409:
879:
85:
33:
941:(modern GlaxoSmithKline) in the early 1920s. The oil preparations were used intravenously for lepers. The oil was often obtained directly from trees in India, Sri Lanka or Africa. Doctors would locally prepare ethyl esters for treatments. In June 1927, Burroughs Wellcome released the commercial preparation – sodium hydnocarpate marketed as
399:
in August and
September. The fruits are ovoid some 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter with a thick woody rind. Internally they contain 10–16 black seeds embedded in the fruit pulp. The seeds account for some 20% of the fruit weight. A typical tree produces 20 kg (44 lb) of seed/annum. The
379:
are simple, alternate, carried on 0.7–2.2 cm (0.28–0.87 in) long stalks. Leaves are 8 cm–23 cm × 3.5 cm–10 cm (3.1 in–9.1 in × 1.4 in–3.9 in), usually oblong to elliptic-oblong, tip long-pointed, often falling off, base narrow, margin
922:
worked on developing a method of using the oil against leprosy by intravenous or intramuscular injection. The effectiveness of
Chaulmoogra oil as a treatment was highly controversial, while some doctors regarded it as effective, others regarded it as an ineffective treatment.
858:
are washed in water and then dried in sun. Seeds are decorticated (dehusked) by mallet, hand hammer, or decorticator. They may also be crushed in an expeller and rotary. The kernels yield 43% oil. The extracted oil is stored in zinc barrels until exported.
392:. The flowering takes place from to January to April. Its berries are woody, round, tomentose, about 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) in diameter, and start off black when young but become brown when they mature. They have numerous seeds.
945:– which produced few unpleasant side effects. In May 1928, doctors reported cure of leprosy in some people treated with Alepol. In the 1940s, chaulmoogra oil was replaced by the more effective sulfones.
843:
Seeds are ovoid, irregular and angular, 1 to 1 1/4 inches long, 1 inch wide, skin smooth, grey, brittle; kernel oily and dark brown. A fatty oil is obtained by expression, known officially as
1711:
934:
in 1916, who died suddenly before publishing the technique. Her work was stolen by Arthur L. Dean who began producing large quantities of the treatment and named it after himself.
2018:
408:
886:
island in Hawaii once the "Land of the Living Death," where lepers were treated with remarkable success by the then new chaulmoogra oil. Photo from 1922.
262:
and other antibiotics for the treatment of several skin diseases and leprosy. The oil was prescribed for leprosy as a mixture suspended in gum or as an
1752:
534:. The oil is unusual in not being made up of straight chain fatty acids but acids with a cyclic group at the end of the chain. The oil also contains
1972:
1840:
1853:
973:
1726:
1536:"Medical Experimentation and Indigenous Intergenerational Memory in the Context of Twentieth-Century Hansen's Disease Treatment in Australia"
1483:
375:
tree which grows up to 10 m (33 ft) tall. Bark is brownish, fissured; blaze pinkish. Branch lets are round, minutely velvet-hairy.
1417:
1427:
545:
The crude oil has a pale greenish-brown color, and can be easily purified into a white, watery oil containing three cyclopentene
1866:
1661:
854:
Fruits are plucked by climbing the tree or using long sticks with a sickle tied to it. The fruits are peeled by knife and the
1631:
240:
495:
395:
Trees of the species that yield
Chaulmoogra oil grow to a height of 12–15 m (39–49 ft) and in India trees bear
425:
251:
51:
84:
1892:
911:
1285:
Sengupta, A.; Gupta, J. K.; Dutta, J.; Ghosh, A. (1 June 1973). "The component fatty acids of chaulmoogra oil".
1897:
1373:
Sengupta, A.; Gupta, J. K.; Dutta, J.; Ghosh, A. (June 1973). "The component fatty acids of chaulmoogra oil".
535:
444:
1964:
1760:
1959:
1795:
1086:
259:
46:
201:
1858:
1329:"Minor oil crops – Individual monographs (Allanblackia-Almond-Chaulmoogra-Cuphea spp.-Jatropa curgas)"
2013:
1382:
1350:
Ranganathan, KR; Seshadri TR (1974). "Constitution of isohydnocarpin isolated from the seed hulls of
1294:
796:
1117:
41:
1918:
1563:
1555:
1508:
1489:
1224:
1091:
1041:
938:
895:
79:
351:: The tree is found in South East Asia, chiefly in the Indo-Malayan region, and cultivated in
1827:
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and often rejected by people as worse than leprosy). The ingredient that appears to produce
878:
826:
775:
691:
580:
519:
499:
330:
296:
1250:
Norton, SA (October 1994). "Useful plants of dermatology. I. Hydnocarpus and chaulmoogra".
985:
Norton, SA (October 1994). "Useful plants of dermatology. I. Hydnocarpus and chaulmoogra".
424:(Chaulmoogra) has been widely used in various forms of traditional Indian medicine and in
1520:
400:
kernels make up 60–70% of the seed weight and contain 63% of pale yellow oil (mukherjee).
314:
122:
1884:
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531:
372:
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109:
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2007:
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385:
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515:
440:
380:
toothed, papery, hairless. Midrib is raised above, secondary nerves 5–7 pairs. Its
158:
1784:
1818:
1551:
890:
Chaulmoogra oil was commonly used in the early 20th century for the treatment of
451:, in 1904. Power and colleagues isolated hydnocarpic acid, which has the formula
1632:"Back in the Day: The Scots doctor who pioneered treatment for leprosy in India"
1328:
546:
539:
483:
413:
334:
258:. It entered early Western medicine in the nineteenth century before the era of
236:
178:
168:
1950:
931:
907:
806:
707:
523:
1692:
1220:
1178:
1910:
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1306:
486:
became more dominant in the treatment of several skin diseases and leprosy.
352:
290:
1990:
1697:
Report of an
Informal Consultation Mexico City, Mexico, 10–12 February 2020
1662:"Lost and Found: Alice Augusta Ball, an Extraordinary Woman of Hawai'i Nei"
1583:"Mechanism by which hydnocarpic acid inhibits mycobacterial multiplication"
1236:
1100:
1063:
17:
1616:
1402:
1314:
1271:
1037:
1006:
1985:
1944:
1905:
1812:
1170:
1154:
868:
302:
263:
247:
135:
1598:
1228:
1204:
1077:
Parascandola, J (2003). "Chaulmoogra oil and the treatment of leprosy".
1045:
436:
and it was used in its raw form both as topical and internal medicine.
287:: Chalmogra yenne mara, Mirolhakai, Surti, Suranti, Toratti, Garudaphala
1977:
1845:
891:
883:
872:
479:
475:
448:
439:
The chemical constituents of the oil were analyzed for their potential
429:
356:
342:
284:
255:
915:
899:
396:
381:
376:
360:
338:
148:
1789:
1419:
Encyclopaedic
Dictionary of Bio-Medecine – Rita Singh – Google Books
246:
has been widely used in traditional Indian medicine, especially in
1871:
1143:
SEA HandBook, 2009 by the
Solvent Extractors' Association Of India
927:
877:
498:
analysis has shown the oil to contain the following fatty acids –
407:
278:
96:
875:, and was introduced to Western medicine in the mid-19th century.
871:
medicine and other traditional Asian medicine as a treatment for
898:(which was ineffective) or taken internally (more effective but
855:
389:
1793:
1475:
Trial and Error: Drugs and the
Treatment of Infectious Diseases
26:
281:: कालमोगरा Calmogara, Chalmogra, Chaulmoogra, Jangli badam
1153:
Power, Frederick
Belding; Gornall, Frank Howorth (1904).
494:
The oil is semi-solid at room temperature with no odor.
388:
or racemes, or sometimes appear by themselves in leaf
1478:. Ideas and Improvisations. Brill. pp. 171–212.
1699:. World Health Organization: 8–15 – via JSTOR.
305:: Tuvaraka, Turveraka, Tuvrak, कुष्टवैरी Kushtavairi
1934:
1802:
1693:"Elimination of leprosy as a public health problem"
384:have greenish white petals and are borne in short
930:of the oil (the "Ball method") was developed by
1710:Wermager, Paul; Carl Heltzel (February 2007).
1287:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
1252:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1205:"Chaulmoogra Oil and the Treatment of Leprosy"
1155:"LXXXV.—The constituents of chaulmoogra seeds"
987:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
345:, often planted on road sides in hilly areas.
293:: Kodi, Maravatty, Marotti, Nirvatta, Nirvetti
8:
1655:
1653:
1472:Zumthurm, Tizian (2020). "Trial and Error".
2019:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
40:It has been suggested that this article be
1790:
432:. The oil was introduced into England by
333:along western Ghats, along the coast from
70:
1606:
1090:
1053:
1118:"Hydnocarpus pentandrus – Jangli Almond"
867:Chalomoogra fruit has a long history in
763:
556:
506:, gorlic acid, lower cyclic homologues,
490:Physical characteristics and composition
462:
458:
454:
1112:
1110:
965:
449:Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories
1630:MacPherson, Hamish (10 January 2021).
1516:
1506:
1587:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1139:
1137:
1135:
937:It was then produced and marketed by
7:
1660:Mendheim, Beverly (September 2007).
1581:Jacobsen, PL; Levy, L (March 1973).
1451:"A Modern Herbal | Chaulmoogra"
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
553:Table: fatty acid composition of oil
1691:Organization, World Health (2020).
760:Table of physical properties of oil
25:
910:compound. It may act by being an
1898:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:111766-1
1751:Simpkin, Alice (December 1928).
1020:Cottle, Wyndham (28 June 1879).
906:activity is hydnocarpic acid, a
311:: Maravetti, Maravattai, Marotti
83:
31:
542:weak acid, and isohydnocarpin.
1:
1264:10.1016/s0190-9622(08)81744-6
999:10.1016/s0190-9622(08)81744-6
1560:10.5401/healthhist.20.2.0054
1552:10.5401/healthhist.20.2.0054
1022:"Chaulmoogra Oil in Leprosy"
426:Chinese traditional medicine
252:Chinese traditional medicine
1356:Indian Journal of Chemistry
1203:Parascandola, John (2003).
1026:The British Medical Journal
474:trees. They introduced the
274:Common name: Jangli almond
57:Proposed since August 2024.
2035:
1757:British Journal of Nursing
1753:"The Treatment of Leprosy"
1725:(1): 16–19. Archived from
420:The oil from the seeds of
1534:Charmaine Robson (2018).
972:Rumphia 4: 22. 1849. See
496:Gas–liquid chromatography
478:into medical usage until
472:Hydnocarpus anthelmintica
466:, from seeds of both the
416:administering Chaulmoogra
207:
200:
80:Scientific classification
78:
73:
441:pharmacological activity
1759:: 313–4. Archived from
1712:"Alice A. Augusta Ball"
1395:10.1002/jsfa.2740240606
1307:10.1002/jsfa.2740240606
445:Frederick Belding Power
1804:Hydnocarpus wightianus
1666:Northwest Hawaii Times
1494:10.1163/j.ctv2gjwxnc.9
918:. American researcher
887:
851:in the United States.
422:Hydnocarpus wightianus
417:
228:Hydnocarpus wightianus
211:Hydnocarpus wightianus
47:Hydnocarpus pentandrus
1936:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1352:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1038:10.1136/bmj.1.965.968
881:
626:Lower cyclic homologs
536:5′-methoxyhydnocarpin
468:Hydnocarpus Wightiana
428:for the treatment of
411:
254:for the treatment of
242:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1422:. Sarup & Sons.
1416:Singh, Rita (2001).
1171:10.1039/CT9048500838
1159:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
1120:. Flowersofindia.net
797:Saponification value
1599:10.1128/aac.3.3.373
1387:1973JSFA...24..669S
1299:1973JSFA...24..669S
1209:Pharmacy in History
1079:Pharmacy in History
1540:Health and History
939:Burroughs Wellcome
888:
849:oleum chaulmoograe
418:
193:H. wightianus
2001:
2000:
1796:Taxon identifiers
1485:978-90-04-40267-6
894:. It was applied
836:
835:
757:
756:
597:Chaulmoogric acid
504:chaulmoogric acid
434:Frederic J. Mouat
235:is a tree in the
224:
223:
64:
63:
59:
16:(Redirected from
2026:
1994:
1993:
1981:
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1763:on 25 April 2012
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1668:. Archived from
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1057:
1032:(965): 968–969.
1017:
1011:
1010:
982:
976:
970:
827:Specific gravity
776:Refractive index
764:
692:Palmitoleic acid
581:Hydnocarpic acid
557:
520:palmitoleic acid
500:hydnocarpic acid
465:
331:tropical forests
317:: Niradi-vittulu
213:
88:
87:
71:
66:Species of plant
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35:
34:
27:
21:
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1732:on 13 July 2014
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1672:on 3 March 2016
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1453:. Botanical.com
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951:
865:
847:in Britain, as
841:
829:(at 25 °C)
492:
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406:
404:Chaulmoogra oil
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349:Other countries
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1381:(6): 669–74.
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1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
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1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1013:
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1004:
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981:
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975:
969:
966:
960:
956:
953:
952:
948:
946:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
924:
921:
920:Victor Heiser
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:antimicrobial
901:
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880:
876:
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857:
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831:
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824:
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817:Melting point
815:
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795:
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788:
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765:
762:
761:
752:
749:
746:
743:
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739:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:Linoleic acid
723:
722:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
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682:
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673:
672:
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665:
662:
659:
658:Palmitic acid
656:
655:
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648:
645:
642:
641:Myristic acid
639:
638:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
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543:
541:
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529:
528:linoleic acid
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:palmitic acid
509:
508:myristic acid
505:
501:
497:
489:
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481:
477:
473:
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301:
299:: Kadu Kawath
298:
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202:Binomial name
199:
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111:
110:Tracheophytes
108:
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81:
77:
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69:
58:
53:
49:
48:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
1935:
1803:
1785:Pubs.acs.org
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1756:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1727:the original
1722:
1718:
1705:
1696:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:the original
1665:
1640:. Retrieved
1638:. p. 11
1636:The National
1635:
1625:
1593:(3): 373–9.
1590:
1586:
1576:
1546:(2): 54–74.
1543:
1539:
1529:
1497:. Retrieved
1474:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1418:
1411:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1323:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1258:(4): 683–6.
1255:
1251:
1245:
1215:(2): 47–57.
1212:
1208:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1122:. Retrieved
1092:10.1.1.2.164
1085:(2): 47–57.
1082:
1078:
1072:
1029:
1025:
1015:
993:(4): 683–6.
990:
986:
980:
968:
942:
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925:
889:
866:
853:
848:
844:
842:
787:Iodine value
781:1.472-1.476
759:
758:
675:Stearic acid
573:
569:H. wightiana
568:
563:
552:
551:
544:
516:stearic acid
493:
471:
467:
438:
421:
419:
394:
370:
348:
347:
326:
325:
273:
270:Common names
260:sulfonamides
241:
232:
227:
226:
225:
210:
208:
192:
191:
179:
159:Malpighiales
142:
129:
116:
103:
74:Chaulmoogra
68:
56:
45:
2014:Hydnocarpus
1885:kew-4855552
1719:ChemMatters
1517:|work=
1457:21 November
1435:21 November
1335:21 November
1165:: 838–851.
1124:21 November
832:0.950-.960
811:Max. 25.0%
612:Gloric acid
547:fatty acids
540:amphipathic
484:antibiotics
414:Isabel Kerr
335:Maharashtra
237:Achariaceae
233:chaulmoogra
180:Hydnocarpus
169:Achariaceae
123:Angiosperms
18:Chaulmoogra
2008:Categories
1880:Plant List
1767:22 October
1642:11 January
961:References
932:Alice Ball
912:antagonist
908:lipophilic
900:nauseating
839:Extraction
807:Acid value
708:Oleic acid
574:H. odorata
524:oleic acid
371:This is a
367:Morphology
1965:242413399
1911:100347824
1819:Q50841922
1519:ignored (
1509:cite book
1331:. Fao.org
1221:0031-7047
1179:0368-1645
1087:CiteSeerX
926:An ethyl
896:topically
869:Ayurvedic
564:H. kurzil
353:Sri Lanka
341:, Assam,
291:Malayalam
250:, and in
187:Species:
93:Kingdom:
1991:13200009
1986:Tropicos
1951:Q2961600
1945:Wikidata
1906:Tropicos
1872:111766-1
1813:Wikidata
1568:81487422
1499:1 August
1237:12894769
1229:41112155
1101:12894769
1064:20749243
1046:25251370
949:See also
801:198–204
778:, at 40C
767:Property
480:sulfones
327:In India
303:Sanskrit
264:emulsion
248:Ayurveda
244:seed oil
239:family.
165:Family:
136:Eudicots
1978:3880512
1846:4930796
1736:18 June
1617:4799554
1403:4737104
1383:Bibcode
1315:4737104
1295:Bibcode
1272:8089304
1055:2239681
1007:8089304
892:leprosy
884:Molokai
873:leprosy
863:Leprosy
791:98–103
744:(C18:3)
727:(C18:2)
710:(C18:1)
694:(C16:1)
677:(C18:0)
660:(C16:0)
643:(C14:0)
476:extract
430:leprosy
382:flowers
357:Nigeria
343:Tripura
322:Habitat
297:Marathi
285:Kannada
256:leprosy
175:Genus:
155:Order:
97:Plantae
52:Discuss
1676:20 May
1615:
1608:444418
1605:
1566:
1558:
1492:
1482:
1426:
1401:
1362:: 993.
1313:
1270:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1177:
1099:
1089:
1062:
1052:
1044:
1005:
943:Alepol
916:biotin
770:Range
397:fruits
377:Leaves
361:Uganda
339:Kerala
315:Telugu
149:Rosids
42:merged
1859:19442
1833:6MHJ7
1730:(PDF)
1715:(PDF)
1564:S2CID
1556:JSTOR
1490:JSTOR
1225:JSTOR
1042:JSTOR
928:ester
856:seeds
753:31.2
736:29.3
719:21.8
669:11.8
538:, an
390:axils
386:cymes
309:Tamil
279:Hindi
218:Blume
143:Clade
130:Clade
117:Clade
104:Clade
44:into
1973:GBIF
1893:POWO
1867:IPNI
1854:GRIN
1841:GBIF
1769:2011
1738:2014
1678:2013
1644:2021
1613:PMID
1521:help
1501:2022
1480:ISBN
1459:2013
1437:2013
1424:ISBN
1399:PMID
1337:2013
1311:PMID
1268:PMID
1233:PMID
1217:ISSN
1175:ISSN
1126:2013
1097:PMID
1060:PMID
1003:PMID
974:IPNI
882:The
652:0.4
618:12.8
615:25.1
604:35.0
601:19.6
588:22.9
585:23.0
560:Acid
530:and
482:and
470:and
359:and
1960:FNA
1919:WFO
1828:CoL
1603:PMC
1595:doi
1548:doi
1391:doi
1354:".
1303:doi
1260:doi
1167:doi
1050:PMC
1034:doi
995:doi
914:of
733:1.8
730:1.6
716:3.6
713:5.4
700:0.5
697:6.0
686:..
683:4.7
680:1.6
666:5.6
663:8.4
649:0.8
646:0.6
635:..
632:4.6
629:0.3
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607:..
591:..
443:by
412:Dr
337:to
231:or
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