laramidia
430:from the
402:dinosaurs
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
2665:BioLib:
2636:Wikidata
2602:Category
2592:Timeline
2098:Polyonax
2084:Dysganus
2077:Ceratops
1640:Aquilops
1367:Chordata
1365:Phylum:
1361:Animalia
1174:28560100
1115:29362697
1032:23557203
775:See also
606:tetrapod
499:Behavior
358:Synonyms
332:Polyonax
322:Dysganus
312:Ceratops
280:Family:
184:Chordata
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
2821:Biology
2771:Portals
2756:5483814
2733:4947034
2694:3238858
2681:4531562
2642:Q263925
2492:Spinops
1810:Gremlin
1598:Yinlong
1165:5444368
1106:5774296
1023:3637170
611:dewlaps
424:species
2753:uBio:
2720:117135
2707:354866
1268:
1203:
1172:
1162:
1154:
1113:
1103:
1095:
1030:
1020:
1006:: 14.
879:
871:
717:, the
681:and a
416:, and
373:, 1891
294:, 1888
2746:38851
2715:IRMNG
2668:18741
1390:Clade
1381:Clade
1372:Clade
1134:PeerJ
1075:PeerJ
877:S2CID
735:clade
542:fiber
488:herds
292:Marsh
265:Clade
236:Clade
220:Clade
204:Clade
191:Clade
2809:Asia
2689:GBIF
1450:see
1423:see
1266:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1191:and
1170:PMID
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