836:
521:(ATP), which is a high-energy molecule needed for cells in the brain to function. Consumption of ATP continues in spite of insufficient production, this causes total levels of ATP to decrease and lactate acidosis to become established (ionic homeostasis in neurons is lost). The downstream mechanisms of the ischemic cascade thus begins. Ion pumps no longer transport Ca out of cell, this triggers release of glutamate, which in turn allows calcium into cell walls. In the end the apoptosis pathway is initiated and cell death occurs.
2648:"Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists"
50:
660:
261:
648:
421:
3288:
213:(loss of coordination) – attributable to a focal vascular lesion. The neurologic symptoms manifest within seconds because neurons need a continual supply of nutrients, including glucose and oxygen, that are provided by the blood. Therefore, if blood supply to the brain is impeded, injury and energy failure is rapid.
2594:
Heart
Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Stroke Nursing; Council on Epidemiology Prevention; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council On Nutrition, Physical Activity Metabolism (2013).
339:
Infants are at most risk to germinal matrix hemorrhages when they are born prematurely, before 32 weeks. The stresses exposed after birth, along with the fragile blood vessels, increase risk of hemorrhage. Signs and symptoms include flaccid weakness, seizures, abnormal posturing, or irregular respiration.
620:
around the brain. The most common cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage is an aneurysm rupture due to the weakened blood vessel walls and increased wall stress. The neurologic symptoms are produced by the blood mass effect on neural structures, from the toxic effects of blood on the brain tissue, or by
532:
are two posterior cerebral arteries. Branches of the basilar and PCA supply the occipital lobe, brain stem, and the cerebellum. Ischemia is the loss of blood flow to the focal region of the brain. This produces heterogeneous areas of ischemia at the affected vascular region, furthermore, blood flow
2593:
Sacco, R. L; Kasner, S. E; Broderick, J. P; Caplan, L. R; Connors, J. J; Culebras, A; Elkind, M. S. V; George, M. G; Hamdan, A. D; Higashida, R. T; Hoh, B. L; Janis, L. S; Kase, C. S; Kleindorfer, D. O; Lee, J.-M; Moseley, M. E; Peterson, E. D; Turan, T. N; Valderrama, A. L; Vinters, H. V; American
292:
Other symptoms of cerebrovascular disease include migraines, seizures, epilepsy, or cognitive decline. However, cerebrovascular disease may go undetected for years until an acute stroke occurs. In addition, patients with some rare congenital cerebrovascular diseases may begin to have these symptoms
1861:
Kernan, W. N; Ovbiagele, B; Black, H. R; Bravata, D. M; Chimowitz, M. I; Ezekowitz, M. D; Fang, M. C; Fisher, M; Furie, K. L; Heck, D. V; Johnston, S. C; Kasner, S. E; Kittner, S. J; Mitchell, P. H; Rich, M. W; Richardson, D; Schwamm, L. H; Wilson, J. A; American Heart
Association Stroke Council,
481:
is an example of an idiopathic cerebrovascular disorder that results in narrowing and occlusion of intracranial blood vessels. The most common presentation is stroke or transient ischemic attack, but cognitive decline within children may also be a presenting symptom. The disease may begin to show
503:
followed by tissue death. When the low cerebral blood flow persists for a longer duration, this may develop into an infarction in the border zones (areas of poor blood flow between the major cerebral artery distributions). In more severe instances, global hypoxia-ischemia causes widespread brain
284:
difficulties. Hemorrhagic strokes can present with a very severe, sudden headache associated with vomiting, neck stiffness, and decreased consciousness. Symptoms vary depending on the location and the size of the area of involvement of the stroke. Edema, or swelling, of the brain may occur which
1630:
Joutel, Anne; Corpechot, Christophe; Ducros, Anne; Vahedi, Katayoun; Chabriat, Hugues; Mouton, Philippe; Alamowitch, Sonia; Domenga, Valérie; Cécillion, Michaelle; Maréchal, Emmanuelle; MacIazek, Jacqueline; Vayssière, Céline; Cruaud, Corinne; Cabanis, Emmanuel-Alain; Ruchoux, Marie
Madeleine;
338:
is bleeding into the brain of premature infants caused by the rupture of fragile blood vessels within the germinal matrix of premature babies. The germinal matrix is a highly vascularized area within an unborn infant's brain from which brain cells, including neurons and glial cells, originate.
1262:
Salmela, Michael B; Mortazavi, Shabnam; Jagadeesan, Bharathi D; Broderick, Daniel F; Burns, Judah; Deshmukh, Tejaswini K; Harvey, H. Benjamin; Hoang, Jenny; Hunt, Christopher H; Kennedy, Tabassum A; Khalessi, Alexander A; Mack, William; Patel, Nandini D; Perlmutter, Joel S; Policeni, Bruno;
924:
Cerebrovascular disease primarily occurs with advanced age; the risk for developing it goes up significantly after 65 years of age. CVD tends to occur earlier than
Alzheimer's Disease (which is rare before the age of 80). In some countries such as Japan, CVD is more common than AD.
2066:; Duckwiler, Gary R; Harris, Catherine C; Howard, Virginia J; Johnston, S. Claiborne (Clay); Meyers, Philip M; Molyneux, Andrew; Ogilvy, Christopher S; Ringer, Andrew J; Torner, James; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Stroke Nursing (2015).
935:" in the US has long been known, similar to the "diabetes belt" which includes all of Mississippi and parts of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.
376:
Acquired cerebrovascular diseases are those that are obtained throughout a person's life that may be preventable by controlling risk factors. The incidence of cerebrovascular disease increases as an individual ages. Causes of acquired cerebrovascular disease include
363:
whose function is not well-known. However, the mutation causes accumulation of this protein within small to medium-sized blood vessels. This disease often presents in early adulthood with migraines, stroke, mood disturbances, and cognitive deterioration. MRI shows
2645:
Easton, J. Donald; Saver, Jeffrey L.; Albers, Gregory W.; Alberts, Mark J.; Chaturvedi, Seemant; Feldmann, Edward; Hatsukami, Thomas S.; Higashida, Randall T.; Johnston, S. Claiborne; Kidwell, Chelsea S.; Lutsep, Helmi L.; Miller, Elaine; Sacco, Ralph L. (2009).
452:, and familial hyperaldosteronism type I. However, individuals without these disorders may also obtain aneurysms. The American Heart Association and American Stroke Association recommend controlling modifiable risk factors including smoking and hypertension.
432:
is also a major risk factor for strokes. Atrial fibrillation causes blood clots to form within the heart, which may travel to the arteries within the brain and cause an embolism. The embolism prevents blood flow to the brain, which leads to a stroke.
3004:
528:. The common carotid artery divides into the internal and the external carotid arteries. The internal carotid artery becomes the anterior cerebral artery and the middle central artery. The ACA transmits blood to the frontal parietal. From the
326:
separates arteries from veins, which protects the veins from the higher blood pressures that occur in arteries. In arteriovenous malformations, arteries are directly connected to veins, which increases the risk of venous rupture and hemorrhage.
3247:
3228:
393:. Atherosclerosis leads to narrowing of blood vessels and less perfusion to the brain, and it also increases the risk of thrombosis, or a blockage of an artery, within the brain. Major modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include:
1606:
2018:
Vlak, Monique HM; Algra, Ale; Brandenburg, Raya; Rinkel, Gabriël JE (2011). "Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
920:
Worldwide, it is estimated there are 31 million stroke survivors, though about 6 million deaths were due to cerebrovascular disease (2nd most common cause of death in the world and 6th most common cause of disability).
248:. Many of these diseases can be asymptomatic until an acute event, such as a stroke, occurs. Cerebrovascular diseases can also present less commonly with headache or seizures. Any of these diseases can result in
194:. Atherosclerosis narrows blood vessels in the brain, resulting in decreased cerebral perfusion. Other risk factors that contribute to stroke include smoking and diabetes. Narrowed cerebral arteries can lead to
1690:
4239:
545:
There are two main divisions of strokes: ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke involves decreased blood supply to regions of the brain, while hemorrhagic stroke is bleeding into or around the brain.
592:. This is a condition in which the blood flow to a region of the brain is blocked, but blood flow is quickly restored and the brain tissue can fully recover. The symptoms are only transient, leaving no
1864:"Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association"
268:
The most common presentation of cerebrovascular diseases is an acute stroke, which occurs when blood supply to the brain is compromised. Symptoms of stroke are usually rapid in onset, and may include
2882:
1486:
1631:
Weissenbach, Jean; Bach, Jean François; Bousser, Marie
Germaine; Tournier-Lasserve, Elisabeth (1996). "Notch3 mutations in CADASIL, a hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and dementia".
4625:
4620:
2151:
4637:
4615:
524:
There are several arteries that supply oxygen to different areas of the brain, and damage or occlusion of any of them can result in stroke. The carotid arteries cover the majority of the
3788:
1053:
827:
score, higher pulse rate, higher respiratory rate and lower arterial oxygen saturation level is prognostic features of in-hospital mortality rate in acute ischemic stroke.
322:(cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy). Arteriovenous malformations are abnormal tangles of blood vessels. Usually, a
3334:
1719:
3984:
2533:
1682:
1973:
Pepin, Melanie; Schwarze, Ulrike; Superti-Furga, Andrea; Byers, Peter H (2000). "Clinical and
Genetic Features of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Type IV, the Vascular Type".
2781:
Meretoja, A; Strbian, D; Putaala, J; Curtze, S; Haapaniemi, E; Mustanoja, S; Sairanen, T; Satopaa, J; Silvennoinen, H; Niemela, M; Kaste, M; Tatlisumak, T (2012).
1911:
3979:
1457:
331:
in the brain have a 2–4% chance of rupture each year. However, many arteriovenous malformations go unnoticed and are asymptomatic throughout a person's lifetime.
2962:
2596:"An Updated Definition of Stroke for the 21st Century: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association"
1176:
701:(fainting) which is also a reduction in cerebral blood flow, almost always generalized, but they are usually caused by systemic hypotension of various origins:
533:
is limited to a residual flow. Regions with blood flow of less than 10 mL/100 g of tissue/min are core regions (cells here die within minutes of a stroke). The
964:
2316:
1219:. Townsend, Courtney M., Jr.; Beauchamp, R. Daniel; Evers, B. Mark; Mattox, Kenneth L. (20th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 2017. pp. 1900–1937.
3781:
449:
2874:
1494:
2143:
1748:
1598:
1000:
647:
4607:
2433:
444:, or bleeding around the brain within the subarachnoid space. There are various hereditary disorders associated with intracranial aneurysms, such as
4597:
3774:
1818:
Alloubani, Aladeen; Saleh, Abdulmoneam; Abdelhafiz, Ibrahim (2018). "Hypertension and diabetes mellitus as a predictive risk factors for stroke".
1152:
1104:
2209:
440:
is an abnormal bulging of small sections of arteries, which increases the risk of artery rupture. Intracranial aneurysms are a leading cause of
4577:
4250:
3327:
1388:
4602:
4234:
4440:
4428:
3890:
3586:
3130:"Lowered Risks of Hypertension and Cerebrovascular Disease after Vitamin/Mineral Supplementation: The Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial"
2259:
Wang, Hai-Rong; Chen, Miao; Wang, Fei-Long; Dai, Li-hua; Fei, Ai-hua; Liu, Jia-fu; Li, Hao-jun; Shen, Sa; Liu, Ming; Pan, Shu-Ming (2015).
1359:
2988:
2230:
928:
In 2012, 6.4 million adults from the US had a stroke, which corresponds to 2.7% of the US. This is approximately 129,000 deaths in 2013.
328:
311:
237:
2355:
517:
occurs where an energetic molecular problem arises due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. The cascade results in decreased production of
4659:
4592:
4147:
3581:
3382:
1224:
31:
2261:"Comparison of Therapeutic Effect of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator by Treatment Time after Onset of Acute Ischemic Stroke"
4706:
4362:
4165:
3372:
3320:
3118:
2998:
2509:
1433:
1136:
3755:
1025:
4481:
3533:
3377:
1711:
1523:
598:
all neurologic signs and symptoms must have been resolved within 24 hrs without evidence of brain infarction on brain imaging.
3996:
3972:
3802:
2555:
2180:
1026:"Stroke. Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Cerebrovascular Disease | Revista Española de CardiologĂa (English Version)"
4188:
3732:
835:
1465:
4675:
4560:
4476:
4418:
3967:
3538:
2455:
1304:
KuĹşma, ElĹĽbieta; Lourida, Ilianna; Moore, Sarah F.; Levine, Deborah A.; Ukoumunne, Obioha C.; Llewellyn, David J. (2018).
839:
3397:
3128:
Mark, S. D; Wang, W; Fraumeni, J. F; Li, J.-Y; Taylor, P. R; Wang, G.-Q; Guo, W; Dawsey, S. M; Li, B; Blot, W. J (1996).
4644:
4018:
3033:
1903:
3465:
2954:
2903:
Shah, Bhupendra; Bartaula, Bijay; Adhikari, Janak; Neupane, Harishankar; Shah, Birendraprasad; Poudel, Gunaraj (2017).
445:
4154:
3671:
306:
Congenital diseases are medical conditions that are present at birth that may be associated with or inherited through
233:
1184:
2323:
1263:
Schroeder, Jason W; Setzen, Gavin; Whitehead, Matthew T; Cornelius, Rebecca S; Corey, Amanda S; Corey, A. S (2017).
956:
4632:
4182:
3854:
3507:
3440:
1248:
335:
315:
4524:
2738:
Xi, Guohua; Keep, Richard F; Hoff, Julian T (2006). "Mechanisms of brain injury after intracerebral haemorrhage".
216:
Besides hypertension, there are also many less common causes of cerebrovascular disease, including those that are
4582:
4550:
4502:
4351:
3930:
3576:
3543:
3435:
3425:
796:
585:
175:
101:
61:
631:
is bleeding directly into the brain rather than around the brain. Causes and risk factors include hypertension,
4649:
4423:
3837:
3663:
3614:
3461:
3266:
1305:
628:
609:
499:, or inadequate blood supply. If the interruption of blood flow is not restored in minutes, the tissue suffers
466:
may compromise blood flow to the brain due to thrombosis, and dissections increase the risk of vessel rupture.
105:
4654:
198:, but continually elevated blood pressure can also cause tearing of vessels, leading to a hemorrhagic stroke.
1740:
992:
4587:
4161:
4013:
4003:
3847:
3705:
3653:
3609:
3523:
3452:
3303:
784:
659:
441:
3241:
4519:
4511:
4466:
4142:
4114:
3962:
2984:
2425:
1982:
1769:
Mitsios, John Peter; Ekinci, Elif Ilhan; Mitsios, Gregory Peter; Churilov, Leonid; Thijs, Vincent (2018).
518:
368:
changes in the brain and also signs of repeated strokes. The diagnosis can be confirmed by gene testing.
4534:
4408:
4226:
4204:
4119:
4042:
3952:
3939:
3864:
3727:
768:
706:
622:
459:
360:
49:
3456:
2062:
Thompson, B. Gregory; Brown, Robert D; Amin-Hanjani, Sepideh; Broderick, Joseph P; Cockroft, Kevin M;
1683:"Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)"
1096:
791:
reduces the incidence and severity of ischemic deficits in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
4471:
4288:
4177:
3487:
2272:
1640:
807:
455:
390:
245:
159:
57:
2201:
1987:
4400:
4047:
3902:
3842:
3750:
3628:
3566:
3477:
1380:
710:
613:
575:
559:
500:
458:
are tears of the internal lining of arteries, often associated with trauma. Dissections within the
429:
1546:"Untreated brain arteriovenous malformation: Patient-level meta-analysis of hemorrhage predictors"
4570:
4555:
4543:
4293:
4244:
4081:
3944:
3832:
3689:
3528:
2763:
2720:
2527:
2063:
2044:
1843:
1771:"Relationship Between Glycated Hemoglobin and Stroke Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
1664:
1242:
1045:
824:
726:
702:
698:
617:
474:
179:
135:
80:
3766:
4333:
4299:
4271:
4262:
4194:
4170:
4037:
3885:
3648:
3643:
3482:
3430:
3194:
3151:
3114:
3085:
2994:
2936:
2855:
2804:
2755:
2712:
2677:
2669:
2627:
2515:
2505:
2407:
2298:
2238:
2124:
2089:
2036:
2000:
1955:
1885:
1835:
1800:
1656:
1575:
1439:
1429:
1351:
1333:
1286:
1230:
1220:
1132:
740:
534:
413:
249:
170:
or deformed in these disorders. The most common presentation of cerebrovascular disease is an
117:
112:
97:
68:
3237:
2107:
Debette, Stéphanie (2014). "Pathophysiology and risk factors of cervical artery dissection".
4456:
4327:
4322:
4107:
4102:
3402:
3392:
3355:
3312:
3184:
3176:
3141:
3075:
3067:
2926:
2916:
2845:
2835:
2794:
2747:
2704:
2659:
2617:
2607:
2397:
2389:
2347:
2288:
2280:
2116:
2079:
2028:
1992:
1945:
1875:
1827:
1790:
1782:
1648:
1565:
1557:
1421:
1341:
1325:
1317:
1276:
1037:
811:
514:
506:
478:
463:
286:
2875:"Postmarket Drug and Biologic Safety Evaluations Completed from July 2016 – September 2016"
190:
and cerebrovascular diseases as it can change the structure of blood vessels and result in
4378:
4069:
3387:
2480:
1904:"Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"
674:
555:
378:
260:
195:
191:
171:
2576:
1934:"Intracranial aneurysm and hemorrhagic stroke in glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism"
3293:
2622:
2595:
2276:
1644:
4435:
4384:
4212:
3921:
3798:
3561:
3407:
3189:
3164:
3146:
3129:
3080:
3055:
2931:
2904:
2850:
2823:
2695:
Van Gijn, Jan; Kerr, Richard S; Rinkel, Gabriel JE (2007). "Subarachnoid haemorrhage".
2402:
2377:
2293:
2260:
1795:
1770:
1570:
1545:
1425:
1346:
754:
571:
529:
428:
Controlling these risk factors can reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis and stroke.
131:
2987:; Toledano, Mireille B.; Shaddick, Gavin; Davies, Bethan; Elliott, Paul (2012-05-24).
2751:
2708:
2144:"Spontaneous cerebral and cervical artery dissection: Clinical features and diagnosis"
2032:
1041:
697:
It is important to differentiate the symptoms caused by a stroke from those caused by
424:
Illustration of a cerebral aneurysm, demonstrating the bulge in an artery in the brain
420:
4700:
4461:
4413:
4283:
4052:
4008:
3859:
2393:
1599:"Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage in the newborn"
774:
679:
632:
537:
with a blood flow of <25 ml/100g tissue/min, remain usable for more time (hours).
352:
121:
2767:
2724:
2048:
1217:
Sabiston textbook of surgery : the biological basis of modern surgical practice
3957:
3827:
3810:
1847:
1668:
779:
684:
482:
symptoms beginning in adolescence, but some may not have symptoms until adulthood.
398:
365:
183:
151:
3163:
Ning, Mingming; Lopez, Mary; Cao, Jing; Buonanno, Ferdinando S; Lo, Eng H (2012).
2905:"Predictors of in-hospital mortality of acute ischemic stroke in adult population"
2547:
2172:
2068:"Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms"
1515:
1084:
1049:
3271:
3108:
2799:
2782:
2664:
2647:
2612:
2120:
2084:
2067:
1932:
Litchfield, W. R; Anderson, B. F; Weiss, R. J; Lifton, R. P; Dluhy, R. G (1998).
1880:
1863:
1561:
1126:
201:
A stroke usually presents with an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit – such as
3916:
3877:
3819:
1996:
1416:
Portegies, M.L.P; Koudstaal, P.J; Ikram, M.A (2016). "Cerebrovascular disease".
1321:
1079:
932:
748:
495:
When a reduction in blood flow lasting seconds occurs, the brain tissue suffers
273:
202:
3056:"Changes and Geographic Distribution of Mortality from Cerebrovascular Disease"
2459:
1281:
1264:
17:
4027:
3897:
3499:
3417:
3025:
2783:"SMASH-U: A Proposal for Etiologic Classification of Intracerebral Hemorrhage"
1831:
788:
722:
563:
289:. A stroke may result in coma or death if it involves key areas of the brain.
269:
221:
217:
167:
2921:
2673:
2519:
1337:
1234:
4137:
4088:
4076:
4059:
3991:
3681:
3260:
3256:
2840:
2581:
2485:
1950:
1933:
1786:
653:
MRI demonstrating white matter changes in the brain of patients with CADASIL
323:
73:
3198:
3180:
3089:
2940:
2859:
2808:
2759:
2716:
2681:
2631:
2411:
2302:
2128:
2093:
2040:
2004:
1889:
1839:
1804:
1579:
1544:
Kim, H; Al-Shahi Salman, R; McCulloch, C. E; Stapf, C; Young, W. L (2014).
1443:
1355:
1290:
3155:
3071:
1959:
1660:
1329:
574:. The neurologic signs and symptoms must last longer than 24 hours or the
4317:
4309:
4275:
4129:
4032:
3719:
3472:
762:
567:
525:
496:
437:
386:
382:
229:
186:(high blood pressure) is the most important contributing risk factor for
163:
147:
3220:
30:"Cerebrovascular diseases" redirects here. For the medical journal, see
3604:
758:
744:
730:
593:
408:
403:
342:
319:
277:
241:
225:
206:
2284:
4356:
4097:
4064:
3571:
3347:
3251:
3232:
1652:
690:
579:
347:
281:
210:
187:
93:
276:
on one side of the face or body, inability to produce or understand
4612:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
1420:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 138. pp. 239–261.
1128:
Nuclear
Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals and Patients
3364:
1820:
Diabetes & Metabolic
Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews
834:
419:
259:
155:
1306:"Stroke and dementia risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
842:
for cerebrovascular disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.
3447:
307:
3770:
3316:
1741:"Cerebrovascular disease – NHS Choices – Risks and prevention"
2376:
Xing, Changhong; Arai, Ken; Lo, Eng H; Hommel, Marc (2012).
693:
is generally performed in significant symptoms of new onset.
570:
from a proximal arterial source or the heart, that leads to
596:, or long-term deficits. In order to diagnose this entity,
477:
are those that occur spontaneously without a known cause.
310:. Examples of congenital cerebrovascular diseases include
3060:
American
Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
27:
Condition that affects the arteries that supply the brain
1265:"ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Cerebrovascular Disease"
1024:
Serena-Leal, JoaquĂn; Ustrell-Roig, Xavier (July 2007).
612:
occurs when blood leaks out of damaged vessels into the
2873:
Research, Center for Drug
Evaluation and (2018-11-03).
2235:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
3165:"Application of proteomics to cerebrovascular disease"
1625:
1623:
1131:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 142.
166:
supplying oxygen and nutrients to the brain are often
2458:. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. Archived from
504:
injury leading to a severe cognitive sequelae called
3210:
345:
is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in the
4533:
4510:
4501:
4494:
4449:
4399:
4371:
4342:
4308:
4270:
4259:
4225:
4203:
4128:
3938:
3929:
3915:
3875:
3818:
3809:
3743:
3718:
3698:
3680:
3662:
3636:
3627:
3597:
3554:
3516:
3498:
3416:
3363:
3354:
3214:
127:
111:
89:
79:
67:
42:
3110:Cerebrovascular Disease: 22nd Princeton Conference
721:Treatment for cerebrovascular disease may include
670:Diagnoses of cerebrovascular disease may include:
285:increases intracranial pressure and may result in
2504:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders.
1862:Council on Cardiovascular Stroke Nursing (2014).
2317:Neurological disorders: public health challenges
2990:Oxford Handbook of Epidemiology for Clinicians
2378:"Pathophysiologic Cascades in Ischemic Stroke"
3782:
3328:
8:
2532:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1269:Journal of the American College of Radiology
450:autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
2824:"Clinical pathology of the shock syndromes"
4507:
4498:
4267:
3935:
3926:
3815:
3789:
3775:
3767:
3633:
3360:
3335:
3321:
3313:
3211:
2955:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
2909:Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice
2502:Caplan's stroke : a clinical approach
1381:"Vascular dementia - Causes - NHS Choices"
635:, trauma, and arteriovenous malformations.
48:
39:
3188:
3145:
3079:
2930:
2920:
2849:
2839:
2828:Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock
2798:
2663:
2621:
2611:
2401:
2292:
2083:
1986:
1949:
1879:
1794:
1775:Journal of the American Heart Association
1569:
1345:
1280:
1074:
1072:
1070:
987:
985:
983:
981:
993:"Cerebrovascular disease – Introduction"
2426:"Clinical diagnosis of stroke subtypes"
944:
643:
560:blockage of a blood vessel in the brain
4578:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
4251:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
2965:from the original on November 11, 2009
2525:
1240:
950:
948:
2495:
2493:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1487:"Pediatric Cerebrovascular Disorders"
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1019:
1017:
252:due to ischemic damage to the brain.
7:
4429:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
3587:Partial anterior circulation infarct
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
329:Cerebral arteriovenous malformations
2348:"adenosine triphosphate | coenzyme"
2237:. September 1, 2015. Archived from
4660:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
3582:Total anterior circulation infarct
3383:Posterior cerebral artery syndrome
3147:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008798
2822:Bonanno, Fabriziogiuseppe (2011).
2454:Cipolla, Marilyn J. (2009-01-01).
1426:10.1016/b978-0-12-802973-2.00014-8
32:Cerebrovascular Diseases (journal)
25:
4363:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
4166:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
3373:Anterior cerebral artery syndrome
2154:from the original on Aug 18, 2017
1458:"Acute ischemic stroke syndromes"
1003:from the original on Sep 19, 2015
967:from the original on Dec 19, 2017
572:the brain being starved of oxygen
558:, the most common is caused by a
272:of one side of the face or body,
4383:For more detailed coverage, see
4361:For more detailed coverage, see
4332:For more detailed coverage, see
4298:For more detailed coverage, see
4249:For more detailed coverage, see
3756:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
3286:
3134:American Journal of Epidemiology
2394:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00839.x
1712:"AANS | Cerebrovascular Disease"
1107:from the original on Oct 5, 2017
658:
646:
205:(one-sided weakness), numbness,
3534:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
3378:Middle cerebral artery syndrome
3036:from the original on 2015-08-29
3007:from the original on 2024-08-23
2885:from the original on 2019-12-13
2558:from the original on 2016-07-04
2436:from the original on 2011-02-13
2382:International Journal of Stroke
2358:from the original on 2017-12-13
2231:"Stroke: Hope Through Research"
2212:from the original on 2019-07-29
2183:from the original on 2017-12-13
1975:New England Journal of Medicine
1914:from the original on 2024-07-30
1751:from the original on 2017-10-14
1722:from the original on 2017-12-11
1693:from the original on 2017-11-22
1609:from the original on 2024-08-23
1526:from the original on 2024-08-23
1391:from the original on 2017-08-22
1362:from the original on 2021-08-28
1056:from the original on 2019-06-09
957:"Stroke symptoms and diagnosis"
814:(for future stroke prevention).
507:hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
3113:. Cambridge University Press.
2322:(Report). 2006. Archived from
1516:"the definition of congenital"
1097:"Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?"
1:
4676:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
4561:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
4419:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
3539:Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
2752:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70283-0
2709:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60153-6
2033:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70109-0
1125:Prakash, Dibya (2014-04-10).
1042:10.1016/S1885-5857(08)60011-0
840:Disability-adjusted life year
803:Surgical procedures include:
736:Examples of medications are:
491:Mechanism of brain cell death
4645:Progressive muscular atrophy
2800:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661603
2665:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.192218
2613:10.1161/STR.0b013e318296aeca
2456:"Anatomy and Ultrastructure"
2121:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000056
2109:Current Opinion in Neurology
2085:10.1161/STR.0000000000000070
1881:10.1161/STR.0000000000000024
1562:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000688
1181:accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
1157:accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
85:Weakness on one side of body
4155:Primary progressive aphasia
3107:Chan, Pak H. (2002-03-28).
2993:. OUP Oxford. p. 310.
1997:10.1056/NEJM200003093421001
1322:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3061
823:Prognostics factors: Lower
578:is demonstrated, mainly by
312:arteriovenous malformations
238:arteriovenous malformations
150:conditions that affect the
4723:
4477:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
4183:Posterior cortical atrophy
4004:Striatonigral degeneration
3855:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
3508:Cerebellar stroke syndrome
3441:Lateral medullary syndrome
2500:R., Caplan, Louis (2009).
1310:Alzheimer's & Dementia
1282:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.051
1177:"AccessMedicine | Content"
1153:"AccessMedicine | Content"
733:, depending on the cause.
633:blood thinning medications
336:germinal matrix hemorrhage
316:germinal matrix hemorrhage
209:(language impairment), or
29:
4583:Spinal muscular atrophies
4551:Primary lateral sclerosis
4409:Intracranial hypertension
4189:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3733:Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm
3577:Transient ischemic attack
3544:Subclavian steal syndrome
3436:Medial medullary syndrome
3426:Brainstem stroke syndrome
2959:World Health Organization
1832:10.1016/j.dsx.2018.03.009
797:anti-diabetic medications
629:Intracerebral haemorrhage
586:Transient ischemic attack
264:Types of brain herniation
62:carotid-cavernous fistula
56:
47:
4707:Cerebrovascular diseases
4650:Progressive bulbar palsy
4441:Intracranial hypotension
4424:Choroid plexus papilloma
3838:Herpesviral encephalitis
3615:Transient global amnesia
3462:Lateral pontine syndrome
3398:Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
3344:Cerebrovascular diseases
2922:10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_265_17
1080:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
785:calcium channel blockers
610:Subarachnoid haemorrhage
106:subarachnoid haemorrhage
4162:Frontotemporal dementia
3848:Encephalitis lethargica
3706:Intracranial hemorrhage
3524:Carotid artery stenosis
3453:Medial pontine syndrome
3304:Cerebrovascular disease
2841:10.4103/0974-2700.82211
2352:Encyclopedia Britannica
2173:"idiopathic definition"
1951:10.1161/01.HYP.31.1.445
1787:10.1161/JAHA.117.007858
442:subarachnoid hemorrhage
144:Cerebrovascular disease
43:Cerebrovascular disease
4467:Hepatic encephalopathy
3181:10.1002/elps.201200481
1247:: CS1 maint: others (
917:
519:adenosine triphosphate
446:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
425:
280:, vision changes, and
265:
146:includes a variety of
4525:Ataxia–telangiectasia
4482:Static encephalopathy
4205:Mitochondrial disease
4043:Spasmodic torticollis
3953:Basal ganglia disease
3728:Intracranial aneurysm
3517:Extracranial arteries
3072:10.2105/AJPH.55.5.673
2206:Columbia Neurosurgery
2142:Liebeskind, David S.
1491:childrensnational.org
1030:www.revespcardiol.org
838:
707:myocardial infarction
623:intracranial pressure
423:
361:transmembrane protein
263:
4472:Toxic encephalopathy
4178:Lewy bodies dementia
3664:Cerebral/Intra-axial
3610:Binswanger's disease
2740:The Lancet Neurology
2021:The Lancet Neurology
914: more than 2000
808:endovascular surgery
691:acute stroke imaging
588:(TIA) also called a
562:, usually caused by
456:Arterial dissections
391:arterial dissections
246:arterial dissections
160:cerebral circulation
4520:Friedreich's ataxia
3903:Meningoencephalitis
3843:Limbic encephalitis
3751:Cerebral vasculitis
3629:Haemorrhagic stroke
3567:Cerebral infarction
3054:BORHANI NO (1965).
2277:2015NatSR...511743W
2202:"Cerebral Ischemia"
2064:Connolly, E. Sander
1645:1996Natur.383..707J
931:Geographically, a "
848: less than 250
703:cardiac arrhythmias
614:cerebrospinal fluid
475:Idiopathic diseases
430:Atrial fibrillation
4556:Pseudobulbar palsy
4294:Status epilepticus
4245:Multiple sclerosis
4082:Myoclonic epilepsy
3945:movement disorders
3891:Acute disseminated
3833:Viral encephalitis
3690:Duret haemorrhages
2265:Scientific Reports
1944:(1 Pt 2): 445–50.
918:
825:Glasgow Coma Scale
621:the increasing of
618:subarachnoid space
580:imaging techniques
464:vertebral arteries
426:
266:
256:Signs and symptoms
234:amyloid angiopathy
180:hemorrhagic stroke
136:anti-hypertensives
58:Cerebral angiogram
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4490:
4489:
4395:
4394:
4334:Template:Headache
4300:Template:Epilepsy
4221:
4220:
4195:Vascular dementia
4038:Status dystonicus
3911:
3910:
3886:Encephalomyelitis
3764:
3763:
3714:
3713:
3623:
3622:
3488:Claude's syndrome
3483:Benedikt syndrome
3281:
3280:
3175:(24): 3582–3597.
2793:(10): 2592–2597.
2703:(9558): 306–318.
2285:10.1038/srep11743
1908:www.ninds.nih.gov
1639:(6602): 707–710.
1418:Neuroepidemiology
1316:(11): 1416–1426.
955:Caplan, Louis R.
769:antihypertensives
727:lifestyle changes
711:hemorrhagic shock
535:ischemic penumbra
250:vascular dementia
141:
140:
118:Neurological exam
113:Diagnostic method
98:vascular dementia
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4714:
4508:
4499:
4457:Brain herniation
4268:
4108:Intention tremor
4103:Essential tremor
3968:Postencephalitic
3936:
3927:
3816:
3797:Diseases of the
3791:
3784:
3777:
3768:
3672:Intraventricular
3634:
3478:Weber's syndrome
3403:Watershed stroke
3393:Moyamoya disease
3361:
3356:Ischaemic stroke
3337:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3290:
3289:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3159:
3149:
3124:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2843:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2667:
2658:(6): 2276–2293.
2642:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2606:(7): 2064–2089.
2590:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2497:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2078:(8): 2368–2400.
2059:
2053:
2052:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1874:(7): 2160–2236.
1858:
1852:
1851:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1653:10.1038/383707a0
1627:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1493:. Archived from
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1464:. Archived from
1454:
1448:
1447:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1349:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1213:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1183:. Archived from
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
989:
976:
975:
973:
972:
952:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
812:vascular surgery
787:- in particular
713:, among others.
662:
650:
576:brain infarction
515:ischemic cascade
460:carotid arteries
351:gene located on
287:brain herniation
178:and sometimes a
52:
40:
21:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4682:
4608:Congenital DSMA
4529:
4486:
4445:
4391:
4379:Sleep disorders
4367:
4344:Cerebrovascular
4338:
4304:
4261:
4255:
4217:
4199:
4124:
4070:Choreoathetosis
3943:
3920:
3907:
3871:
3805:
3795:
3765:
3760:
3739:
3710:
3694:
3676:
3658:
3619:
3593:
3550:
3512:
3494:
3412:
3388:Amaurosis fugax
3350:
3341:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3223:
3209:
3169:Electrophoresis
3162:
3127:
3121:
3106:
3103:
3101:Further reading
3098:
3097:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2524:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2481:Ischemic Stroke
2478:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1988:10.1.1.603.1293
1981:(10): 673–680.
1972:
1971:
1967:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1781:(11): e007858.
1768:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1436:
1415:
1414:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1214:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1006:
1004:
991:
990:
979:
970:
968:
954:
953:
946:
941:
916:
915:
911:
909:
908: 1825–2000
905:
903:
902: 1650–1825
899:
897:
896: 1475–1650
893:
891:
890: 1300–1475
887:
885:
884: 1125–1300
881:
879:
875:
873:
869:
867:
863:
861:
857:
855:
851:
849:
845:
833:
821:
719:
675:medical history
666:
663:
654:
651:
642:
606:
556:Ischemic stroke
552:
543:
541:Types of stroke
493:
488:
486:Pathophysiology
472:
418:
379:atherosclerosis
374:
304:
299:
258:
196:ischemic stroke
192:atherosclerosis
172:ischemic stroke
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Cerebrovascular
15:
12:
11:
5:
4720:
4718:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4436:Cerebral edema
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4385:Template:Sleep
4375:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4213:Leigh syndrome
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3949:
3947:
3940:Extrapyramidal
3933:
3924:
3922:encephalopathy
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3882:
3880:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3824:
3822:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3799:nervous system
3796:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3572:Classification
3569:
3564:
3562:Brain ischemia
3558:
3556:
3555:Classification
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3466:Millard-Gubler
3459:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3408:Lacunar stroke
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3263:
3244:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:Classification
3208:
3207:External links
3205:
3204:
3203:
3160:
3140:(7): 658–664.
3125:
3119:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3046:
3017:
2999:
2976:
2946:
2915:(4): 591–594.
2895:
2865:
2814:
2773:
2730:
2687:
2637:
2585:
2577:Stroke Imaging
2568:
2539:
2510:
2489:
2472:
2446:
2417:
2388:(5): 378–385.
2368:
2339:
2308:
2251:
2222:
2193:
2177:Dictionary.com
2164:
2134:
2099:
2054:
2027:(7): 626–636.
2010:
1965:
1924:
1895:
1853:
1826:(4): 577–584.
1810:
1761:
1732:
1703:
1674:
1619:
1585:
1556:(7): 590–597.
1536:
1520:Dictionary.com
1507:
1478:
1449:
1434:
1401:
1372:
1330:2027.42/152961
1296:
1275:(5): S34–S61.
1254:
1226:978-0323299879
1225:
1197:
1168:
1144:
1137:
1117:
1088:
1066:
1036:(7): 753–769.
1013:
977:
943:
942:
940:
937:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
878: 950–1125
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
843:
832:
829:
820:
817:
816:
815:
801:
800:
794:
793:
792:
782:
777:
775:ACE inhibitors
766:
755:blood thinners
752:
718:
715:
695:
694:
688:
682:
677:
668:
667:
664:
657:
655:
652:
645:
641:
638:
637:
636:
626:
605:
602:
601:
600:
583:
551:
548:
542:
539:
530:basilar artery
492:
489:
487:
484:
471:
468:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
373:
370:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:in childhood.
257:
254:
139:
138:
132:Blood thinners
129:
125:
124:
115:
109:
108:
91:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4719:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:Reye syndrome
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Hydrocephalus
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4227:Demyelinating
4224:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:Restless legs
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4053:Blepharospasm
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Hemiballismus
4007:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3860:Brain abscess
3858:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3120:9781139439657
3116:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:(5): 673–81.
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3006:
3002:
3000:9780191654787
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2834:(2): 233–43.
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2511:9781416047216
2507:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2462:on 2017-10-01
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2329:on 2018-07-12
2325:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2241:on 2015-10-04
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1497:on 2017-12-08
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1468:on 2022-09-04
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1435:9780128029732
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1187:on 2016-03-04
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1138:9788132218265
1134:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
986:
984:
982:
978:
966:
962:
958:
951:
949:
945:
938:
936:
934:
929:
926:
922:
872: 775–950
866: 600–775
860: 425–600
854: 250–425
841:
837:
830:
828:
826:
818:
813:
809:
806:
805:
804:
798:
795:
790:
786:
783:
781:
780:beta blockers
778:
776:
773:
772:
770:
767:
764:
760:
756:
753:
750:
746:
742:
741:antiplatelets
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
728:
724:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
692:
689:
686:
683:
681:
680:physical exam
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
665:Brain infarct
661:
656:
649:
644:
639:
634:
630:
627:
624:
619:
615:
611:
608:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
553:
549:
547:
540:
538:
536:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
511:
509:
508:
502:
498:
490:
485:
483:
480:
476:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
431:
422:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
371:
369:
367:
362:
358:
354:
353:chromosome 19
350:
349:
344:
340:
337:
332:
330:
325:
324:capillary bed
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
296:
294:
290:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
262:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:blood vessels
149:
145:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
122:physical exam
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
75:
72:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
4670:
4569:
4542:
4503:Degenerative
4343:
4240:Inflammatory
4187:
4120:Stiff-person
3958:Parkinsonism
3931:Degenerative
3828:Encephalitis
3811:Inflammation
3801:, primarily
3654:Subarachnoid
3343:
3302:
3301:
3300:profile for
3297:
3265:
3246:
3227:
3172:
3168:
3137:
3133:
3109:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3038:. Retrieved
3029:
3020:
3009:. Retrieved
2989:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2958:
2949:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2887:. Retrieved
2878:
2868:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2746:(1): 53–63.
2743:
2739:
2733:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2655:
2651:
2640:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2575:
2571:
2560:. Retrieved
2551:
2542:
2501:
2479:
2475:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:the original
2449:
2438:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2360:. Retrieved
2351:
2342:
2331:. Retrieved
2324:the original
2311:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:the original
2234:
2225:
2214:. Retrieved
2205:
2196:
2185:. Retrieved
2176:
2167:
2156:. Retrieved
2147:
2137:
2115:(1): 20–28.
2112:
2108:
2102:
2075:
2071:
2057:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1941:
1938:Hypertension
1937:
1927:
1916:. Retrieved
1907:
1898:
1871:
1867:
1856:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1753:. Retrieved
1744:
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1716:www.aans.org
1715:
1706:
1695:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1636:
1632:
1611:. Retrieved
1602:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1490:
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:the original
1461:
1452:
1417:
1393:. Retrieved
1384:
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1313:
1309:
1299:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1216:
1189:. Retrieved
1185:the original
1180:
1171:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:
1147:
1127:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1100:
1091:
1078:
1058:. Retrieved
1033:
1029:
1005:. Retrieved
996:
969:. Retrieved
960:
930:
927:
923:
919:
831:Epidemiology
822:
802:
735:
720:
696:
687:examination.
685:neurological
669:
597:
589:
544:
523:
512:
505:
494:
473:
454:
435:
427:
399:Hypertension
375:
366:white matter
359:codes for a
356:
346:
341:
333:
305:
291:
267:
224:and include
215:
200:
184:Hypertension
143:
142:
4655:Fazio–Londe
4495:Both/either
4289:Generalised
4148:Early-onset
4143:Alzheimer's
3878:spinal cord
3637:Extra-axial
3529:precerebral
3030:www.cdc.gov
3026:"FastStats"
2985:Ward, Helen
2552:MedlinePlus
997:NHS Choices
933:stroke belt
749:clopidogrel
604:Hemorrhagic
590:mini-stroke
176:mini-stroke
4263:paroxysmal
4235:Autoimmune
4028:Dyskinesia
3898:Meningitis
3876:Brain and
3500:Cerebellum
3418:Brain stem
3346:including
3040:2015-09-01
3011:2020-10-25
2889:2019-12-16
2697:The Lancet
2562:2015-09-01
2466:2017-08-30
2440:2017-12-12
2362:2017-12-12
2333:2020-10-04
2245:2015-11-05
2216:2015-11-05
2187:2017-12-12
2158:2017-12-09
1918:2024-07-30
1755:2015-09-01
1745:www.nhs.uk
1726:2017-12-11
1697:2017-12-09
1613:2017-12-07
1530:2017-12-12
1501:2017-12-07
1472:2017-12-05
1395:2015-09-01
1385:www.nhs.uk
1366:2018-09-07
1191:2015-11-05
1162:2015-11-05
1111:2017-11-25
1101:NHLBI, NIH
1060:2015-09-01
1007:2015-09-01
971:2017-12-12
939:References
789:Nimodipine
723:medication
564:thrombosis
501:infarction
470:Idiopathic
302:Congenital
222:idiopathic
218:congenital
203:hemiplegia
4260:Episodic/
4138:Tauopathy
4089:Akathisia
4077:Myoclonus
4060:Athetosis
3992:Tauopathy
3682:Brainstem
3457:Foville's
2674:1524-4628
2582:eMedicine
2528:cite book
2520:460932706
2486:eMedicine
2271:: 11743.
1983:CiteSeerX
1550:Neurology
1338:1552-5260
1243:cite book
1235:951748294
819:Prognosis
717:Treatment
640:Diagnosis
387:aneurysms
230:aneurysms
128:Treatment
74:Neurology
69:Specialty
4701:Category
4626:SMALED2B
4621:SMALED2A
4318:Migraine
4310:Headache
4276:epilepsy
4272:Seizures
4130:Dementia
4033:Dystonia
3720:Aneurysm
3649:Subdural
3644:Epidural
3473:Midbrain
3199:23161401
3090:14287837
3034:Archived
3005:Archived
2963:Archived
2961:. 2009.
2941:29204020
2883:Archived
2860:21769211
2809:22858729
2768:30474999
2760:16361023
2725:29126514
2717:17258671
2682:19423857
2632:23652265
2623:11078537
2556:Archived
2548:"Stroke"
2434:Archived
2430:UpToDate
2412:22712739
2356:Archived
2303:26206308
2210:Archived
2181:Archived
2152:Archived
2148:UpToDate
2129:24300790
2094:26089327
2049:19706811
2041:21641282
2005:10706896
1912:Archived
1890:24788967
1840:29571978
1805:29773578
1749:Archived
1720:Archived
1691:Archived
1687:UpToDate
1607:Archived
1603:UpToDate
1580:25015366
1524:Archived
1462:UpToDate
1444:27637962
1389:Archived
1360:Archived
1356:30177276
1291:28473091
1105:Archived
1054:Archived
1001:Archived
965:Archived
961:UpToDate
763:warfarin
594:sequelae
550:Ischemic
526:cerebrum
497:ischemia
479:Moyamoya
438:aneurysm
414:Diabetes
383:embolism
372:Acquired
274:numbness
270:weakness
242:fistulas
164:Arteries
158:and the
81:Symptoms
4638:SMA-PME
4633:SMA-PCH
4616:SMALED1
4328:Tension
4323:Cluster
4048:Meige's
3865:Amoebic
3699:General
3605:CADASIL
3431:Medulla
3294:Scholia
3272:D002561
3190:3712851
3156:8651227
3081:1256296
2969:Nov 11,
2932:5709883
2851:3132364
2403:3985770
2294:4513278
2273:Bibcode
1960:9453343
1848:4231800
1796:6015363
1669:4351873
1661:8878478
1641:Bibcode
1571:4141996
1347:6231970
759:heparin
745:aspirin
731:surgery
699:syncope
616:in the
409:Obesity
404:Smoking
343:CADASIL
320:CADASIL
282:balance
226:CADASIL
207:aphasia
168:damaged
154:of the
148:medical
4357:Stroke
4171:Pick's
4098:Tremor
4065:Chorea
3348:stroke
3296:has a
3197:
3187:
3154:
3117:
3088:
3078:
2997:
2939:
2929:
2858:
2848:
2807:
2787:Stroke
2766:
2758:
2723:
2715:
2680:
2672:
2652:Stroke
2630:
2620:
2600:Stroke
2518:
2508:
2410:
2400:
2301:
2291:
2127:
2092:
2072:Stroke
2047:
2039:
2003:
1985:
1958:
1888:
1868:Stroke
1846:
1838:
1803:
1793:
1667:
1659:
1633:Nature
1578:
1568:
1442:
1432:
1354:
1344:
1336:
1289:
1233:
1223:
1135:
1085:Stroke
1050:618662
1048:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
729:, and
568:emboli
389:, and
357:NOTCH3
348:NOTCH3
318:, and
297:Causes
278:speech
244:, and
211:ataxia
188:stroke
94:Stroke
4671:both:
4603:DSMA1
4598:SMAX2
4593:SMAX1
4573:only:
4546:only:
4450:Other
4372:Other
4284:Focal
3917:Brain
3820:Brain
3744:Other
3598:Other
3365:Brain
3298:topic
2764:S2CID
2721:S2CID
2327:(PDF)
2320:(PDF)
2045:S2CID
1844:S2CID
1665:S2CID
1046:S2CID
308:genes
156:brain
90:Types
60:of a
4274:and
3985:PKAN
3980:NBIA
3448:Pons
3267:MeSH
3242:8B2Z
3238:8B00
3195:PMID
3152:PMID
3115:ISBN
3086:PMID
2995:ISBN
2971:2009
2937:PMID
2856:PMID
2805:PMID
2756:PMID
2713:PMID
2678:PMID
2670:ISSN
2628:PMID
2534:link
2516:OCLC
2506:ISBN
2408:PMID
2299:PMID
2125:PMID
2090:PMID
2037:PMID
2001:PMID
1956:PMID
1886:PMID
1836:PMID
1801:PMID
1657:PMID
1576:PMID
1440:PMID
1430:ISBN
1352:PMID
1334:ISSN
1287:PMID
1249:link
1231:OCLC
1221:ISBN
1133:ISBN
810:and
4588:SMA
4571:LMN
4544:UMN
4535:MND
4401:CSF
4352:TIA
3997:PSP
3973:NMS
3942:and
3803:CNS
3261:I69
3257:I60
3248:ICD
3229:ICD
3185:PMC
3177:doi
3142:doi
3138:143
3076:PMC
3068:doi
2927:PMC
2917:doi
2879:FDA
2846:PMC
2836:doi
2795:doi
2748:doi
2705:doi
2701:369
2660:doi
2618:PMC
2608:doi
2580:at
2484:at
2398:PMC
2390:doi
2289:PMC
2281:doi
2117:doi
2080:doi
2029:doi
1993:doi
1979:342
1946:doi
1876:doi
1828:doi
1791:PMC
1783:doi
1649:doi
1637:383
1566:PMC
1558:doi
1422:doi
1342:PMC
1326:hdl
1318:doi
1277:doi
1038:doi
566:or
513:An
462:or
436:An
220:or
174:or
102:TIA
4703::
4512:SA
4019:OA
4014:HD
3963:PD
3464:/
3455:/
3270::
3255::
3252:10
3236::
3233:11
3193:.
3183:.
3173:33
3171:.
3167:.
3150:.
3136:.
3132:.
3084:.
3074:.
3064:55
3062:.
3058:.
3032:.
3028:.
3003:.
2957:.
2935:.
2925:.
2911:.
2907:.
2881:.
2877:.
2854:.
2844:.
2830:.
2826:.
2803:.
2791:43
2789:.
2785:.
2762:.
2754:.
2742:.
2719:.
2711:.
2699:.
2676:.
2668:.
2656:40
2654:.
2650:.
2626:.
2616:.
2604:44
2602:.
2598:.
2554:.
2550:.
2530:}}
2526:{{
2514:.
2492:^
2432:.
2428:.
2406:.
2396:.
2384:.
2380:.
2354:.
2350:.
2297:.
2287:.
2279:.
2267:.
2263:.
2233:.
2208:.
2204:.
2179:.
2175:.
2150:.
2146:.
2123:.
2113:27
2111:.
2088:.
2076:46
2074:.
2070:.
2043:.
2035:.
2025:10
2023:.
1999:.
1991:.
1977:.
1954:.
1942:31
1940:.
1936:.
1910:.
1906:.
1884:.
1872:45
1870:.
1866:.
1842:.
1834:.
1824:12
1822:.
1799:.
1789:.
1777:.
1773:.
1747:.
1743:.
1718:.
1714:.
1689:.
1685:.
1663:.
1655:.
1647:.
1635:.
1622:^
1605:.
1601:.
1588:^
1574:.
1564:.
1554:83
1552:.
1548:.
1522:.
1518:.
1489:.
1460:.
1438:.
1428:.
1404:^
1387:.
1383:.
1358:.
1350:.
1340:.
1332:.
1324:.
1314:14
1312:.
1308:.
1285:.
1273:14
1271:.
1267:.
1245:}}
1241:{{
1229:.
1200:^
1179:.
1155:.
1103:.
1099:.
1083::
1069:^
1052:.
1044:.
1034:60
1032:.
1028:.
1016:^
999:.
995:.
980:^
963:.
959:.
947:^
771::
761:,
747:,
725:,
709:,
705:,
510:.
448:,
385:,
381:,
355:.
334:A
314:,
240:,
236:,
232:,
228:,
182:.
162:.
134:,
120:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
4164:/
3919:/
3790:e
3783:t
3776:v
3336:e
3329:t
3322:v
3308:.
3259:-
3250:-
3240:-
3231:-
3221:D
3201:.
3179::
3158:.
3144::
3123:.
3092:.
3070::
3043:.
3014:.
2973:.
2943:.
2919::
2913:8
2892:.
2862:.
2838::
2832:4
2811:.
2797::
2770:.
2750::
2744:5
2727:.
2707::
2684:.
2662::
2634:.
2610::
2565:.
2536:)
2522:.
2469:.
2443:.
2414:.
2392::
2386:7
2365:.
2336:.
2305:.
2283::
2275::
2269:5
2248:.
2219:.
2190:.
2161:.
2131:.
2119::
2096:.
2082::
2051:.
2031::
2007:.
1995::
1962:.
1948::
1921:.
1892:.
1878::
1850:.
1830::
1807:.
1785::
1779:7
1758:.
1729:.
1700:.
1671:.
1651::
1643::
1616:.
1582:.
1560::
1533:.
1504:.
1475:.
1446:.
1424::
1398:.
1369:.
1328::
1320::
1293:.
1279::
1251:)
1237:.
1194:.
1165:.
1141:.
1114:.
1063:.
1040::
1010:.
974:.
799:.
765:)
757:(
751:)
743:(
625:.
582:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
